microcarfan

Credits and sources

Every photograph on the site with its author and licence, and the address of every source, page by page.

Every microcar, 1895 to today, drawn to scale

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A 1965 Peel P50 on the turntable at the Petersen Automotive Museum. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A blue and white BMW Isetta 250 from the front three-quarter at the BMW Museum, Munich, in 2024. Photo: GFreihalter, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A red 1960 KR200 at a British show in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A cream 1958 Fiat Nuova 500 at the Shanghai Auto Museum in 2023. Photo: JamesYoung8167, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A blue 1898 Léon Bollée tricar with red-spoked wheels at the Musée automobile de Vendée, France, in September 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A 1904 Cyklon Cyklonette showing its engine on the front wheel at the Deutsches Museum Verkehrszentrum, Munich, Germany, in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A green 1913 Humber Humberette V-twin cyclecar with a buttoned black seat at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A 1910 AC Sociable, AC 1910, on the Sunbeam Motor Cycle Club Pioneer Run from Epsom to Brighton, England, in March 2011. Photo: Rob, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A dark blue 1914 Peugeot Bébé BP1 with brass lamps at the Museu do Caramulo, Portugal, in June 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A red 1920 Temperino 8/10 HP with its script radiator cowl at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, Italy, in July 2009. Photo: tomislav medak, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A red 1909 Le Zèbre Type A from the front three-quarter at the Franschhoek Motor Museum, South Africa, in October 2016. Photo: naeem mayet, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A yellow 1913 Bédélia BD2 at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in May 2022. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. Cream 1921 GN cyclecar from the front quarter in a museum, showing its air-cooled V-twin, photographed in April 2011. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. Green 1935 Morgan Super Sports AKD 455 at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, England, in April 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. O-We-Go tandem cyclecar of 1914 in orange, lettered OWEGO behind a chain in a museum. Photo: Aaron Headly, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. Yellow Carden monocar of 1916, its engine at the rear and Carden script on the dummy radiator, at the Petersen Automotive Museum, Los Angeles, in August 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A grey 1925 Bjering with its hood up at the Norsk Teknisk Museum, Oslo, Norway, in November 2014. Photo: Bjoertvedt, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. Red David cyclecar No. 17 on show in Barcelona, Spain, before the Barcelona–Sitges rally in March 2012. Photo: Jordi Payà, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. Grey 1913 Violet-Bogey Type A torpedo from the front quarter at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in March 2026. Photo: Andy Dingley, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The 1921 Leyat Hélica sport that Gustave Courau gave to the Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris, on its glass floor in November 2017. Photo: Lomita, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. 1913 Scripps-Booth JB Rocket in the Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan, in September 2024. Photo: Warren LeMay, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  22. 1920 Briggs & Stratton Flyer with its motor wheel trailing at the rear, in the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. Blue 1927 Darmont Spécial DS No. 31 at Autoworld, Brussels, in February 2014. Photo: Sandra Fauconnier, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. Cream 1922 Koco two-seater at the Autostadt, Wolfsburg, Germany, in June 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. Green 1921 Slaby-Beringer electric single-seater IA-7421 in a museum, photographed in October 2015. Photo: 1971markus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. Red and black 1921 Tamplin cyclecar with its hood up in the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in April 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. Green 1921 Peugeot Type 161 Quadrilette from the front quarter, its tandem seats visible, at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, France, in April 2016. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. Blue Amilcar CC roadster of 1921–⁠22 from the front quarter at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim, Germany, in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. Unrestored Mauser Einspurauto of 1923 among motorcycles at the Fahrzeugmuseum Marxzell, Germany, in 1999. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. Scott Sociable two-seater cabriolet of 1923 from a low front quarter at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, in May 2018. Photo: joergens.mi, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A blue 1927 Austin Seven Chummy tourer with its hood up at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, West Sussex, in July 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. Yellow Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo of 1922 at the Bonny-sur-Loire wine fair, Loiret, in July 2019. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. White Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet of 1925 before the German Pavilion on the Expo grounds, Hanover, in September 2013. Photo: Hmg210, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. The Otomo reproduction built in 1997–⁠99 from the offside front at the National Museum of Nature and Science, Ueno, Tokyo, in September 2013. Photo: Morio, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. Red Sima-Violet two-seat cyclecar of 1924 with white wings at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A black Mochet two-seat Vélocar with a tan canopy at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. Red Coventry-Victor Midget three-wheeler of 1933 at the Arvika Fordonsmuseum, Sweden, in July 2019. Photo: Herranderssvensson, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. Blue BMW 3/15 DA-2 saloon on display at the Sakai City Historic Car Collection, Japan, in October 2013. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A blue 1928 Rosengart LR2 saloon in the Rosengart-Museum at Bedburg, Germany, in 2021. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. Blue-grey Tempo A 400 three-wheeled pick-up at Jonsdorf, Saxony, in August 2015. Photo: Rainerhaufe, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. Maroon Aero 10 HP roadster of 1930 at the Veletržní palác, Prague, in May 2008. Photo: Tony Hisgett, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A red 1932 American Austin coupé at the Old Car Festival in Greenfield Village, Dearborn, Michigan, in September 2013. Photo: F. D. Richards from Clinton, MI, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A 1932 Datsun Type 11 phaeton from the front quarter in the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, Japan, in February 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. Black Goliath Pionier coupé with a red stripe at the Borgward meeting in Andernach in September 2007. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A green 1935 Mazda-Go Type TCS at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, in September 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A green Framo Stromer FP 200 roadster at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, in September 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A maroon and cream 1936 Ohta OC phaeton at the Classic Car Festival in Kiryū, Gunma, in November 2014. Photo: NEXT-EXIT, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A black and red Standard Superior at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in December 2019. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  49. The 1935 Rytecraft Scootacar BUC 515 on display at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, in June 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A cream and black 1936 Fiat 500 A at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, in May 2026. Photo: Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A cream 1939 Crosley convertible coupé on the Crosley Radio stand at CES, Las Vegas, in January 2012. Photo: The Conmunity – Pop Culture Geek, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. The unrestored 1941 Pierre Faure PFA, not an Autélec, from the front quarter, with its porthole lamps and Pierre Faure Électrique plate. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A cream Peugeot VLV at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, in June 2012. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A maroon Junior 3R-197 three-wheeler at the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition in 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. The cream Bugatti Type 68B roadster prototype at an exhibition in Kassel in 2013. Photo: Thomas Vogt from Paderborn, Deutschland, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. Paul Arzens’s 1942 Œuf électrique from the front quarter in the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, in 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. The Martin Stationette at the Lane Motor Museum in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. A yellow and maroon 1953 Mochet CM-125 Luxe in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. The one-off green Grataloup single-seat three-wheeler with its canvas top in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  60. An open Puli in sponsor livery at the Hungarian Museum of Transport in Budapest in 2014. Photo: DALIBRI, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. A pale blue 1976 AC Model 70, NPN 924P, on the grass at a show in 2010. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. A 1946 Volugrafo Bimbo 46 at the Mahymobiles museum, Leuze-en-Hainaut, Belgium, in 2014. Photo: Klaus Nahr, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  63. A red King Midget Model III with a white top, parked in Leavenworth, Washington, in 2009. Photo: joaquin uy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. A pale blue 1967 Fiat 500 Moretti Coupé at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  65. A red Rovin D2 with a cream hood at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2018. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  66. A yellow 1958 Coronet three-wheeler with its hood folded in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  67. A 1950 Fend Flitzer 101 coupé on display in a museum in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  68. A dark green Ape 50 pick-up in an Italian piazza, 2010. Photo: Andrew Childs, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  69. A yellow 1956 Bond Minicar Mark C De Luxe Tourer, JTK 277, at Keynsham in 2011. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  70. A pale green 1953 Champion 400 H, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  71. A green 1954 Kroboth Allwetterroller with its hood up, in a museum in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  72. A pale grey 1960 Lambretta Li 175 Series 2 van at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, England, in November 2017. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  73. A polished aluminium 1956 Voisin C31 Biscooter with its black hood up at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2020. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  74. A red Crosley Farm-O-Road at the Orphan Car Show in Ypsilanti, Michigan, in 2007. Photo: John Lloyd, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  75. A 1953 Fuldamobil N‑2 with its hammered-aluminium body, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  76. A white 1955 Kapi Jip 2CV, Kapi’s jeep-style microcar, in Barcelona, 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  77. A red 1952 Kleinschnittger F 125 at a meeting in 2009. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  78. A first-series Lloyd LP 300 saloon with the narrow bonnet, beside the Rhine in Germany in 2007. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  79. A brown Velorex 16/350 with its black hood up, parked by a lawn in the Netherlands in 2011. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  80. A restored red Westcoaster Mailster at the Petersen Automotive Museum, Los Angeles, in August 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  81. The surviving 1950s Auto Sandal FS with its folding hood, displayed in Japan in 2010. Photo: Muyo, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  82. A Brütsch Zwerg single-seater at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen in 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  83. A cream and brown 1955 David Torpedo 2S from the front at the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition in 2013, its engine unit over the single front wheel. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  84. A cream Bambino 200 at the Louwman Museum in 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  85. A turquoise 1953 Ardex in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  86. A light green 1954 Felber Autoroller with rally number 33 at an outdoor meeting. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  87. A turquoise Reliant Regal 3/30, EPO 499H, with spot lamps at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Grimsthorpe Castle, in 2022. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  88. A red Solyto canvas-backed van (fourgonnette bâchée) in Carantic livery at Rétromobile, Paris, in 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  89. A maroon AC Petite, 604 JHK, from the front quarter at the National Microcar Rally in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  90. The 1954 Allard Clipper 906 CMT at the NEC Classic Motor Show in 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  91. An open Biscúter at a car show in Aguadulce, Almería, in 2019. Photo: Schumi4ever, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  92. A green 1956 Inter 175 A Berline at RM Sotheby’s Paris sale, Les Invalides, in 2017. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  93. A 1953 Iso Isetta at the Bonhams sale in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  94. A turquoise and white Messerschmitt KR175 at the Oldtimer show in Moscow in 2013. Photo: Svetlov Artem, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  95. A grey 1955 Flying Feather with its hood up at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2008. Photo: Mytho88, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  96. The 1956 Gordon, JDY 95, from the front quarter in a museum. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  97. A red Avolette, an open fibreglass car, at an outdoor club meeting in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  98. A grey 1955 bubble-window Isetta 250 at the Isetta Club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  99. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s Fuji Cabin 5A from the left front three-quarter in 2025. Photo: Coolalabright, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  100. A pale blue Goggomobil saloon at a meeting in Wingst, 2019. Photo: © Ra Boe / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  101. A blue 1957 Heinkel Kabine at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  102. A turquoise 1960 KR200 with whitewall tyres at an Australian show in 2014. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  103. The 1955 Suzulight SS saloon in the Suzuki History Museum, Hamamatsu, in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  104. A white 1956 Velam Isetta at the Bonhams sale during the Greenwich Concours, Connecticut, in 2023. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  105. A red 1958 Berkeley SE328 at a rally, 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  106. A white and blue Brütsch Mopetta at a concours in Schwetzingen in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  107. A 1958 Opperman Unicar T in light blue, in the Williams Microcars collection in 2024. Photo: Guards951, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  108. An unrestored P. Vallée Chantecler in a store, its paint patched and worn. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  109. A white PTV 250 with doors and a black hood, on display in a museum in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  110. A yellow 1957 Romi-Isetta, with the Iso engine, in Brazil in 2012. Photo: JasonVogel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  111. A red Fram-King-Fulda at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  112. A pale green Spatz carrying the sparrow-and-script Spatz badge, on show at the IAA in Frankfurt in 2019. Photo: Johannes Maximilian, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  113. A red Bianchina Trasformabile at the Hershey car show, Pennsylvania, in 2009. Photo: JOHN LLOYD from Concrete, Washington, United States, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  114. A blue 1959 BMW 600 at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  115. A 1957 Daihatsu Midget DKA at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2018. Photo: Rikita, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  116. A 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 N with fixed side windows from the front in Bristol in 2017, its show card on the windscreen. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  117. A yellow Deutsche Bundespost Goggomobil TL Transporter with its sliding door open, Heusenstamm, 2011. Photo: Urmelbeauftragter, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  118. A blue Mikrus MR-300 on the quay at Szafarnia, Gdańsk, in 2012. Photo: Artur Andrzej, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  119. A red 1959 Scootacar at the Classic Gala in Schwetzingen in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  120. A pale blue Steyr-Puch 500 D with rear-hinged doors and cream wheels, in a courtyard in 2005. Photo: Ghostwriter9151, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  121. A green 1958 Vespa 400 with whitewall tyres on German plates in 2018. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  122. A green and white 1958 Zündapp Janus at the Deutsches Automuseum Langenburg in 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  123. A pale yellow 1959 FMR Tg500 with its Plexiglas canopy at Sherborne Castle, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  124. A red US-specification Ghia Jolly with a striped canopy at Ypsilanti, Michigan, in 2007. Photo: JOHN LLOYD from Concrete, Washington, United States, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  125. A pale blue 1958 Friskysport at a classic-vehicle meeting in Mering, Bavaria, 2009. Photo: MartinHansV, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  126. A white and blue Nobel 200 on grass at a show in 2023. Photo: Geni, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  127. A red S‑3A with its hood up at the Auto-moto exotica show in Donetsk, 2018. Photo: Andrey Butko, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  128. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1958 Subaru 360 from the left front three-quarter in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  129. AMC Amitron electric city-car prototype of 1967 in American Motors’ publicity photograph, a model leaning on its roof. Photo: American Motors Corporation, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  130. A yellow Goggomobil Dart from the front three-quarter at the German Auto Fest, Earlwood, New South Wales, in 2015. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  131. The Suzuki museum’s Carry FB from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  132. An orange and white 1962 Mazda K360 in the Mazda Classic museum, Augsburg, Germany, in 2017. Photo: Bergfalke2, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  133. An olive Steyr-Puch Haflinger 700 AP with a cream canvas tilt, AJM 678A, at the Haflinger meeting in IJmuiden, Netherlands, in April 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  134. A red Tula Muravei cargo scooter from the left, showing its scooter body and steel load box, in Russia in August 2010. Photo: Игоревич, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  135. A pale green first-generation Daihatsu Hijet light van at the Daihatsu 60th-anniversary display, Osaka Auto Messe, Japan, in February 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  136. A red 1969 Fiat 500 Giardiniera at a show in 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  137. A maroon Mazda R360 Coupe at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, Germany, in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  138. A cream 1960 Mitsubishi 500 in the Mitsubishi Auto Gallery, Okazaki, in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  139. A red 1962 Cony Guppy at a classic car meeting in Hisaya Odori Park, Nagoya, in 2022. Photo: KKPCW（Kyu3）, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  140. A red Dinarg D‑200 at a car show in Rosario, Argentina, in 2015. Photo: AGARRAMESTA, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  141. An orange Duo with its hood up in a Leipzig street, 2011. Photo: Appaloosa, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  142. An olive 1970 Subaru K55 Sambar truck at the Showa Era Lifestyle Museum, Kitanagoya, Japan, in March 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  143. A 1962 Trojan 200, the Heinkel built under licence in Britain, at Leamington in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  144. A 1967 Attica 200 coupé at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2014. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  145. A red Mazda Carol 360 at a classic car meeting in Japan in 2019. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  146. A pale green first-generation Mitsubishi Minica Deluxe at a meeting in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  147. A red 1963 Peel P50 at the London Concours, 2025. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  148. A white Fiat Abarth 595 with a red stripe at Brands Hatch in 2021. Photo: 35mmMan, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  149. The Honda Collection Hall’s 1963 T360 at Twin Ring Motegi in 2010. Photo: baku13, CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, via Wikimedia Commons.
  150. The Zeta Runabout and the green Zeta Sports side by side in the National Motor Museum, Birdwood, in 2008. Photo: Peripitus, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  151. The 1971 Supervan III used as the Trotters’ van in Only Fools and Horses, at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, in 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  152. A pale-blue 1965 Peel Trident, DAJ 551C, on a plinth at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  153. A yellow Scottish Aviation Scamp pre-production car, DTD 141E, on blocks beneath aircraft at the National Museum of Flight, East Fortune, in 2008. Photo: DeFacto, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  154. A red 1968 Bond 875 saloon, OTN 209F, with its round headlamps and dummy grille. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  155. The white Fellow Super Deluxe from the front at Daihatsu Humobility World in 2025. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  156. A yellow 1967 Ferves Ranger from the front left at Chorleywood in 2016, showing its open four-seat cabin. Photo: PSParrot, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  157. The Honda Collection Hall’s red N360 from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  158. A very early 1967 Suzuki Fronte 360 Deluxe, with the thicker first-year mouldings, at Suzuki Plaza, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  159. A blue Vignale Gamine from the front in Sorrento, Italy, in 2021, its vertical grille and round headlamps in chrome. Photo: Викидим, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  160. A green Lawil City at the UMMC Museum of Automotive Technology, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia, in 2023. Photo: Vyacheslav Bukharov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  161. A 1972 Porquerolles at the Musée auto-moto-vélo in Châtellerault in 2013. Photo: Jean-Marie Vugnon (2), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  162. A 1979 Willam Sulky, the French-market Casalini Sulky, at the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne in 2010. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  163. A white 1970 Subaru R‑2 from the front at a meeting in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  164. A 1972 Bond Bug 700ES, NYC 760L, at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Grimsthorpe Castle, Lincolnshire, in 2021. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  165. A white 1971 Daihatsu Fellow Max saloon with quad headlamps on display in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  166. A red open Tomcar in the ALAAC collection in Lorraine in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  167. An olive Honda Vamos from the left front quarter at the Honda Collection Hall, Twin Ring Motegi, in 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  168. An orange Honda Z GT on the grass at Gifu Family Park in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  169. An orange SMZ S‑3D at the Auto-moto exotica show on Lenin Square, Donetsk, in 2018. Photo: Andrey Butko, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  170. A yellow 1970 Suzuki Jimny LJ10 from the front quarter at a show in 2025, with its horizontal grille slots. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  171. A red Amica 1000 S1 automatic, a later four-wheeled Amica, in the Netherlands in 2012. Photo: free photos & art, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  172. A yellow 1971 Honda Life saloon in the Honda Collection Hall in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  173. A 1973 Suzuki Fronte Coupé GXCF in Continental Maroon at Suzuki Plaza, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  174. A white Mini Comtesse with its MC emblem at Rétromobile in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  175. A white 1973 Fiat 126 of the first series on a woodland verge in England in 2009. Photo: Tony Harrison, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  176. The Minissima shown outdoors at the London to Brighton Mini Run in 2007. Photo: foshie, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  177. A Teilhol Citadine with its top-hinged nose door raised, at the Musée auto-moto-vélo in Châtellerault in 2022. Photo: Jean-Marie Vugnon (2), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  178. A yellow 1975 Enfield 8000 on a stand at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2023. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  179. A blue July 1975 Mk1 Robin 750 at the Knebworth House Classic Motor Show in 2013. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  180. An orange All Cars Charly Golf three-wheeler, built at Pianoro near Bologna, seen in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  181. A Bellier Véloto with soft top and roll-up doors at the Musée Maurice Dufresne, Azay-le-Rideau, in 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  182. A pink Replicar Cursor at the Bubble Car Museum, Langrick, Lincolnshire, in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  183. A yellow CitiCar SV-48 in bright sunshine beside a stone building in 2014. Photo: Eric Kilby, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  184. Red Gurgel Itaipu E150 electric car from the front quarter, parked in a street in Brazil. Photo: Marcelo Bezerra Cavalcanti, edited by Mr.choppers, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  185. An orange 1974 Zagato Zele 2000 at the Classic Motor Show at the NEC, Birmingham, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  186. A blue 1975 Badal three-wheeler in the Gedee Car Museum. Photo: Rainer Halama, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  187. A turquoise Arola 20, one of the last four-wheeled Arolas of the early 1980s, on a Dutch pavement in 2010. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  188. An orange Auto Mirage Mirage 3 from the front left in 2018, its mirage 3 decal on the scuttle. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  189. A red and grey Erad Junior, a model of 1988 or later, at the Association Lorraine des Amateurs d’Automobiles in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  190. A red Minicat in a museum line-up in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  191. A beige and brown 1978 SEAB Flipper I in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  192. A red 1981 HMV Freeway three-wheeler at the Western Antique Aeroplane and Automobile Museum in Hood River, Oregon, in 2025. Photo: Moki8, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  193. A red 1979 Suzuki Alto at Suzuki Plaza, the Suzuki History Museum in Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  194. The Lane Motor Museum’s 1980 Ligier JS4 from the left front in 2024, with G. Rendu lettering on its door. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  195. A gold JDM Abaca in profile in a French street in 2008. Photo: Kamel15, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  196. A 1981 Suzuki CV-1 in the Louwman Museum, from the front quarter. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  197. A white 1983 Sado 550 of the first series at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  198. A blue 2006 Aixam A751 Super Luxe at Preston, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  199. A red Chatenet CH26 with grey bonnet stripes and a black roof, parked in a street in 2013. Photo: free photos & art, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  200. A Sinclair C5 on grass at the Nottingham Motor Show in 2026. Photo: Aethonatic, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  201. A yellow closed-top CityEl parked on a cobbled pavement against a grey house wall in January 2022. Photo: crash71100, CC0 1.0, via Flickr.
  202. A red 1994 VAZ-1111 Oka, wet with rain, in 2020. Photo: gleb, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  203. A blue Dacia 500 Lăstun in Romania, 2018. Photo: Simiprof, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  204. A turquoise Gurgel BR-800 parked on a street in Brazil in 2007. Photo: Frenz 69, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  205. A red 1992 Autozam AZ-1 (PG6SA) on display at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, Japan, in September 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  206. A green 2010 Pure Mobility Buddy at Classic Remise, Düsseldorf, Germany. Photo: Detectandpreserve, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  207. A black and white Goupil G4 drop-side at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, Germany, in September 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  208. The Nissan Pivo concept of 2005, with its round doors open, at the Tokyo Motor Show, Japan, in November 2005. Photo: machu., CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  209. A white 2013 Mia electric parked in a village street in Lunteren, Netherlands, in February 2014. Photo: Niels, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  210. A red Twike 3 Active parked under a tree on a country lane in May 2007. Photo: Franko30, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  211. A black single-seat Daihatsu Midget II Pick, imported to the United States, with its spare wheel on the nose, in October 2011. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  212. A Toyota e-com two-seat electric city car of 1997 at Toyota MegaWeb, Tokyo, Japan, in September 2007. Photo: 韋駄天狗, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  213. A red and white GEM e4 four-seater used for village tours, photographed in July 2006. Photo: Weatherman1126, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  214. A red and black 2001 Smart City-Coupé passion (450) ‘Softouch’ in Leamington Spa, England, in January 2020. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  215. An orange 2000 Corbin Sparrow ‘Jelly Bean’ from the front three-quarter at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  216. A blue 2000 Ford TH!NK City (A266) at the Hebden Bridge Vintage Weekend, England, in August 2022. Photo: DieselFordMondeo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  217. A white 2018 Levdeo (Leiding) D30 low-speed electric car, front three-quarter, in Luoyang, Henan, China, in August 2018. Photo: Kevauto, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  218. A green and white second-generation Toyota COMS parked by a building in Japan in February 2015. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  219. An early 2006 ZAP Xebra sedan in Ocean Blue parked outside an office building. Photo: stu_spivack, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  220. A cream 2007 REVA G-Wiz parked in a London street in February 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  221. A grey and black Smart Crossblade in Stuttgart, Germany, in August 2025. Photo: Alexander-93, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  222. A red Microcar MC1 Dynamic in a UK street in 2010. Photo: Mick from Northamptonshire, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  223. A dark-blue Suzuki Twin in a car park in Japan in April 2014. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  224. A yellow Commuter Cars Tango T600 at the California Automobile Museum, Sacramento, United States, in April 2022. Photo: DestinationFearFan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  225. A yellow Tata Nano from the front three-quarter in a street in Bengaluru, India, in March 2011. Photo: Krokodyl, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  226. A white Toyota iQ in a car park in Germany in June 2009. Photo: M 93, Attribution (Wikimedia Commons), via Wikimedia Commons.
  227. A red Tazzari Zero with a black roof parked in a street in Rome, Italy, in July 2013. Photo: 罗布泊, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  228. The Gordon Murray T.25 prototype with its canopy tilted forward at the RAC Future Car Challenge, Madeira Drive, Brighton, in 2011. Photo: Dominic Alves, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  229. A copper-orange Aston Martin Cygnet, KX61 DFZ, in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  230. A dark blue Ligier JS50 with a white roof at the Warsaw Motor Show in 2016. Photo: Jakub “Flyz1” Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  231. A red 2013 Renault Twizy 80 on grass in December 2021. Photo: PabloLinoCalleBoulicaud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  232. A black and yellow Bajaj Qute used as an auto-rickshaw at JVPD bus station, Andheri, Mumbai, India, in September 2020. Photo: Srikanth Ramakrishnan/BESTpedia, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  233. A green Toyota i-Road being driven in Grenoble, France, in September 2014. Photo: Maskrosen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  234. A red ElectraMeccanica Solo at an electric-vehicle show in June 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  235. An orange and black production Arcimoto FUV rental car on the waterfront at Key West, Florida, United States, in June 2021. Photo: Sharon Hahn Darlin, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  236. A grey 2021 Citroën Ami with orange wheel inserts in Valbonne, France, in October 2021. Photo: John K, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  237. A cyan Toyota C+pod G from the front three-quarter in an exhibition hall in Japan in April 2024. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  238. A white Wuling Hongguang Mini EV parked in Sanming, Fujian, China, in August 2022. Photo: JamesYoung8167, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  239. A matt-green Microlino in a courtyard in May 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  240. A black and grey Mobilize Duo at a kerb in a town street in France in January 2026. Photo: Alexandre Prevot, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Fiat-Abarth 595 and 695: the scorpion’s 500s, 1963–⁠1971

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A white Fiat Abarth 595 with a red stripe at Brands Hatch in 2021. Photo: 35mmMan, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A yellow Fiat Abarth 695 SS from the rear left in France in 2013, its engine lid propped on its stay. Photo: Arnaud 25, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The Abarth twin-cylinder in the engine bay of a Fiat Abarth 695 SS in France in 2013, with its lettered Abarth rocker cover. Photo: Arnaud 25, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The cockpit of a Fiat Abarth 695 SS in France in 2013, with an Abarth-badged wheel and red-faced Abarth dials. Photo: Arnaud 25, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A white Fiat Abarth 500 with a red side stripe at a car meet in Montreal in 2009. Photo: Bull-Doser, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A white 1964 Fiat Abarth 595 at a classic meeting in Hisaya-ōdōri Park, Nagoya, in 2022. Photo: KKPCW（Kyu3）, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A 1965 Fiat Abarth 595 in rally livery, number 224, at the Bonhams Paris sale in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A grey 1967 Fiat Abarth 595 on a show stand in 2022. Photo: Charles from Port Chester, New York, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A red 1969 Fiat Abarth 595 at a club day in Parramatta, Australia, in 2016. Photo: Jeremy from Sydney, Australia, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A red Fiat Abarth 595 parked in Lisbon in 2016. Photo: swissbert from Switzerland, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A yellow Fiat Abarth 695 SS at a meeting in France in 2013. Photo: Arnaud 25, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A white Fiat Abarth 595 with a red stripe in traffic in Paris in 2019. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A blue 1965 Fiat Abarth 595 rally car from the rear left at the Bonhams sale in Paris in 2012, its Fiat Abarth lettering on the door. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A red 1969 Fiat Abarth 595 from behind at Parramatta, Australia, in 2016, with Fiat Abarth 595 script on its engine lid. Photo: Jeremy from Sydney, Australia, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. An unrestored white Fiat Abarth 695 SS on display in Paris in 2020. Photo: Alexandre Prevot from Nancy, France, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A red Fiat Abarth 595 from behind in Lisbon in 2016, its 595 badge and twin exhausts on show. Photo: swissbert from Switzerland, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. The engine lid of a yellow Fiat Abarth 695 SS in France in 2013, with Fiat Abarth script, a red scorpion and the 695 SS badges. Photo: Arnaud 25, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A blue 1965 Fiat Abarth 595 rally car head-on at the Bonhams sale in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A Fiat Abarth 595 driving past spectators at a street event in Bergamo in 2017. Photo: Andrzej Otrębski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A Fiat Abarth 595 SS beside a Fiat Abarth 850 TC in a museum, photographed in 2015. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. The Abarth shield set in the chrome moustache on the nose of a red 1969 Fiat Abarth 595 at Parramatta, Australia, in 2016. Photo: Jeremy from Sydney, Australia, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. The Abarth shield and 595 badge on a cream Fiat Abarth, photographed in 2023. Photo: Pittigrilli, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. The chrome Fiat Abarth 595 script on a white engine lid, seen in Nuremberg in 2017. Photo: Ailura, CC BY-SA 3.0 at, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. The Abarth & C. shield in the red moustache of a Fiat Abarth 595 SS, photographed in 2012. Photo: Falcon® Photography from France, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 N with fixed side windows from the front in Bristol in 2017, its show card on the windscreen. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A red Bianchina Trasformabile at the Hershey car show, Pennsylvania, in 2009. Photo: JOHN LLOYD from Concrete, Washington, United States, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A white 1973 Fiat 126 of the first series on a woodland verge in England in 2009. Photo: Tony Harrison, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Italian Wikipedia, Fiat Nuova 500 Abarth, read in full. it.wikipedia.org
  2. radical-mag.com, “Fiat Abarth 500/595/695” (German; versions of 2018, 2019 and 8 January 2025), read in summary; it quotes Bonhams, Artcurial and RM Sotheby’s catalogues. radical-mag.com
  3. English Wikipedia, Fiat 500, section “Abarth 695 SS”, read in full; it cites automobile-catalog.com and Car Graphic no. 197 (1977). en.wikipedia.org
  4. Italian Wikipedia, Fiat Nuova 500 Giannini, read in full. it.wikipedia.org
  5. Günther Molter, “12 Stunden von Hockenheim”, auto motor und sport 12/1958 (7 June 1958), with results; read in full. archive.org
  6. carrozzieri-italiani.com, page on the Abarth 500 Pininfarina record car, read 7 October 2026. www.carrozzieri-italiani.com

AC Petite: the Cobra maker’s three-wheeler, 1953–⁠58

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A maroon AC Petite, 604 JHK, from the front quarter at the National Microcar Rally in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The 1954 AC Petite Mk I, 604 JHK, from behind at the National Microcar Rally in 2019, showing its engine-lid louvres and Petite script. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The cockpit of the AC Petite: a large black wheel, red trim and bench seat. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The chrome Petite script on the maroon body of 604 JHK. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A pale blue 1976 AC Model 70, NPN 924P, on the grass at a show in 2010. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A 1910 AC Sociable, AC 1910, on the Sunbeam Motor Cycle Club Pioneer Run from Epsom to Brighton, England, in March 2011. Photo: Rob, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A yellow 1956 Bond Minicar Mark C De Luxe Tourer, JTK 277, at Keynsham in 2011. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The 1954 Allard Clipper 906 CMT at the NEC Classic Motor Show in 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, AC Petite, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Tony Marshall, More Microcars (2001), Popular Science (January 1953, p. 54) and Chris Rees, Three-Wheelers A–Z (2013, p. 18). en.wikipedia.org
  2. German Wikipedia, AC Petite, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Motorbase, automobile-catalog, Marshall and Popular Science. de.wikipedia.org
  3. Peter Frost, “AC Petite”, Alternative Autos, read in full in an archived copy of December 2001. web.archive.org
  4. David Hooper, Allard Register, “Clipper Mini Car”, read in full. www.allardregister.org
  5. National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, “AC 70 Carriage”, read in full. nationalmotormuseum.org.uk

AC Sociable: the tricar that named AC Cars, 1904–⁠1914

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A 1910 AC Sociable, AC 1910, on the Sunbeam Motor Cycle Club Pioneer Run from Epsom to Brighton, England, in March 2011. Photo: Rob, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A worker of the Brisbane store Finney Isles & Co. at the tiller of their Auto-Carrier delivery tricar, Queensland, Australia, about 1905. Photo: State Library of Queensland, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. An unrestored 1910 AC tricar, EL 3662, with a lidded box ahead of its two-seat bench, at the Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. An unrestored 1910 AC tricar, EL 3662, from the left at the Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. An unrestored 1910 AC tricar, EL 3662, from the rear three-quarter at the Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Green 1935 Morgan Super Sports AKD 455 at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, England, in April 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Scott Sociable two-seater cabriolet of 1923 from a low front quarter at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, in May 2018. Photo: joergens.mi, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A 1904 Cyklon Cyklonette showing its engine on the front wheel at the Deutsches Museum Verkehrszentrum, Munich, Germany, in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A maroon AC Petite, 604 JHK, from the front quarter at the National Microcar Rally in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Grace’s Guide, “AC Cars”, read in full: the chronology to 1922, company names and advertisement captions. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  2. Grace’s Guide, “John Portwine”, with his obituary from the Norwood News, 30 May 1958, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  3. English Wikipedia, AC Cars, early history. Used as a lead; it cites The Auto Motor Journal, 30 November 1912. en.wikipedia.org
  4. Grace’s Guide, “John Weller”, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  5. RM Sotheby’s, Monterey, August 2021, “1910 AC Sociable”, lot description, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  6. Grace’s Guide, “AC Cars: Sociable”, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  7. Grace’s Guide, “AC Cars: Autocarrier”, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  8. South African Historic Bulletin, “Snapshot 482: 1910 AC Sociable”, read in full. www.thesahb.com
  9. English Wikipedia, AC Autocarrier, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites enthusiast sites. en.wikipedia.org
  10. RM Sotheby’s, Monterey 2021, lot 304, sale result. rmsothebys.com

Acoma Mini Comtesse: France’s one-seat licence-free trike

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A white Mini Comtesse with its MC emblem at Rétromobile in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Two Mini Comtesses side by side at the Reims museum in 2010, one with its folding gullwing door open. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A Mini Comtesse in a museum display in 2016, beside a car the museum’s sign names as a Bel Motors Véloto. Photo: Spielvogel, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A 1981 Comtesse Break, the box-shaped estate, in a museum in 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A row of Mini Comtesses and other microcars at the Jesada Technik Museum, Nakhon Chai Si, Thailand, in 2017. Photo: km30192002, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A four-wheeled Comtesse with a card naming the film Les Petits Ruisseaux and its release date, 23 June 2010. Photo: Sémhur, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A white 1972 Mini Comtesse at the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne in 2025, its engine cowl sitting over the single front wheel. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A Mini Comtesse head-on in 2010, the engine and the steered front wheel together under the central cowl. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. ACOMA Mini Comtesse carrying loudspeakers and a performer on a roof rig in a street-theatre show in France, May 2023. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. The dashboard of a Comtesse at the Lime Rock Concours, Connecticut, in 2014: a two-spoke wheel, a speedometer and a few switches in a red moulded panel. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A white 1979 Super Comtesse at the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne in 2011. Photo: Croquant, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A cream Super Comtesse on show at the Festival of the Unexceptional in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. An orange Comtesse at the Lime Rock concours, Connecticut, in 2014. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A yellow Mini Comtesse carrying a Willam badge, at the Lane Motor Museum in Nashville in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A turquoise Arola 20, one of the last four-wheeled Arolas of the early 1980s, on a Dutch pavement in 2010. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A Bellier Véloto with soft top and roll-up doors at the Musée Maurice Dufresne, Azay-le-Rideau, in 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A green Lawil City at the UMMC Museum of Automotive Technology, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia, in 2023. Photo: Vyacheslav Bukharov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A 1979 Willam Sulky, the French-market Casalini Sulky, at the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne in 2010. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A red Amica 1000 S1 automatic, a later four-wheeled Amica, in the Netherlands in 2012. Photo: free photos & art, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A red open Tomcar in the ALAAC collection in Lorraine in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Paul Clément-Colin, “Acoma Comtesse, Mini et Super Comtesse : la voiturette des seventies”, CarJager, 3 January 2017. www.carjager.com
  2. English Wikipedia, ACOMA; its references include CarJager, the Lane museum and IMCDb. en.wikipedia.org
  3. French Wikipedia, Mini Comtesse. fr.wikipedia.org
  4. Lane Motor Museum, “ACOMA Mini Comtesse – 1972”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  5. German Wikipedia, Mini Comtesse, citing Linz and Schrader (2008) and Georgano (2001). de.wikipedia.org
  6. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, tour pages “1975 Mini Comtesse”, “Comtesse Super Mini” and “1979 Mini Comtesse Break”, read via the Internet Archive (2015). www.microcarmuseum.com
  7. Jason Torchinsky, “What It’s Like To Drive A Tiny Car Designed For Drunk French Kids”, Jalopnik, 1 September 2016. jalopnik.com
  8. French Wikipedia, Les Petits Ruisseaux (the film). fr.wikipedia.org

Aero 10: a Prague aircraft maker’s first car, 1929

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Maroon Aero 10 HP roadster of 1930 at the Veletržní palác, Prague, in May 2008. Photo: Tony Hisgett, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Blue Aero 500 of 1931 with its crew at a veteran car meeting in April 2009. Photo: Jozef Kotulič, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Maroon Aero 10 HP roadster of 1930 from behind at the Veletržní palác, Prague, in May 2008. Photo: Tony Hisgett, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Red Aero 662 roadster of 1930, the Aero 10’s successor, at Pražské legendy in the Braník brewery, Prague, in October 2023. Photo: Ltosnar, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Red Aero 10 HP roadster of 1930 in a museum in May 2016. Photo: Addvisor, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Red and black Aero 10 roadster at a veteran car meeting in August 2005. Photo: Fidsoft, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Red Aero 10 HP roadster of 1930 at the National Technical Museum, Prague, in June 2012. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Red Aero 500 of 1930 among costumed figures in a museum in the Czech Republic in August 2021. Photo: Addvisor, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Enka prototype of 1927, the doorless forerunner of the Aero 10, in a works photograph. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. Enka closed van of the late 1920s, a forerunner of the Aero 10, in a works illustration. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. Bohumil Turek in his Aero 500, number 42, outside the Aero works, November 1929. Photo: Unknown photographer, Magazin Auto (1929), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A grey 1925 Bjering with its hood up at the Norsk Teknisk Museum, Oslo, Norway, in November 2014. Photo: Bjoertvedt, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A blue 1927 Austin Seven Chummy tourer with its hood up at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, West Sussex, in July 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. Blue BMW 3/15 DA-2 saloon on display at the Sakai City Historic Car Collection, Japan, in October 2013. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A blue Mikrus MR-300 on the quay at Szafarnia, Gdańsk, in 2012. Photo: Artur Andrzej, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Aero 10, read in full. It cites aero-ig.de. de.wikipedia.org
  2. Czech Wikipedia, Aero (automobilka). cs.wikipedia.org
  3. Aero-IG, the Aero owners’ interest group, “Aero Fahrzeugtypen”, read in full. www.aero-ig.de
  4. German Wikipedia, Enka (Automarke). It cites Linz and Schrader, Die Internationale Automobil-Enzyklopädie; Georgano, The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile; and Šuman-Hreblay, Encyklopedie automobilů (2007). de.wikipedia.org

Aixam: the leader of France’s licence-free cars

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A blue 2006 Aixam A751 Super Luxe at Preston, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A white 1994 Aixam A550 at Chalon-sur-Saône in 2018. Photo: crash71100, CC0 1.0, via Flickr.
  3. An orange Aixam Scouty parked against a stone wall in Galicia, Spain, in 2011. Photo: Luis Miguel Bugallo Sánchez (Lmbuga), CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. An Aixam e-Coupé on the maker’s stand at the Paris Motor Show in 2018. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A red Aixam 400 used as a moped-car in Veresegyház, Hungary, in 2019. Photo: Globetrotter19, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A red Aixam 400 SL parked by a brick house in 2012. Photo: Joost J. Bakker, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A silver Aixam 500.4 pick-up with a nudge bar, parked on a pavement in 2018. Photo: crash71100, CC0 1.0, via Flickr.
  8. A white Aixam A540 in a car park at Decize, France, in 2018. Photo: crash71100, CC0 1.0, via Flickr.
  9. A silver Aixam A550 in a car park at Beaune, France, in 2019. Photo: Guillaume Vachey, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A blue Aixam, its paint dusty, parked against a yellow wall in Dénia, Spain, in 2010. Photo: Sludge G, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  11. A blue-grey 2024 Aixam City parked in Benevento, Italy, in 2025. Photo: Corvettec6r, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A grey 2010 Aixam City parked in the rain. Photo: Corvettec6r, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A white 2025 Aixam City GTO with a black roof, parked in a street. Photo: Corvettec6r, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A grey 2018 Aixam Crossline Premium GT in Warwick in 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. An orange 2007 Aixam Crossline SuperLuxe parked in an English street. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A black Aixam Crossover GTR at the Poznań Motor Show, Poland, in 2015. Photo: Jakub “Flyz1” Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A grey Aixam e-Minauto Access, the electric Minauto, in a dealer’s showroom in 2025. Photo: Xaamev, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A grey Aixam estate of the Crossline family on display on grass in 2014. Photo: KarleHorn, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A white Aixam Minauto on a red carpet in a dealer’s showroom in 2025. Photo: Xaamev, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A white Aixam Minauto limited edition on a kerbside in 2023. Photo: JoachimKohler-HB, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. An orange and grey Aixam Scouty parked in a town street in 2019. Photo: crash71100, CC0 1.0, via Flickr.
  22. A green Aixam SL 500 diesel parked in England in 2012. Photo: Mick, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A grey Aixam A741 Super Luxe in profile in a car park in 2007. Photo: Khaosaming, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A silver 2003 Aixam 500 Minivan at Nevers, France, in 2018. Photo: crash71100, CC0 1.0, via Flickr.
  25. A blue 2006 Aixam A751 from the rear in 2019, with the A751 badge on its tailgate. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A grey-green Aixam A751 in a car park in 2008. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  27. The Aixam Crossover GTR from the rear at the Poznań Motor Show in 2015. Photo: Jakub “Flyz1” Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A white Aixam 400 from behind, with its Aixam badge on the tailgate, in 2022. Photo: SolanaBogon, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. An Aixam 600-4 MAX on Dutch plates, seen from behind in 2010. Photo: Michael, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  30. An orange Aixam Coupé GTI at the Poznań Motor Show, Poland, in 2014. Photo: Travelarz, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. The white Aixam Coupé Sport from the front in Amsterdam in 2024. Photo: Erremm, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A red Aixam Coupé GTI with black stripes and wheels, seen from the rear in 2016. Photo: JoachimKohlerBremen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A white 2023 Aixam Coupé Sport in an Amsterdam street in 2024, seen from the rear. Photo: Erremm, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. The cabin of the Aixam Crossover GTR at the Poznań Motor Show in 2015. Photo: Jakub “Flyz1” Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. The dashboard of a modern Aixam, shown in 2014. Photo: KarleHorn, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. The electric drive and charger under the bonnet of an electric Aixam, 2014. Photo: KarleHorn, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A turquoise Arola 20, one of the last four-wheeled Arolas of the early 1980s, on a Dutch pavement in 2010. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. The Lane Motor Museum’s 1980 Ligier JS4 from the left front in 2024, with G. Rendu lettering on its door. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A red Chatenet CH26 with grey bonnet stripes and a black roof, parked in a street in 2013. Photo: free photos & art, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A grey 2021 Citroën Ami with orange wheel inserts in Valbonne, France, in October 2021. Photo: John K, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A red and grey Erad Junior, a model of 1988 or later, at the Association Lorraine des Amateurs d’Automobiles in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Aixam Mega, Dossier de presse 2010, the maker’s press kit, read via the Internet Archive (2011). www.aixam.com
  2. Aixam, “About us”, history page. www.aixam.com
  3. English Wikipedia, Aixam. en.wikipedia.org
  4. French Wikipedia, Aixam, citing among others an interview with Philippe Colançon in Les Échos. fr.wikipedia.org
  5. German Wikipedia, Aixam. de.wikipedia.org
  6. Caradisiac, “Aixam-Méga : petites autos deviendront grandes”. www.caradisiac.com
  7. French Wikipedia, Voiturette. fr.wikipedia.org
  8. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1977 Arola”, tour page, read via the Internet Archive. www.microcarmuseum.com
  9. Christophe Bourgeois, “Les voitures sans permis disent merci à l’Ami”, Journal de l’Automobile, 26 June 2024. journalauto.com
  10. What Van?, “Ransomes Jacobsen appointed as new UK importer for Mega trucks”, 2012 or 2013. www.whatvan.co.uk
  11. Lane Motor Museum, collection database. www.lanemotormuseum.org

Alan: a French one-off microcar of 1955

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The one-off green Grataloup single-seat three-wheeler with its canvas top in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A white 1956 Velam Isetta at the Bonhams sale during the Greenwich Concours, Connecticut, in 2023. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A red Avolette, an open fibreglass car, at an outdoor club meeting in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A red Rovin D2 with a cream hood at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2018. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A yellow and maroon 1953 Mochet CM-125 Luxe in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

ALCA Volpe: Italy’s post-war microcar scandal, 1947

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A cream and black 1936 Fiat 500 A at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, in May 2026. Photo: Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A 1946 Volugrafo Bimbo 46 at the Mahymobiles museum, Leuze-en-Hainaut, Belgium, in 2014. Photo: Klaus Nahr, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A pale blue 1967 Fiat 500 Moretti Coupé at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A maroon Junior 3R-197 three-wheeler at the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition in 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1947 A.L.C.A. Volpe”, tour page, read in full from an archived copy. www.microcarmuseum.com
  2. RM Auctions, The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 549, “1947 A.L.C.A. Volpe”, read as a page summary. rmsothebys.com
  3. Damiano Landi, “Il futurismo a Piacenza, Carlo Gazzola, la Volpe e la figura enigmatica di BOT”, camet.org, read in full (Italian). www.camet.org
  4. Cars Forgotten Stories, “The ghost car”, 20 March 2020, read as a page summary. carsforgottenstories.com
  5. Toni Solans, “Hispano Volpe”, La web de los microcoches (grupo7.com), read in full (Spanish); it transcribes the Hispano-Volpe brochure. grupo7.com

All Cars Snuggy: the beach-buggy maker’s three-wheeler

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. An orange All Cars Charly Golf three-wheeler, built at Pianoro near Bologna, seen in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. An orange All-Cars Charly Golf head-on in 2018, its single front wheel set in the middle under the nose. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A red Autozodiaco Charly, the original Italian three-wheeler, on German plates in 2014. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The maker’s decal on an All-Cars Charly Golf in 2018, naming All-Cars of Pianoro, near Bologna, and the model. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A red and grey All Cars Charly 4, the four-wheeled version, parked in Berlin in 2026. Photo: Etan J. Tal, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A red open Tomcar in the ALAAC collection in Lorraine in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A 1979 Willam Sulky, the French-market Casalini Sulky, at the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne in 2010. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A red Amica 1000 S1 automatic, a later four-wheeled Amica, in the Netherlands in 2012. Photo: free photos & art, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. An orange Auto Mirage Mirage 3 from the front left in 2018, its mirage 3 decal on the scuttle. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Autozodiaco, citing Georgano (2001) and Linz and Schrader (2008). de.wikipedia.org
  2. German Wikipedia, All Cars, citing the same books. de.wikipedia.org
  3. German Wikipedia, Société Anonyme d’Études et de Construction Automobiles et Motocycles (SECAM), citing René Bellu, Automobilia. de.wikipedia.org
  4. German Wikipedia, Vitrex Industrie. de.wikipedia.org

Allard Clipper: Sydney Allard’s three-wheeler, 1953–⁠55

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The 1954 Allard Clipper 906 CMT at the NEC Classic Motor Show in 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The Clipper 906 CMT from the rear quarter at the NEC in 2017, showing its flowing wing line. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. An unrestored Allard Clipper on a trailer at the National Microcar Rally, Atwell-Wilson Motor Museum, in 2011. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The bench seat in red tweed and black three-spoke wheel of the 1954 Allard Clipper 906 CMT at the NEC in 2017. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A yellow 1956 Bond Minicar Mark C De Luxe Tourer, JTK 277, at Keynsham in 2011. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A maroon AC Petite, 604 JHK, from the front quarter at the National Microcar Rally in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A yellow 1958 Coronet three-wheeler with its hood folded in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A red 1958 Berkeley SE328 at a rally, 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. David Hooper, Allard Register, “Clipper Mini Car”, with a restoration update, read in full. www.allardregister.org
  2. Register of Unusual Microcars, “Allard Clipper”, read in full in an archived copy of 2014. web.archive.org
  3. 3wheelers.com, “Allard Clipper”, read in full in an archived copy of 2014. web.archive.org
  4. Undiscovered Classics, Forgotten Fiberglass, “1954 Allard Clipper and Margaret Woolsey”, 2009, read in full; it quotes the British Motor Manufacturers website. www.forgottenfiberglass.com
  5. English Wikipedia, Allard Clipper, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Chapman (2008) and Kinsella (1977). en.wikipedia.org
  6. German Wikipedia, Allard Clipper, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Chapman (2011), the Register of Unusual Microcars and 3wheelers.com. de.wikipedia.org
  7. English Wikipedia, Powerdrive, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Motor Cycling, the Daily Mirror and the Daily Express. en.wikipedia.org
  8. Bond Owners’ Club, “Mark C – October 1952 to May 1956: Vehicle Modifications by Chassis Number”, read in full in an archived copy. web.archive.org
  9. postwarclassic.de, “Farewell to the Hammond Microcar Museum”, read in full. www.postwarclassic.de

American Austin: the Austin Seven in America, 1930–⁠41

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red 1932 American Austin coupé at the Old Car Festival in Greenfield Village, Dearborn, Michigan, in September 2013. Photo: F. D. Richards from Clinton, MI, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A black 1930 American Austin coupé in profile at a British car show in Oxnard, California, in 2009. Photo: Rex Gray, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. An American Austin of about 1931 beside an American Bantam of about 1937–⁠38, photographed in April 2015. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A Bantam reconnaissance car towing a 37 mm anti-tank gun leaps a rise during US Army testing at New River, North Carolina, in 1941. Photo: U.S. Army Signal Corps, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A black 1930 American Austin coupé at a British car show in Oxnard, California, in July 2009. Photo: Rex Gray, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A pale-blue 1933 American Austin coupé on display in Reno, Nevada, in August 2015. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A green and cream early American Austin coupé at an auction in Strasburg, Pennsylvania, about 1990. Photo: JOHN LLOYD from Concrete, Washington, United States, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A purple American Austin coupé with white-wall tyres at the AACA Fall Meet in Hershey, Pennsylvania, in 2009. Photo: JOHN LLOYD from Concrete, Washington, United States, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A red and black American Austin coupé in the judged show of the AACA Fall Meet in Hershey, Pennsylvania, in October 2010. Photo: JOHN LLOYD from Concrete, Washington, United States, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A black 1930 American Austin coupé from the rear quarter at a British car show in Oxnard, California, in 2009. Photo: Rex Gray, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A blue and black 1931 American Austin roadster at a car show in Grove City, Pennsylvania, in July 2025. Photo: MercurySable99, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. An orange and black American Austin roadster at the AACA Fall Meet in Hershey, Pennsylvania, in 2009. Photo: JOHN LLOYD from Concrete, Washington, United States, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A black and tan 1931 American Austin roadster at a car show near Santa Rosa, California, in May 2011. Photo: David Berry from Rohnert Park CA, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A blue and black 1931 American Austin roadster from behind at a cruise-in in Mercer, Pennsylvania, in July 2024. Photo: MercurySable99, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A black 1931 American Austin roadster seen head-on at a car show near Santa Rosa, California, in May 2011. Photo: David Berry from Rohnert Park CA, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A red and black 1932 American Austin roadster with its hood up in the Nethercutt Collection, Sylmar, California, in October 2024. Photo: Jeremy Thompson from Los Angeles, California, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A 1930 American Austin roadster in the Stahls Automotive Collection, Chesterfield, Michigan, in December 2021. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. The dashboard of a black 1930 American Austin coupé at a British car show in Oxnard, California, in 2009. Photo: Rex Gray, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The cockpit of a black 1931 American Austin roadster with tan leather seats near Santa Rosa, California, in May 2011. Photo: David Berry from Rohnert Park CA, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A maroon 1934 American Austin coupé with its bonnet open at a car show near Santa Rosa, California, in May 2011. Photo: David Berry from Rohnert Park CA, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. The enamelled radiator badge of an unrestored American Austin in the Mallalieu Motor Collection in November 2011. Photo: allen watkin from London, UK, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A rooster radiator mascot and enamel badge on a black 1930 American Austin coupé at a British car show in Oxnard, California, in 2009; the rooster may be a later fitting. Photo: Rex Gray, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. An unrestored American Austin with its front wings detached, awaiting rebuilding in the Mallalieu Motor Collection in November 2011. Photo: allen watkin from London, UK, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A cream and brown 1939 American Bantam coupé at a car show near Santa Rosa, California, in May 2011. Photo: David Berry from Rohnert Park CA, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. The wood-grain dashboard of a 1939 American Bantam at a car show near Santa Rosa, California, in May 2011. Photo: David Berry from Rohnert Park CA, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A black 1939 American Bantam seen head-on, showing its grille and faired headlamps, near Santa Rosa, California, in May 2011. Photo: David Berry from Rohnert Park CA, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A red and cream 1939 American Bantam roadster special with its bonnet raised at a show in Greeley, Colorado, in June 2024. Photo: BUTTON74, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A black and timber 1939 American Bantam station wagon at a car show near Santa Rosa, California, in May 2011. Photo: David Berry from Rohnert Park CA, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. The red interior and dashboard of a yellow 1940 American Bantam De Luxe roadster in the Automobile Driving Museum, El Segundo, California, in May 2018. Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A yellow 1940 American Bantam De Luxe roadster seen head-on in the Automobile Driving Museum, El Segundo, California, in May 2018. Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A yellow 1940 American Bantam De Luxe roadster from behind in the Automobile Driving Museum, El Segundo, California, in May 2018. Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A cream and maroon 1940 American Bantam De Luxe roadster in the Automobile Driving Museum, El Segundo, California, in May 2018. Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A green 1940 American Bantam quarter-ton pick-up with its bonnet raised at a car show in September 2005. Photo: dave_7 from Lethbridge, Canada, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A maroon and cream 1938 American Bantam coupé from behind at the Prins Bertil Memorial meeting, Sweden, in June 2009. Photo: Liftarn, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A red and white American Bantam roadster at the AACA Fall Meet in Hershey, Pennsylvania, in 2009. Photo: JOHN LLOYD from Concrete, Washington, United States, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A red and white 1938 American Bantam roadster in the Gyeongju World Automobile Museum, South Korea, in August 2025. Photo: Damian B Oh, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. The dashboard and bench seat of a red 1938 American Bantam roadster in the Gyeongju World Automobile Museum, South Korea, in August 2025. Photo: Damian B Oh, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A red 1938 American Bantam roadster from behind, its spare wheel on the tail, in the Gyeongju World Automobile Museum, South Korea, in August 2025. Photo: Damian B Oh, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A black and red 1939 American Bantam Model 60 Speedster on display in Kansas City, Missouri, in March 2011. Photo: Russ Davis, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A red and yellow 1939 American Bantam Speedster in the Senator John Heinz History Center, Pittsburgh, in December 2010. Photo: Daderot, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. The red leather interior of a 1939 American Bantam Speedster in the Senator John Heinz History Center, Pittsburgh, in December 2010. Photo: Daderot, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A grey and timber 1940 American Bantam Super 4 station wagon at a station wagon club meet in Butler, Pennsylvania, in July 2023. Photo: MercurySable99, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A 1940 American Bantam Super 4 station wagon from behind at a station wagon club meet in Butler, Pennsylvania, in July 2023. Photo: MercurySable99, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. An American Austin body on a hot rod with an exposed engine at a car show in Sedro-Woolley, Washington, in June 2014. Photo: JOHN LLOYD from Concrete, Washington, United States, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A white American Austin panel van at the Bonhams sale at the Greenwich Concours, Connecticut, in June 2013. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A weathered 1933 American Austin pick-up in original livery at the Bonhams sale at the Greenwich Concours, Connecticut, in June 2013. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. An orange American Austin roadster below an American Austin Bantam club banner at the AACA Fall Meet in Hershey, Pennsylvania, in 2009. Photo: JOHN LLOYD from Concrete, Washington, United States, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. The waterfall grille of a red 1938 American Bantam roadster in the Gyeongju World Automobile Museum, South Korea, in August 2025. Photo: Damian B Oh, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A Bantam BRC-40 reconnaissance car slung in nets and lowered onto a Higgins boat at New River, North Carolina, in August 1941. Photo: U.S. Army Signal Corps, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A blue 1927 Austin Seven Chummy tourer with its hood up at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, West Sussex, in July 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. Blue BMW 3/15 DA-2 saloon on display at the Sakai City Historic Car Collection, Japan, in October 2013. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A blue 1928 Rosengart LR2 saloon in the Rosengart-Museum at Bedburg, Germany, in 2021. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A cream 1939 Crosley convertible coupé on the Crosley Radio stand at CES, Las Vegas, in January 2012. Photo: The Conmunity – Pop Culture Geek, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Kit Foster, automotive historian, “Carport” blog, post 2744, read in full. www.kitfoster.com
  2. Lane Motor Museum, “American Austin – 1930”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  3. English Wikipedia, American Austin Car Company. en.wikipedia.org
  4. German Wikipedia, American Austin Car Company. de.wikipedia.org
  5. The Henry Ford, Dearborn, artifact 221323, 1930 American Austin roadster. www.thehenryford.org
  6. English Wikipedia, American Bantam. en.wikipedia.org
  7. RM Sotheby’s, Hilton Head 2016, lot 124, 1930 American Austin. rmsothebys.com
  8. RM Auctions (now RM Sotheby’s), Auburn Fall 2014, lot 7013, 1933 American Austin. rmsothebys.com

American city-car prototypes, 1959–⁠89

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. AMC Amitron electric city-car prototype of 1967 in American Motors’ publicity photograph, a model leaning on its roof. Photo: American Motors Corporation, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A yellow CitiCar SV-48 in bright sunshine beside a stone building in 2014. Photo: Eric Kilby, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  3. A red 1981 HMV Freeway three-wheeler at the Western Antique Aeroplane and Automobile Museum in Hood River, Oregon, in 2025. Photo: Moki8, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The Nissan Pivo concept of 2005, with its round doors open, at the Tokyo Motor Show, Japan, in November 2005. Photo: machu., CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, AMC Amitron, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Anderson and Anderson (2005, 2010) and the press of the day. en.wikipedia.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Nu-Klea Starlite, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites the Lane Motor Museum and a people’s history of Old Town Lansing (2023). en.wikipedia.org
  3. The Makes That Didn’t Make It, “Sebring-Vanguard”, the paragraph on the Westinghouse Markette, read in full. www.makesthatdidntmakeit.com
  4. Small Cars Club, “GM XP-512E”, read in full. smallcarsclub.com
  5. Small Cars Club, “American Electric Urban Runabout”, read in full. smallcarsclub.com
  6. Small Cars Club, “General Motors Lean Machine”, read in full. smallcarsclub.com
  7. Small Cars Club, “Bombardier Venus”, read in full; it draws on La Presse and The Globe and Mail. smallcarsclub.com

American cyclecars: the craze of 1913–⁠1915

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. O-We-Go tandem cyclecar of 1914 in orange, lettered OWEGO behind a chain in a museum. Photo: Aaron Headly, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The Imp cyclecar of W. H. McIntyre, Auburn, Indiana, with two men aboard in tandem, as printed in Automobile Topics in 1913. Photo: Automobile Topics (W. H. McIntyre Company), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Advertising drawing of the 1914 Woods Mobilette Model No. 3, billed as America’s first cycle-car. Photo: Woods Mobilette Company, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Dudly cyclecar of 1913, built in Menominee, Michigan, with its hood up, in a period view. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Car-Nation tourer in side profile before a stone doorway in Washington, D.C., photographed by Harris & Ewing between 1914 and 1917. Photo: Harris & Ewing, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Little Detroit Speedster of 1914, a 12 hp two-seater from Detroit, in a period line drawing. Photo: Unknown artist, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Brass radiator and headlamps of the 1913 Car-Nation Tourer at the Tallahassee Automobile Museum, Florida, in September 2007. Photo: Infrogmation of New Orleans, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. 1906 Orient Buckboard with Orient script on its bonnet, at an indoor exhibition in 2011. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. 1904 Orient Buckboard USU 507 at the Regent Street Motor Show, London, on 31 October 2015. Photo: timfrost, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. Woods Mobilette tourer with its hood up at an outdoor car show, with 1950s cars parked behind. Photo: Don O’Brien, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. 1908 Waltham-Orient Buckboard in natural wood and red, in a museum, photographed in August 2012. Photo: brewbooks, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. Tapered tail of the 1932 Martin Martinette at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. 1932 Martin Martinette from the front quarter at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A green Car-Nation two-seater with its hood raised, on the road in March 2007. Photo: Proscriptus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. 1913 Car-Nation Tourer in the Tallahassee Automobile Museum, Florida, in September 2007. Photo: Infrogmation of New Orleans, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. 1932 Martin Martinette three-wheeled prototype in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in July 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. 1902 Orient Buckboard in the Tellus Science Museum, Cartersville, Georgia. Photo: JJonahJackalope, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. 1914 Woods Mobilette Model 3 tourer among early cars in a museum, photographed in February 2015. Photo: Rhbrakman, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. 1914 Woods Mobilette touring in the Stahls Automotive Collection, Chesterfield, Michigan, in December 2021. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. Rear of the 1904 Orient Buckboard USU 507, with its single-cylinder engine and wicker hamper, at the Regent Street Motor Show, London, on 31 October 2015. Photo: timfrost, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. 1903 Orient Buckboard once owned by Ralph de Palma, under a fringed canopy at the Luray Caverns Car and Carriage Museum, Virginia, in July 2015. Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. 1906 Orient Buckboard with a mannequin driver in a museum, photographed in 2007. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. Cockpit of the 1932 Martin Martinette, with its steering wheel, gauges and patterned seat, at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. Woods Mobilette Company share certificate of December 1915, engraved with a picture of a car. Photo: Edhac-Edham, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. Cyclecars on the Tacoma Speedway, Washington, at the Labor Day races of 7 September 1914. Photo: Marvin D. Boland, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. Car-Nation tourer parked under trees in a street in Washington, D.C., photographed by Harris & Ewing between 1914 and 1917. Photo: Harris & Ewing, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. Advertisement of 1914 for the Dayton Model A two-passenger cyclecar of Joliet, Illinois, priced at $375 and billed as winner of the first cyclecar run in America. Photo: Dayton Cyclecar Co. advertisement, 1914, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. An Imp cyclecar with two passengers in tandem, from the Cyclopedia of Automobile Engineering of 1915. Photo: Cyclopedia of Automobile Engineering (1915), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A young driver in a white racing cyclecar among spectators at Tacoma, Washington, in 1914. Photo: Marvin D. Boland, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. Ray Ritters in cyclecar No. 2 at the Tacoma Speedway, Washington, in September 1914. Photo: Marvin D. Boland, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. Walter Gossmann in his cyclecar Red Devil, No. 5, at the Tacoma Speedway, Washington, in September 1914. Photo: Marvin D. Boland, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. The crashed cyclecar Seattle Bug surrounded by onlookers at the Tacoma Speedway, Washington, in September 1914. Photo: Marvin D. Boland, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. Racing cyclecars lined up on A Street, Tacoma, Washington, between crowds of men in September 1914. Photo: Marvin D. Boland, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. Cyclecars lined up for a race at the Tacoma Speedway, Washington, on 13 September 1914. Photo: Marvin D. Boland, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. Woods Mobilette Model No. 5 with two occupants, from a 1915 advertisement by the International Cyclecar & Accessories Company, Chicago. Photo: International Cyclecar & Accessories Company, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. 1913 Scripps-Booth JB Rocket in the Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan, in September 2024. Photo: Warren LeMay, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  37. 1920 Briggs & Stratton Flyer with its motor wheel trailing at the rear, in the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A red 1932 American Austin coupé at the Old Car Festival in Greenfield Village, Dearborn, Michigan, in September 2013. Photo: F. D. Richards from Clinton, MI, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. The Martin Stationette at the Lane Motor Museum in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A grey 1925 Bjering with its hood up at the Norsk Teknisk Museum, Oslo, Norway, in November 2014. Photo: Bjoertvedt, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A yellow 1913 Bédélia BD2 at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in May 2022. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Motor Age, vol. 25 no. 3, 15 January 1914: Detroit and Midwest cyclecar reports and the cyclecar directory, cyclecar sections read in full. archive.org
  2. Horseless Carriage Gazette, vol. 19 no. 2, March–April 1957: reprints of John S. Harwhite’s cyclecar article of about 1914, the Mercury specification of 1914 and the Woods Mobilette prospectus, read in full. archive.org
  3. Motor Age, vol. 24 no. 23, 4 December 1913: “Dudly on the Road” and “Detroit Forms a Club”, items read. archive.org
  4. Motor Age, vol. 26 no. 3, 16 July 1914: the cyclecar reliability run notice and the Princess Cyclecar Co.’s dissolution, items read. archive.org
  5. English Wikipedia, McIntyre Automobile, the Imp section, read. Used as a lead; it cites Kimes and Clark (1996) and Georgano’s Beaulieu Encyclopedia (2001). en.wikipedia.org
  6. Lane Motor Museum, “Martin Martinette – 1932”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org

American post-war microcars, 1944–⁠64

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The Martin Stationette at the Lane Motor Museum in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A San Diego Town Shopper, in its Towne or later Carter form, with two men outside the San Diego City and County Administration Building in 1948. Photo: State Library and Archives of Florida, No known copyright restrictions, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The wooden-bodied 1950 Martin Stationette at the Lane Motor Museum in 2012. Photo: dozier.donald, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  4. A red 1952 Skorpion fibreglass roadster in a museum in 2015. Photo: Hugo-90, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  5. The 1950 Martin Stationette seen head-on at the Lane Motor Museum in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A red 1951 Skorpion roadster, Crosley-based, on a museum plinth in 2014. Photo: mark6mauno, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  7. A red King Midget Model III with a white top, parked in Leavenworth, Washington, in 2009. Photo: joaquin uy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A red Crosley Farm-O-Road at the Orphan Car Show in Ypsilanti, Michigan, in 2007. Photo: John Lloyd, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A cream 1939 Crosley convertible coupé on the Crosley Radio stand at CES, Las Vegas, in January 2012. Photo: The Conmunity – Pop Culture Geek, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. O-We-Go tandem cyclecar of 1914 in orange, lettered OWEGO behind a chain in a museum. Photo: Aaron Headly, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. The Makes That Didn’t Make It, “King Midget”, the section “More Microcars”, read in full. www.makesthatdidntmakeit.com
  2. Mal Pearson, “Towne Shopper”, The Makes That Didn’t Make It, 2022, read in full. www.makesthatdidntmakeit.com
  3. Mal Pearson, “Take to the Air in an Airways”, The Makes That Didn’t Make It, 25 October 2021, read in full. www.makesthatdidntmakeit.com
  4. English Wikipedia, Keller (automobile), read in full. Used as a lead; it rests largely on John Liefeld’s recollections. en.wikipedia.org
  5. Bob Cunningham, “1954 Crosley Powered Roadster Proposal Resulted in ‘Panda’-Monium”, Undiscovered Classics, March 2020, read in full. www.undiscoveredclassics.com
  6. The Makes That Didn’t Make It, “Russell Gadabout”, 2023, read in full. www.makesthatdidntmakeit.com
  7. The Makes That Didn’t Make It, “Let’s Get Small, Really Small: the Arbet”, June 2026, read in full. www.makesthatdidntmakeit.com
  8. Small Cars Club, “B&B Brogan Doodlebug”, read in full. smallcarsclub.com
  9. Small Cars Club, “B&B Broganette”, read in full. smallcarsclub.com
  10. English Wikipedia, List of microcars by country of origin: U, the relevant rows read. A lead only. en.wikipedia.org
  11. Small Cars Club, “Airscoot”, read in full. smallcarsclub.com
  12. Lane Motor Museum, “Harvey Towne Shopper – 1948”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  13. Lane Motor Museum, “Martin Stationette – 1950”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  14. Small Cars Club, “Basson’s Star”, read in full. smallcarsclub.com
  15. The Makes That Didn’t Make It, “Imp”, read in full. www.makesthatdidntmakeit.com
  16. Small Cars Club, “Airway”, read in full. smallcarsclub.com
  17. Small Cars Club, “Skorpion and Super Skorpion”, read in full. smallcarsclub.com
  18. The Makes That Didn’t Make It, “It’s a Small World: the Eshelman”, 11 August 2021, read in full. www.makesthatdidntmakeit.com
  19. Small Cars Club, “Colt Economy”, read in full. smallcarsclub.com
  20. Lane Motor Museum, “Carter Town Shopper – 1942”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  21. Rex Bennett, “How the world’s quirkiest car museum is solving the mystery of this strange tiny car”, The Autopian, 11 August 2022, read in summary; it draws on the Lane Motor Museum’s research and company letters. www.theautopian.com

Electric microcars of the Americas since 1990

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. An early 2006 ZAP Xebra sedan in Ocean Blue parked outside an office building. Photo: stu_spivack, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A green ZAP Xebra sedan head-on, showing its single front wheel, on Jolliet Street, New Orleans, in July 2012. Photo: Infrogmation of New Orleans, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  3. A red Dynasty IT utility pickup from the front three-quarter in 2007. Photo: Leonard G., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A ZAP Xebra sedan in zebra-stripe livery parked on a city street in May 2008. Photo: bandita, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  5. A blue ZENN with ELECTRIC lettering at the Green Motors launch in Berkeley, California, in 2007. Photo: Leonard G., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A Zacua MX2 on stage under its winged Zacua logo at its launch in Mexico City in 2017. Photo: Gobierno CDMX, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A blue Dynasty IT sedan neighbourhood electric vehicle in 2007. Photo: Leonard G., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A green ZAP Xebra sedan parked outside a house on Jolliet Street, New Orleans, in July 2012. Photo: Infrogmation of New Orleans, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  9. A green ZAP Xebra sedan in profile, with ELECTRIC lettering, on Jolliet Street, New Orleans, in July 2012. Photo: Infrogmation of New Orleans, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  10. A light-blue ZENN low-speed car in dealer livery parked by a kerb in the United States in April 2008. Photo: edkohler, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  11. A mist-blue ZENN at the Green Motors launch in Berkeley, California, in 2007. Photo: Leonard G., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A red Dynasty IT utility pickup from the rear three-quarter in 2007. Photo: Leonard G., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A green ZAP Xebra sedan from the rear three-quarter on Jolliet Street, New Orleans, in July 2012. Photo: Infrogmation of New Orleans, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  14. A green ZENN on charge at a show, rear three-quarter, in February 2009. Photo: Mike Babcock, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A Zacua MX2 on stage at its launch in Mexico City in 2017. Photo: Gobierno CDMX, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A ZAP Xebra in zebra livery on display at the Chicago Auto Show in February 2007. Photo: Dima Sergiyenko, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. The dashboard and steering wheel of a ZENN at the Green Motors launch in Berkeley, California, in 2007. Photo: Leonard G., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. The zebra-and-lightning XEBRA badge on the flank of a green ZAP Xebra in New Orleans in July 2012. Photo: Infrogmation of New Orleans, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  19. A red Dynasty IT utility pickup in profile in 2007. Photo: Leonard G., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A white ZAP Xebra pickup with ‘All Electric’ lettering, charging in a car park in August 2010. Photo: born1945, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A red and white GEM e4 four-seater used for village tours, photographed in July 2006. Photo: Weatherman1126, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. An orange 2000 Corbin Sparrow ‘Jelly Bean’ from the front three-quarter at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A red Microcar MC1 Dynamic in a UK street in 2010. Photo: Mick from Northamptonshire, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A red Chatenet CH26 with grey bonnet stripes and a black roof, parked in a street in 2013. Photo: free photos & art, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A white 2018 Levdeo (Leiding) D30 low-speed electric car, front three-quarter, in Luoyang, Henan, China, in August 2018. Photo: Kevauto, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A yellow Commuter Cars Tango T600 at the California Automobile Museum, Sacramento, United States, in April 2022. Photo: DestinationFearFan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Global Electric Motorcars, for the low-speed vehicle class. en.wikipedia.org
  2. Dynasty Electric Car Corporation, “The Company”, 2007, archived. web.archive.org
  3. “Transport Canada rules finish off electric car”, Vancouver Sun, 26 July 2008, archived. web.archive.org
  4. English Wikipedia, ZAP Xebra, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  5. Dynasty website, model pages (2008 equipment and options, archived 2009) and “The Company” (Karachi years, archived 2013). www.itiselectric.com
  6. English Wikipedia, Dynasty IT, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  7. Karakoram Motors, “Profile”, written about 2013, archived 18 March 2018. web.archive.org
  8. “ZAP Expands Sales of XEBRA Electric Microcar; Orders 500+ from China”, Green Car Congress, 19 August 2006. www.greencarcongress.com
  9. “2008 Zap Xebra Electric Motorcycle Recalled (Again)”, Green Car Reports, 6 June 2012. www.greencarreports.com
  10. Lewin Day, “The Strange Zap Electric Three-Wheeler Is a Mid-Aughts Relic That’s Somehow Still Kicking”, The Drive, 15 September 2021. www.thedrive.com
  11. Tom Appel, “Zap! Xebra: The EV No One Needs to Know About”, Consumer Guide, 22 August 2013, archived. web.archive.org
  12. Paul Niedermeyer, “2008 Zap Xebra Review”, The Truth About Cars, 14 March 2008. www.thetruthaboutcars.com
  13. English Wikipedia, ZENN, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  14. ZENN Motor Company Inc., Management’s Discussion and Analysis, year ended 30 September 2009, archived. web.archive.org
  15. Philippe Crowe, “Closure of Service Support For Zenn Vehicles”, HybridCars, 2 May 2013. www.hybridcars.com
  16. David Olson, “RIVERSIDE: Local company offering wheelchair-accessible car”, Press-Enterprise, 13 September 2014. www.pressenterprise.com
  17. English Wikipedia, Chairiot solo, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  18. Chairiot Mobility, “Chairiot solo”, product page, archived 2016. www.chairiot-mobility.com
  19. Chairiot Mobility, “Chairiot solo” specification sheet, version 2, 2014. www.chairiot-mobility.com
  20. NMEDA, Compliance Review Program entry for Chairiot Mobility, Inc., archived 13 July 2015. web.archive.org
  21. Alexis Ibarra O., “Vehículo eléctrico chileno recorre 60 km por carga y transporta a dos personas”, El Mercurio, 22 September 2015, archived. web.archive.org
  22. Sebastián Andrade, “Lufke, el primer auto eléctrico hecho en Chile”, innovacion.cl, 7 November 2014, archived. web.archive.org
  23. “La historia del primer auto eléctrico chileno llegó a su fin: Qué mató el desarrollo de ‘Soki’”, Emol, 16 October 2017. www.emol.com
  24. English Wikipedia, Zacua MX3, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  25. “Zacua es la primera marca de autos eléctricos 100 % mexicana”, Expansión, 7 July 2017. expansion.mx
  26. “First Mexican brand of electric cars starts production in Puebla”, El Universal (English edition), May 2018. www.eluniversal.com.mx
  27. “Mexico’s first EV Zacua goes into production”, Electrive, 1 May 2018. www.electrive.com
  28. English Wikipedia, Sero Sedan, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  29. “Sero Electric, el auto 100 % eléctrico y argentino”, Autocosmos Argentina, 11 August 2017. noticias.autocosmos.com.ar
  30. “Sero Electric: lanzamiento en Argentina desde US$ 9.900”, 16 Válvulas, September 2019. www.16valvulas.com.ar
  31. English Wikipedia, Olinia (automobile), read. en.wikipedia.org

Amilcar CC: the first Amilcar cyclecar, 1921–⁠1925

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Blue Amilcar CC roadster of 1921–⁠22 from the front quarter at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim, Germany, in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A white 1921 Amilcar CC roadster in profile beside its museum label, photographed in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Amilcar 6 HP four-cylinder engine and front chassis on show at the Paris Salon, Grand Palais, in October 1922. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. André Morel in his Amilcar at the first Bol d’Or, near Vaujours, France, in May 1922, which he won. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A 1924 Amilcar CC roadster with grey body, blue wings and red wheels, in a museum, photographed in 2013. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. 1923 Amilcar CC biplace sport with polished bonnet and blue wings at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2014. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Blue Amilcar, captioned as a CC, with its hood folded over the tail, on the grass at Montlhéry, France, in September 2009. Photo: jean-pierre 60, edited by Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Blue Amilcar CC roadster of 1921–⁠22 in profile at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim, Germany, in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Varnished boat tail of the 1922 Amilcar C4 skiff at the Bonhams sale in Paris in February 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. Blue Amilcar, captioned as a CC, from the rear quarter with its spare wheel on the tail, at Montlhéry, France, in September 2009. Photo: jean-pierre 60, edited by Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. Red 1923 Amilcar C4 head-on, photographed in July 2010. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A white 1921 Amilcar CC roadster from the front, in a museum, photographed in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. Blue Amilcar CC roadster of 1921–⁠22 head-on at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim, Germany, in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. Green 1923 Amilcar CS on a hill-climb in June 2008. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A 1922 Amilcar CC behind a rope at the Manoir de l’Automobile, Lohéac, France, in September 2022. Photo: Koreller, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A blue and polished 1922 Amilcar CC with its placard giving 903 cc and 80 km/h, in a museum, photographed in 2011. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. Radiator, headlamp and wing of a cream 1921 Amilcar CC, photographed in July 2021. Photo: Neil, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. Blue 1925 Amilcar C4 6 CV from above, showing its cockpit and leather seats, photographed in January 2020. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The 1,004 cc side-valve four-cylinder engine of a blue 1925 Amilcar C4 6 CV under its open bonnet, photographed in January 2020. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. Polished-aluminium 1923 Amilcar single-seat racing voiturette on grass at a show in June 2013. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. 1922 Amilcar C4 skiff with varnished wooden deck at the Bonhams sale in Paris in February 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. Red and black 1923 Amilcar C4 in a museum, photographed in October 2011. Photo: Croquant, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. Red 1923 Amilcar C4 roadster with black wings in a museum, photographed in 2011. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. Fratissier in a long-tailed Amilcar racing cyclecar at the Bol d’Or weigh-in, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, in May 1923. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. Amilcar racing cyclecars of Morel (91) and Mestivier (92) head-on at the Bol d’Or weigh-in, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, in May 1923. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. Fratissier’s Amilcar racing past the grandstand on the Circuit des Loges, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, in the Bol d’Or of May 1923. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. Mestivier driving Amilcar racing cyclecar number 82 past a crowd at the B.N.C. Cyclocross hill-climb in France, about 1922. Photo: Agence Meurisse, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. The Amilcar works team, Morel (40), Mestivier (41) and Boutmy (42), at the cyclecar Grand Prix of Boulogne-sur-Mer, France, in July 1922. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. André Morel garlanded beside his Amilcar, winner of the 1,000 cc racing voiturettes at the Bol d’Or, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, June 1925. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. Mestivier’s Amilcar CC No. 77 beside Amilcar No. 78 at the Marly endurance trial, Marly-le-Roi, France, in February 1922. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. Munch in Amilcar CC No. 76 at the Marly endurance trial, Marly-le-Roi, France, in February 1922. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. Green 1921 Peugeot Type 161 Quadrilette from the front quarter, its tandem seats visible, at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, France, in April 2016. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A red 1909 Le Zèbre Type A from the front three-quarter at the Franschhoek Motor Museum, South Africa, in October 2016. Photo: naeem mayet, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. Yellow Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo of 1922 at the Bonny-sur-Loire wine fair, Loiret, in July 2019. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. Grey 1913 Violet-Bogey Type A torpedo from the front quarter at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in March 2026. Photo: Andy Dingley, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. Cream 1922 Koco two-seater at the Autostadt, Wolfsburg, Germany, in June 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A grey 1925 Bjering with its hood up at the Norsk Teknisk Museum, Oslo, Norway, in November 2014. Photo: Bjoertvedt, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Cercle Pégase Amilcar, “Histoire”, read in full. cercle.amilcar.free.fr
  2. Osenat, sale of 10 November 2013, lot 209, a 1927 Amilcar CGS: the history of the founders, read. archive.org
  3. English Wikipedia, Amilcar, history sections read. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  4. German Wikipedia, Amilcar Type CC, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Fournier and Burgess-Wise, Amilcar (1994), and auction-house pages. de.wikipedia.org
  5. Cercle Pégase Amilcar, “Amilcar CC – 1922–⁠1925”, model history and technical description, read in full. cercle.amilcar.free.fr
  6. Cercle Pégase Amilcar, “Amilcar C4”, read in full. cercle.amilcar.free.fr
  7. English Wikipedia, Amilcar CC, summary read. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  8. German Wikipedia, Grofri, summary read. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  9. German Wikipedia, Pluto Automobilfabrik, summary read. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org

Arcimoto FUV: Oregon’s tandem electric three-wheeler

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. An orange and black production Arcimoto FUV rental car on the waterfront at Key West, Florida, United States, in June 2021. Photo: Sharon Hahn Darlin, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A red-bodied Arcimoto SRK prototype with two people seated in tandem, in the United States in June 2011. Photo: Steve Jurvetson, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  3. A black Arcimoto prototype on a test drive outside the Oregon State Capitol, Salem, United States, in February 2013. Photo: Oregon Department of Transportation, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  4. An unclothed Arcimoto prototype, its tubular frame exposed, with a driver aboard in California, United States, in October 2010. Photo: Steve Jurvetson, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  5. A red ElectraMeccanica Solo at an electric-vehicle show in June 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. An orange 2000 Corbin Sparrow ‘Jelly Bean’ from the front three-quarter at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A green Toyota i-Road being driven in Grenoble, France, in September 2014. Photo: Maskrosen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A yellow Commuter Cars Tango T600 at the California Automobile Museum, Sacramento, United States, in April 2022. Photo: DestinationFearFan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Arcimoto. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  2. “Arcimoto starts delivering its electric trike”, electrive, 7 December 2017. www.electrive.com
  3. English Wikipedia, Arcimoto FUV. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  4. “Arcimoto found 5x larger production base in Oregon”, electrive, 16 January 2021 (headline). www.electrive.com
  5. “Arcimoto to acquire Tilting Motor Works”, electrive, 26 January 2021. www.electrive.com
  6. “Arcimoto halts production due to finance issues”, electrive, 20 January 2023. www.electrive.com

Ardex: the plywood microcars of Nanterre

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A turquoise 1953 Ardex in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A dark blue 1952 Ardex in profile in 2018, showing its doorless open cockpit and two seats. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The oval Ardex badge on the polished nose of an Ardex, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A dark blue 1952 Ardex from the front left in 2018, with its light blue lamp pods and fold-flat screen frame. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The one-off green Grataloup single-seat three-wheeler with its canvas top in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Grey 1913 Violet-Bogey Type A torpedo from the front quarter at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in March 2026. Photo: Andy Dingley, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A black Mochet two-seat Vélocar with a tan canopy at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Green 1935 Morgan Super Sports AKD 455 at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, England, in April 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1953 Ardex”, tour page (© 2002), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  2. German Wikipedia, Automobiles Ardex, read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader, and Georgano’s Beaulieu Encyclopedia. de.wikipedia.org
  3. Lane Motor Museum, collection database, read 7 October 2026. www.lanemotormuseum.org

Arié Hopi: the licence-free car that needed a licence

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The Lane Motor Museum’s 1980 Ligier JS4 from the left front in 2024, with G. Rendu lettering on its door. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A Bellier Véloto with soft top and roll-up doors at the Musée Maurice Dufresne, Azay-le-Rideau, in 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A turquoise Arola 20, one of the last four-wheeled Arolas of the early 1980s, on a Dutch pavement in 2010. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Automobiles Arié, read in full; it cites the old microcarfan.com, Georgano and René Bellu’s Automobilia. de.wikipedia.org

Arola: the handlebar licence-free car that became Aixam

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A turquoise Arola 20, one of the last four-wheeled Arolas of the early 1980s, on a Dutch pavement in 2010. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A blue Arola parked ahead of a white Canta microcar in an Amsterdam street in 2007. Photo: Ildar Sagdejev (Specious), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. An Arola 20 from behind in the Netherlands in 2009, its model badge beside the left tail lamp. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A red Arola 20 S parked at a kerb in the Netherlands in 2012. Photo: free photos & art, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Dark grey Arola microcar, a 20 or 40 by its uploader, parked beside a hedge in the Netherlands in September 2013. Photo: Dennis Elzinga, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Weathered pink-red Arola microcar, labelled an Arola 40 by its uploader, on a leaf-strewn kerb in the Netherlands in November 2009. Photo: Joost J. Bakker, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A blue 2006 Aixam A751 Super Luxe at Preston, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A white Mini Comtesse with its MC emblem at Rétromobile in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A Bellier Véloto with soft top and roll-up doors at the Musée Maurice Dufresne, Azay-le-Rideau, in 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A beige and brown 1978 SEAB Flipper I in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A red Minicat in a museum line-up in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A red open Tomcar in the ALAAC collection in Lorraine in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1977 Arola”, tour page, read via the Internet Archive (2015). www.microcarmuseum.com
  2. German Wikipedia, Arola SARL, citing Linz and Schrader, Die große Automobil-Enzyklopädie (1986). de.wikipedia.org
  3. English Wikipedia, Arola (microcar). en.wikipedia.org
  4. Aixam, “History”, company website. www.aixam.com
  5. German Wikipedia, Bel Motors. de.wikipedia.org
  6. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1980 Veloto Super Deluxe”, tour page, read via the Internet Archive. www.microcarmuseum.com
  7. Lane Motor Museum, “ACOMA Mini Comtesse – 1972”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org

L’Œuf électrique: Paul Arzens’s electric egg of 1942

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Paul Arzens’s 1942 Œuf électrique from the front quarter in the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, in 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Paul Arzens’s two cars side by side at Mulhouse in 2016: La Baleine of 1938 and the Œuf électrique of 1942. Photo: Arnaud 25, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The polished aluminium tail of the Œuf électrique, with its side vents, in 2007. Photo: Claus Ableiter, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The Œuf électrique from low down in 2009, showing the full Plexiglas bubble. Photo: Andrew Eland, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The Œuf électrique from the other front quarter in 2018, with its bench seat and steering wheel visible. Photo: Rob Oo from NL, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. The Œuf électrique from directly behind in 2011: a polished aluminium egg with a small oval window. Photo: Helena from the Netherlands, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The Œuf électrique head-on in Mulhouse in 2011, registered 885-W75. Photo: Helena from the Netherlands, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The unrestored 1941 Pierre Faure PFA, not an Autélec, from the front quarter, with its porthole lamps and Pierre Faure Électrique plate. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A cream Peugeot VLV at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, in June 2012. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. The cream Bugatti Type 68B roadster prototype at an exhibition in Kassel in 2013. Photo: Thomas Vogt from Paderborn, Deutschland, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. French Wikipedia, Paul Arzens, read in extract. Used as a lead; its references include Correspondances ferroviaires no. 3 (2002). fr.wikipedia.org
  2. Musée des Arts et Métiers, “L’œuf électrique de Paul Arzens”, collection page of the car’s owner, read in full. www.arts-et-metiers.net
  3. l’Automobile Ancienne, “L’Oeuf Electrique de Paul Arzens (1942)”, 9 November 2015, with a reader’s comment of 11 November 2015, read in full. lautomobileancienne.com
  4. French Wikipedia, L’Œuf électrique, read in full. Used as a lead. fr.wikipedia.org
  5. Roger-Viollet, “The electric car”, photograph set of wartime Paris, captions read. www.roger-viollet.fr

Aston Martin Cygnet: the £30,000 Toyota iQ, 2011–⁠2013

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A copper-orange Aston Martin Cygnet, KX61 DFZ, in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The silver Cygnet concept at its debut, the Geneva Motor Show, in 2010. Photo: El monty, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The driver’s seat and dashboard of a white Cygnet Launch Edition at the Geneva Motor Show in 2011. Photo: Autoviva, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The one-off 2018 Cygnet V8, Y8 CYG, with its flared arches at Supercar Fest, Runway 2025. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A silver-grey 2012 Aston Martin Cygnet parked at a kerb in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A silver Aston Martin Cygnet on Hamburg plates in Berlin in 2013. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A black Aston Martin Cygnet parked in front of a colonnade in 2018. Photo: Guillaume Vachey, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A black Aston Martin Cygnet from the front in Nevers in 2018. Photo: Guillaume Vachey, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A burgundy 2013 Aston Martin Cygnet in a city street in 2016. Photo: Falcon® Photography, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. An Aston Martin Cygnet 1.3 in purple-green colour-shift paint in a Paris street in 2019. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A white 2011 Aston Martin Cygnet with the CVT gearbox parked in a street in 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A matt-black Aston Martin Cygnet by a garden wall in 2021. Photo: Alexandre Prévot, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A silver Aston Martin Cygnet with orange trim in a showroom in 2019. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A silver Aston Martin Cygnet at a kerb in 2012. Photo: Detectandpreserve, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A silver Aston Martin Cygnet parked among pedestrians in 2023. Photo: Damian B Oh, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A white Aston Martin Cygnet with a lime interior at AutoRAI, Amsterdam, in 2011. Photo: Overlaet, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A yellow Aston Martin Cygnet on a dealer stand at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2018. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A silver Aston Martin Cygnet with a red interior in a Zürich car park in 2025. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A bright orange Aston Martin Cygnet in a city street in 2012. Photo: Ben, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A silver Aston Martin Cygnet parked in the 8th arrondissement of Paris in 2024. Photo: Remi Mathis, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. The white Cygnet in profile at AutoRAI in 2011. Photo: Overlaet, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A black Aston Martin Cygnet in a rainy street in 2025. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A black Aston Martin Cygnet 1.3 with black wheels in Nevers, France, in 2018. Photo: Guillaume Vachey, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A silver Aston Martin Cygnet from the rear quarter in 2012. Photo: Detectandpreserve, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A gold-finished Aston Martin Cygnet in a showroom window in 2011. Photo: Ben, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A champagne-gold Aston Martin Cygnet at the Geneva Motor Show in 2013. Photo: Clément Bucco-Lechat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A white Aston Martin Cygnet at a show in 2011. Photo: Ben, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A white Aston Martin Cygnet head-on at AutoRAI, Amsterdam, in 2011, with its CYGNET plate. Photo: Overlaet, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A yellow Aston Martin Cygnet driving past the casino gardens in Monaco in 2012. Photo: Alexandre Prévot, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A dark-blue Aston Martin Cygnet in the Cyprus Historic & Classic Motor Museum, Limassol, in 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. The red leather dashboard and steering wheel of the Cygnet concept at the Geneva Motor Show in 2010. Photo: David Villarreal Fernández, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. The engine bay of the Cygnet V8 at Supercar Fest in 2025. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. The chrome Cygnet script on a copper-orange Aston Martin Cygnet in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A Cygnet sill plate reading ‘Handcrafted in England for Frankfurt Motorshow 2011’, at the IAA in 2011. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A white Toyota iQ in a car park in Germany in June 2009. Photo: M 93, Attribution (Wikimedia Commons), via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A red and black 2001 Smart City-Coupé passion (450) ‘Softouch’ in Leamington Spa, England, in January 2020. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. The Gordon Murray T.25 prototype with its canopy tilted forward at the RAC Future Car Challenge, Madeira Drive, Brighton, in 2011. Photo: Dominic Alves, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Toyota iQ, the infobox, the “Aston Martin Cygnet” section and the specification and sales tables, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites BBC News, Top Gear, evo, Autocar and carsalesbase.com. en.wikipedia.org
  2. The Drive, “Aston Martin is debuting a radical V‑8-powered Cygnet at Goodwood”, July 2018, read in full. www.thedrive.com
  3. Tim Cottingham, AstonMartins.com, “Cygnet (2009–⁠2013)”, read in full. astonmartins.com
  4. AstonMartins.com, “Cygnet (High Line) (2011–⁠2013)”, the history and specification paragraphs. astonmartins.com
  5. Dealer listings on Car & Classic and PistonHeads claiming 786 built, known from search summaries; the figure was not found in the fetched pages. www.carandclassic.com

Atlas Babycar: a small French steel roadster of 1949

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The one-off green Grataloup single-seat three-wheeler with its canvas top in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A polished aluminium 1956 Voisin C31 Biscooter with its black hood up at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2020. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A red Rovin D2 with a cream hood at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2018. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1951 Atlas ‘Babycar’”, tour page (© 2002), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  2. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1951 Kover”, tour page (© 2002), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  3. RM Auctions, The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia, 2013, lot 271, “1951 Atlas Babycar”, catalogue text, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  4. German Wikipedia, Atlas (Automarke) and Kover, read in full; they cite Linz and Schrader, Georgano and Zeichner, not seen. de.wikipedia.org
  5. cybermotorcycle.com, “Atlas Babycar Microcars”. cybermotorcycle.com

Attica 200: Greece’s licence-built Fuldamobil

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A 1967 Attica 200 coupé at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2014. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A white and turquoise 1967 Attica 200 coupé from behind at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in 2014, showing its tapering tail and single rear wheel. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The Attica 200 in near profile at the Grand Palais in 2014, its twin front wheels set close to the nose. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A 1953 Fuldamobil N‑2 with its hammered-aluminium body, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A white and blue Nobel 200 on grass at a show in 2023. Photo: Geni, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Attica (automobiles), read in full. It cites Skartsis and Avramidis, Made in Greece (Typorama, 2003), Skartsis (2012) and Georgano, The New Encyclopedia of Motorcars (1982). en.wikipedia.org
  2. German Wikipedia, Bioplastic, read in full. It cites Linz and Schrader, Die Internationale Automobil-Enzyklopädie; Georgano, Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile (2001); and Zeichner, Kleinwagen International (1999). de.wikipedia.org
  3. Historic Auto Pro, “1967 Attica 200”, dealer listing, read in summary. historicautopro.com
  4. Small Cars Club, “Attica 200”, 19 October 2019, read in summary; an enthusiast site. smallcarsclub.com
  5. English Wikipedia, Dimitriadis 505, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  6. English Wikipedia, Alta (vehicles), read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  7. German Wikipedia, Fuldamobil, licence section, read in part. de.wikipedia.org
  8. English Wikipedia, Biotechnia Ellinikon Trikyklon, read in full; it cites Skartsis and Avramidis (2003) and Skartsis (2012). en.wikipedia.org
  9. German Wikipedia, Biotechnia Ellinikon Trikyklon, read in full; it cites Skartsis (2012). de.wikipedia.org
  10. English Wikipedia, List of microcars by country of origin: G, BET entry, citing Made in Greece. en.wikipedia.org
  11. English Wikipedia, Styl Kar, citing Skartsis (2012). en.wikipedia.org
  12. English Wikipedia, MotorCar (trucks), citing Skartsis and Avramidis (2003). en.wikipedia.org

Austin Seven: the car that motorised Britain, 1922–⁠1939

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A blue 1927 Austin Seven Chummy tourer with its hood up at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, West Sussex, in July 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A grey 1929 Austin Seven fabric saloon in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, Tennessee, in July 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A cream and maroon 1928 Austin Seven Swallow two-seater with its hood up at a show in London in June 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. An Austin Seven tourer on the stand of the Hague dealer Riemer at the Amsterdam motor show (AutoRAI) in 1924. Photo: Spaarnestad Photo, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Arthur Waite in his Austin Seven, No. 3, at Monza, Italy, for the cyclecar Grand Prix, where he won the 750 cc class, in April 1923. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. E. C. Gordon England in his Austin Seven racer, No. 69, at the French 750 cc cyclecar championship at Montlhéry, France, in October 1924. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. De Zubiaga in his Austin Seven racer at the weighing for the voiturette Grand Prix at Miramas, France, in June 1926. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. An Austin Seven tourer on Kings Way, Haifa, during a marine and army patrol in 1938. Photo: American Colony Photo Department (Matson Collection), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A rare 1922 Austin Seven A tourer beside a 1934 Austin Seven tourer in a private collection in Norfolk, England, in October 2025. Photo: Steve Knight, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A yellow 1924 Austin Seven Chummy tourer under show lighting at the British International Motor Show, Farnborough, in August 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A weathered blue 1926 Austin Seven Chummy tourer with its hood up at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, West Sussex, in July 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A blue 1927 Austin Seven Chummy tourer at the Goodwood Revival, West Sussex, in September 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A blue 1936 Austin Seven AAL Open Road tourer at Salon Privé, Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, in September 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A blue 1928 Austin Seven AD four-seat tourer with its hood up at the Catton Hall Classic Car Show, Derbyshire, in May 2014. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A green 1929 Austin Seven AE tourer with its hood up on the Mornington Peninsula, Victoria, Australia, in January 2013. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A tan 1929 Austin Seven AE tourer with its hood folded at Wanaka, New Zealand, in January 2017. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A cream 1925 Austin Seven Chummy tourer at the National Motoring Heritage Day, The Entrance, New South Wales, in May 2013. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A maroon 1927 Austin Seven Chummy at the Bridgehampton Cars & Coffee, New York, in September 2019. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A red and black 1928 Austin Seven Chummy with its hood up in the gardens of Easton Lodge, Little Easton, Essex, in July 2019. Photo: Acabashi, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A 1928 Austin Seven Chummy tourer in the Auto World Vintage Car Museum, Kathwada, Gujarat, India, in September 2017. Photo: Shaunak Modi, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A maroon 1930 Austin Seven Type B coupé at the Cheshire Steam Fair in July 2014. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A pale-green 1932 Austin Seven with a Mulliner military body at the Hampton Court Concours of Elegance, Surrey, in September 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A blue Austin Seven Chummy tourer with body type C and a pram hood, first registered in July 1924, photographed in August 2019. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A 1930 Austin Seven radio car with roof aerials at Goodwood, West Sussex, in June 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A green 1938 Austin Seven Ruby Mk 2 open tourer at the Burley in Wharfedale Classic Vehicle Show, Yorkshire, in August 2014. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A green 1923 Austin Seven tourer in the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, Hampshire, in June 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A 1923 Austin Seven tourer with its hood up from the left front in the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, Hampshire, in June 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A blue Austin Seven Chummy tourer at the Hampton Court Concours of Elegance, Surrey, in September 2022. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A green 1923 Austin Seven tourer from the front quarter in Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum, in March 2015. Photo: Mike Peel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A maroon Austin Seven tourer parked in The Square, Portaferry, County Down, Northern Ireland, in October 2009. Photo: Ardfern, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A green 1923 Austin Seven tourer in profile on a turntable in Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum, in April 2013. Photo: ell brown, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A cream 1925 Austin Seven Chummy tourer from behind, its spare wheel on the tail, at the National Motoring Heritage Day, The Entrance, New South Wales, in May 2013. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A red 1930 Austin Seven Chummy with its bonnet open at the All British Field Meet, Vancouver, Canada, in May 2010. Photo: dave_7 from Lethbridge, Canada, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A green 1923 Austin Seven tourer from behind, its spare wheel on the tail, in Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum, in April 2013. Photo: ell brown, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A 1922 Austin Seven tourer driven in the Statesman Vintage & Classic Car Rally in Kolkata, India, in January 2013. Photo: Biswarup Ganguly, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. Lewis Hamilton driving a blue Austin Seven Chummy on the drivers’ parade at the British Grand Prix, Silverstone, in July 2022. Photo: Jen Ross, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A red Austin Seven two-seat tourer on a country road, photographed in May 2020. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A yellow 1924 Austin Seven tourer in the transport hall of Toitū Otago Settlers Museum, Dunedin, New Zealand, in November 2016. Photo: Tony Hisgett from Birmingham, UK, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A red 1926 Austin Seven tourer in the California Automobile Museum, Sacramento, in August 2016. Photo: Dariusz Jemielniak, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A maroon 1923 Austin Seven Chummy in the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, in June 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A green 1924 Austin Seven Chummy tourer in the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, Japan, in November 2025. Photo: Coolalabright, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A 1925 Austin Seven Chummy in the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, Hampshire, in June 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. The 1925 Austin Seven Chummy in which John Coleman drove from Buenos Aires to New York, in the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, in 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. An Austin Seven shipped to Japan as a bare chassis and given a Japanese-built body, in the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in May 2015. Photo: Shuuitirou, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A blue 1933 Austin Seven Open Road tourer in the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, in April 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A 1925 Austin Seven AC tourer beside a 1928 Austin Seven Type B saloon at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, in November 2025. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. The 1923 Austin Seven works publicity car, a Chummy tourer, at Goodwood, West Sussex, in June 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A red 1933 Austin Seven Ace Sports two-seater on display in Melbourne, Australia, in April 2015. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A green 1933 Austin Seven Arrow at the Llandudno Transport Festival, Wales, in May 2014. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A red 1933 Austin Seven Arrow Sports at Capel Manor, Enfield, London, in September 2015. Photo: Acabashi, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A grey 1929 Avon-bodied Austin Seven two-seater in the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, in April 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. An orange 1934 Austin Seven boat-tail two-seater at the Hoghton Tower Classic Car Show, Lancashire, in June 2015. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A silver 1925 Austin Seven Gordon England Brooklands with its bonnet open, photographed in May 2010. Photo: Graham Robertson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A silver 1925 Austin Seven Gordon England Brooklands from the front quarter, photographed in June 2013. Photo: Graham Robertson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. A red 1935 Austin Seven Brooklands at the Nationaal Oldtimer Festival, Zandvoort, Netherlands, in 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. A white 1931 Austin Seven Brooklands sports two-seater at the Nationaal Oldtimer Festival, Zandvoort, Netherlands, in September 2009. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. The red Austin Seven Ulster, No. 58, with which Bruce McLaren began racing, at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, West Sussex, in July 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. A 1928 Austin Seven E Super Sports, the doorless aluminium two-seater, on display in Melbourne, Australia, in October 2018. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. A red 1934 Austin Seven Type EB “65” Sports at the Chatsworth Classic & Performance Motor Show, Derbyshire, in July 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  60. A 1930 Austin Seven Standard Sports with an Australian Latrobe body at Winton, Victoria, Australia, in May 2016. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. The 1929 Austin Seven Ulster that Bruce McLaren raced as a youth in New Zealand, at the London Classic Car Show in February 2020. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. A 1929 Austin Seven Meteor sports two-seater bodied by A. Robinson & Co in Australia, photographed in 2007. Photo: Christopher Killalea, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  63. A green 1929 Austin Seven Meteor speedster at Sydney Motorsport Park, Eastern Creek, Australia, in August 2013. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. A red 1934 Austin Seven Nippy at Motorclassica, Melbourne, Australia, in October 2017. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  65. A green 1935 Austin Seven Nippy at the Prins Bertil Memorial meeting, Sweden, in June 2008. Photo: Liftarn, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  66. A green 1933 Austin Seven “65” offered for sale at the AACA meet in Hershey, Pennsylvania, in October 2019. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  67. A maroon pointed-tail Austin Seven sports two-seater, shown as a 1928 Speedy, at the Lytham Classic Car and Motorcycle Show, Lancashire, in August 2015. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  68. A maroon 1934 Austin Seven “Speedy” sports two-seater at Goodwood, West Sussex, in June 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  69. A yellow and black Austin Seven tourer first registered in March 1931, photographed in July 2013. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  70. An orange and grey 1931 Austin Seven sports two-seater at the Prins Bertil Memorial meeting, Sweden, in June 2007. Photo: Liftarn, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  71. A light-blue 1933 Austin Seven sports two-seater at the Lytham Classic Car Show, Lancashire, in September 2016. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  72. A maroon 1933 Austin Seven Sports Type 65 at the Burley in Wharfedale Classic Vehicle Show, Yorkshire, in August 2014. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  73. A blue 1934 Austin Seven sports two-seater at Simply British, National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, in September 2023. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  74. An orange Austin Seven sports two-seater at the Nationaal Oldtimer Festival, Zandvoort, Netherlands, in September 2009. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  75. A black 1928 Austin Seven Super Sports at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, in November 2025. Photo: Andrea Boano, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  76. A grey 1930 Austin Seven Ulster prepared for trials at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, in November 2025. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  77. A silver and black 1931 Austin Seven Ulster at the Hatfield Heath Festival, Essex, in June 2017. Photo: Acabashi, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  78. An orange 1931 Austin Seven EA Sports “Ulster” at Winton, Victoria, Australia, in May 2015. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  79. A blue 1932 Austin Seven Ulster in the Moretonhampstead Motor Museum, Devon, in August 2024. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  80. A green 1936 Austin Seven Ulster at Morges, Switzerland, in October 2013. Photo: Akela NDE, CC BY-SA 2.0 fr, via Wikimedia Commons.
  81. Red Austin Seven Ulster replica, a sports two-seater built on a 1929 chassis, on the grass at a show in May 2013. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  82. A green 1932 Austin Seven Ulster special at the Nationaal Oldtimer Festival, Zandvoort, Netherlands, in 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  83. A red 1934 Austin Seven Ulster-type sports two-seater at the Bicester Heritage Scramble, Oxfordshire, in January 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  84. A blue 1930 supercharged Austin Seven Ulster at the Prins Bertil Memorial meeting, Sweden, in June 2007. Photo: Liftarn, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  85. An orange 1934 Austin Seven boat-tail two-seater from behind at the Hoghton Tower Classic Car Show, Lancashire, in June 2015. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  86. A white 1931 Austin Seven Brooklands sports two-seater from the rear quarter at the Nationaal Oldtimer Festival, Zandvoort, Netherlands, in September 2009. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  87. A silver 1926 Austin Seven Gordon England Brooklands from the rear quarter, photographed in July 2005. Photo: Clive Barker, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  88. A red Austin Seven Nippy of about 1934 with its hood up on a Dorset tour, England. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  89. A black 1928 Austin Seven Super Sports from behind at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, in November 2025. Photo: Andrea Boano, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  90. A dark blue 1936 Austin Seven sports two-seater with a white stripe at the international oldtimer meeting in Konz, Germany, in July 2016. Photo: Berthold Werner, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  91. A pale-blue Austin Seven Ulster seen head-on at the Goodwood Breakfast Club, West Sussex, in May 2008. Photo: Brian Snelson from Hockley, Essex, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  92. A red 1935 Austin Seven Brooklands driven in the paddock at the Nationaal Oldtimer Festival, Zandvoort, Netherlands, in 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  93. Stephen Jones’s 1934 Austin Seven Ulster Sports on a timed run at the VSCC hill climb at Prescott, Gloucestershire, in August 2015. Photo: Dave_S. from Witney, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  94. A maroon 1936 Austin Seven Nippy in the Bentley Wildfowl and Motor Museum, Halland, East Sussex, in June 2016. Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  95. A 1929 Austin Seven Ulster seen head-on at an open day at Copped Hall, Epping, Essex, in August 2020. Photo: Acabashi, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  96. A green 1931 Austin Seven box saloon at the Tewin Classic Car and Craft Show, Hertfordshire, in August 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  97. A black Austin Seven box saloon in a yard on Heynstraße, Berlin-Pankow, Germany, in January 2013. Photo: Alter Fritz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  98. A maroon 1933 Austin Seven box saloon at the Autumn Transport Rally in Ruddington, Nottinghamshire, in October 2025. Photo: Aethonatic, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  99. A 1927 Austin Seven saloon in Mayhorn & Son livery at Goodwood, West Sussex, in June 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  100. A cream 1931 Austin Seven RG fabric saloon on the Mornington Peninsula, Victoria, Australia, in February 2017. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  101. A blue 1932 Austin Seven RL box saloon at the Ashley Hall Traction Engine Rally, Cheshire, in May 2015. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  102. A maroon 1932 Austin Seven RN De Luxe box saloon at the Heskin Hall Steam Fair, Lancashire, in May 2014. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  103. A blue 1933 Austin Seven RP box saloon at the Heskin Hall Steam Fair, Lancashire, in May 2014. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  104. A blue 1931 Austin Seven saloon at the Statesman Vintage & Classic Car Rally in Kolkata, India, in January 2013. Photo: Biswarup Ganguly, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  105. A maroon Austin Seven saloon at the motor-history day at Lojsta, Gotland, Sweden, in June 2024. Photo: Bene Riobó, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  106. A yellow and black 1933 Austin Seven saloon at the National Microcar Rally, Somerset, in September 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  107. A blue 1926 Austin Seven “Top Hat” saloon with its tall roofline at Goodwood, West Sussex, in June 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  108. A maroon and black 1927 Austin Seven “Top Hat” saloon at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in November 2017. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  109. A black 1932 Austin Seven saloon in profile at the Haynes Motor Museum Breakfast Club, Sparkford, Somerset, in April 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  110. A red Austin Seven saloon driven along a coast road in Tenerife, Spain, in May 2022. Photo: Mike Peel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  111. A yellow and black 1927 Austin Seven saloon in the Bentley Wildfowl and Motor Museum, Halland, East Sussex, in June 2016. Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  112. A blue 1932 Austin Seven saloon in the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, Italy, in May 2026. Photo: Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  113. A 1928 Austin Seven fabric saloon in the Amberley Museum, West Sussex, in June 2012. Photo: Simon Burchell, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  114. A 1924 Austin Seven bread van with its rear doors open at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, in November 2024. Photo: Phil Parker from Leamington Spa, UK, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  115. A blue 1928 Austin Seven van built on the Chummy chassis at Goodwood, West Sussex, in June 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  116. An Austin Seven delivery van outside the Original Maids of Honour tea rooms, Kew, London, in May 2011. Photo: Stefan Czapski, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  117. A 1933 Austin Seven van in wartime Home Guard markings at Tankfest, Bovington, Dorset, in June 2012. Photo: Simon Q from United Kingdom, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  118. A red 1938 Austin Seven van in Solleys Safety First pasteurised milk livery at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, in November 2025. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  119. A blue 1939 Austin Seven pick-up at the Heskin Hall Steam Fair, Lancashire, in June 2013. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  120. A green 1924 Austin Seven van at Winton, Victoria, Australia, in May 2016. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  121. A green 1929 Austin Seven van in a Halkirk trader’s livery, photographed in June 2012. Photo: Graham Robertson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  122. A red 1931 Austin Seven van in the Moray Motor Museum, Elgin, Scotland, in September 2026. Photo: Steve Knight, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  123. A brown 1934 Austin Seven van at the Aldham Old Tyme Rally near Colchester, Essex, in June 2014. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  124. A pale-green 1935 Austin Seven van in a decorator’s livery at the Abergavenny steam rally, Wales, in June 2012. Photo: Andy Dingley, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  125. A yellow 1938 Austin Seven van in the Caister Castle Car Museum, Norfolk, in June 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  126. A yellow Austin Seven van at the Caister Castle Car Museum, Norfolk, in June 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  127. A maroon Austin Seven van in Shepherd Neame brewery livery at Faversham, Kent, in May 2006. Photo: Jon’s pics, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  128. A camouflaged Austin Seven van with Home Guard markings at the Tank Museum, Bovington, Dorset, in August 2011. Photo: David from Bristol, UK, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  129. A cream 1929 Austin Seven C-cab van at the Bicester Heritage Scramble, Oxfordshire, in April 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  130. A 1932 Austin Seven milk delivery car with its churn at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, in November 2023. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  131. A red 1934 Austin Seven Cambridge special two-seater at Capel Manor, Enfield, London, in September 2015. Photo: Acabashi, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  132. A silver 1937 Austin Seven Hurricane special at the Bicester Heritage Scramble, Oxfordshire, in January 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  133. The 1954 M & L Trials Special, built on Austin Seven parts, in the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, Hampshire, in June 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  134. The bare-chassis 1929 Austin Seven special that was Peter Brock’s first racing car, at Berwick, Victoria, Australia, in October 2017. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  135. A black 1927 Austin Seven racer with cycle wings at the Bicester Heritage Scramble, Oxfordshire, in April 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  136. A grey 1927 Austin Seven racer with a pointed tail at the international oldtimer meeting in Konz, Germany, in July 2017. Photo: Berthold Werner, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  137. A grey 1936 Austin Seven sports special, photographed in May 2018. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  138. A red Austin Seven special based on a 1935 car at the Autumn Transport Rally in Ruddington, Nottinghamshire, in October 2025. Photo: Aethonatic, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  139. A cream Austin Seven special with a coupé body in the style of the Nash Metropolitan at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, in November 2013. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  140. A red streamlined Austin Seven special on a 1929 chassis at the Rare Breeds show, Haynes Motor Museum, Sparkford, Somerset, in September 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  141. A green 1934 Austin Seven special sports two-seater at the Burnley Classic Car Show, Lancashire, in June 2016. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  142. A red 1936 Austin Seven special with a Speedex body at the Bicester Heritage Scramble, Oxfordshire, in January 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  143. A white Speedex 750 special on a 1936 Austin Seven chassis at a VSCC meeting at Brooklands, Surrey, in January 2017. Photo: Clive Barker, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  144. The 1924 Austin Seven Salamander special racing at the Solitude Revival near Stuttgart, Germany, in July 2019. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  145. Graham Beckett’s 1930 Austin Seven ‘Simplicity’ on a timed run at the VSCC hill climb at Prescott, Gloucestershire, in August 2015. Photo: Dave_S. from Witney, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  146. An Austin Seven trials special climbing a section of the VSCC Welsh Trial at Cwmwhitton Farm, Wales, in October 2015. Photo: Peter Evans, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  147. A dark-green 1936 Austin Seven racing on the Würgau hill climb, Bavaria, Germany, in September 2019. Photo: Ermell, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  148. A silver 1926 Gordon England-bodied Austin Seven sports two-seater at Goodwood, West Sussex, in June 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  149. A grey 1928 Gordon England Cup Model Austin Seven in front of a mural, photographed in February 2009. Photo: Stuart Chapman, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  150. A green 1929 Austin Seven Gordon England Stadium sports two-seater, photographed in April 2005. Photo: Clive Barker, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  151. A maroon 1928 Austin Seven Gordon England Sunshine Saloon with its fabric body, photographed in June 2006. Photo: Clive Barker, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  152. A black and cream 1936 Austin Seven New Pearl cabriolet at the Keynsham Festival, Somerset, in July 2015. Photo: Hugh Llewelyn from Keynsham, UK, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  153. A red 1936 Austin Seven Pearl Mk I cabriolet seen head-on, photographed in September 2024. Photo: Mark Morgan, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  154. A red 1937 Austin Seven Pearl cabriolet with its hood up at the Haynes Motor Museum Breakfast Club, Sparkford, Somerset, in September 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  155. A black and maroon 1935 Austin Seven Ruby saloon at a show in Suffolk, England, in June 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  156. A green 1935 Austin Seven Ruby saloon at the Dunton Vehicle Enthusiasts Day in July 2009. Photo: Brian Snelson from Hockley, Essex, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  157. A yellow and black 1936 Austin Seven Ruby saloon at a show in George, South Africa, in February 2014. Photo: Bob Adams from George, South Africa, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  158. A green 1937 Austin Seven Ruby saloon at a show in Suffolk, England, in June 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  159. A red 1938 Austin Seven Ruby De Luxe saloon at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2014. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  160. A black 1937 Austin Seven Ruby saloon at the Autumn Transport Rally in Ruddington, Nottinghamshire, in October 2025. Photo: Aethonatic, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  161. A maroon and black Austin Seven saloon at the Autumn Transport Rally in Ruddington, Nottinghamshire, in October 2025. Photo: Aethonatic, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  162. A black Austin Seven Ruby saloon in Exchange Flags, Liverpool, in February 2020. Photo: The Silver Novice, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  163. An Austin Seven Ruby from behind, a picnic hamper on its luggage grid, near Manchester, England, in May 2023. Photo: Gerald England, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  164. A 1936 Austin Seven Ruby saloon from straight behind at the Haynes Motor Museum Breakfast Club, Sparkford, Somerset, in December 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  165. A 1935 Austin Seven Pearl cabriolet in the foyer of the Museum of Liverpool, England, in May 2018. Photo: Rodhullandemu, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  166. A black 1938 Austin Seven Ruby in the Heritage Motor Centre, Gaydon, in April 2009. Photo: David Merrett from Daventry, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  167. A 1937 Austin Seven Ruby Mk II in the Bentley Wildfowl and Motor Museum, Halland, East Sussex, in June 2016. Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  168. A red 1936 Austin Seven Opal two-seater in the gardens of Easton Lodge, Little Easton, Essex, in July 2019. Photo: Acabashi, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  169. A blue 1938 Austin Seven Opal two-seat tourer at the Cheshire Steam Fair in July 2013. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  170. A green 1936 Austin Seven two-seat tourer at the Capesthorne Hall Classic Car Show, Cheshire, in May 2014. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  171. A green 1937 Austin Seven New Opal from the rear quarter on Long Island, New York, in July 2015. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  172. A green 1936 Austin Seven two-seat tourer from behind, its spare on the tail, at Capesthorne Hall, Cheshire, in May 2014. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  173. A blue 1935 Austin Seven works side-valve single-seater in the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, in June 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  174. A blue Austin Seven single-seater racing car at the Hampton Court Concours of Elegance, Surrey, in September 2021. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  175. A green 1936 Austin Seven twin-cam single-seater racing car with its bonnet raised in the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, in 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  176. The streamlined tail of a blue 1935 Austin Seven works side-valve single-seater in the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, in June 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  177. A cream and maroon 1928 Austin Seven Swallow two-seater in the Coventry Transport Museum, England, in January 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  178. The 1929 Austin Seven Swallow saloon shown by the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, as the earliest surviving Swallow saloon, in April 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  179. A cream and brown 1931 Austin Seven Swallow saloon in the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, in June 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  180. A blue and white 1932 Austin Seven Swallow saloon at the Wessex Car Show, Lulworth Castle, Dorset, in June 2013. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  181. A maroon and silver 1929 Austin Seven Swallow Mk I saloon on display in New Zealand in February 2019. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  182. A maroon and cream 1932 Austin Seven Swallow Mk II saloon in Victoria, Australia, in January 2019. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  183. A cream and blue 1929 Austin Seven Swallow two-seater in the Coventry Transport Museum, England, in January 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  184. An unrestored 1931 Austin Seven Swallow saloon in profile in the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, Hampshire, in May 2025. Photo: Michael Garlick, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  185. A cream and brown 1929 Austin Seven Swallow saloon from behind in the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, in April 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  186. An unrestored 1931 Austin Seven Swallow saloon from the rear quarter in the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, Hampshire, in June 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  187. A cream and brown 1931 Austin Seven Swallow saloon from behind in the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, in June 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  188. A green and cream 1931 Austin Seven Swallow saloon from the rear quarter, photographed in September 2008. Photo: Redsimon, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  189. A blue and white 1932 Austin Seven Swallow saloon from behind at the Wessex Car Show, Lulworth Castle, Dorset, in June 2013. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  190. The long rounded tail of a cream and blue 1929 Austin Seven Swallow two-seater in the Coventry Transport Museum, England, in January 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  191. A blue and yellow Austin Seven Swallow saloon seen head-on in the Coventry Transport Museum, England, in September 2020. Photo: Michael Gaylard, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  192. A green 1931 Austin Seven Swallow saloon in Autoworld, Brussels, Belgium. Photo: stephanemat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  193. Inside a cream 1925 Austin Seven Chummy tourer, with leather seats and its large steering wheel, at The Entrance, New South Wales, in May 2013. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  194. The dashboard of a 1927 Austin Seven AD tourer in the Motor Museum of Western Australia, Perth, in November 2019. Photo: ZidaneHartono, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  195. The dashboard and pedals of a 1930 Austin Seven tourer, photographed in May 2011. Photo: David Berry, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  196. The dashboard of an Austin Seven tourer parked in The Square, Portaferry, County Down, Northern Ireland, in October 2009. Photo: Ardfern, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  197. The 747 cc engine of a 1928 Austin Seven Chummy in the gardens of Easton Lodge, Little Easton, Essex, in July 2019. Photo: Acabashi, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  198. A 747 cc Austin Seven engine on a display stand in the Haynes Motor Museum, Sparkford, Somerset, in September 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  199. The engine bay of an Austin Seven at the Stoke Goldington Steam Rally, Buckinghamshire, photographed about 2000. Photo: Timitrius, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  200. The 747 cc engine of a 1934 Austin Seven Opal two-seater at Copped Hall, Epping, Essex, in August 2019. Photo: Acabashi, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  201. A black 1938 Austin Seven Ruby with its bonnet side lifted at a car club gathering on Weymouth seafront, Dorset, in October 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  202. The 747 cc side-valve engine of a 1938 Austin Seven Ruby on Weymouth seafront, Dorset, in October 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  203. The cowled grille with Austin Seven script of a red Ruby-era Austin Seven at Detling, Kent, in April 2011. Photo: Les Chatfield from Brighton, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  204. The winged Austin mascot and grille script of an Austin Seven at the Goodwood Breakfast Club, West Sussex, in July 2008. Photo: Brian Snelson from Hockley, Essex, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  205. The winged radiator cap of a 1924 Austin Seven Chummy in the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, Japan, in February 2012. Photo: Iwao from Tokyo, Japan, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  206. The swallow mascot on the radiator cap of a 1931 Austin Seven Swallow saloon, photographed in September 2008. Photo: Redsimon, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  207. The cockpit of a blue 1935 Austin Seven works side-valve single-seater in the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, in June 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  208. The radiator badge of a 1927 Austin Seven saloon in Mayhorn & Son livery at Goodwood, West Sussex, in June 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  209. The Austin Seven script across the honeycomb radiator of a tourer in Portaferry, County Down, Northern Ireland, in October 2009. Photo: Ardfern, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  210. The red seats and dashboard of an Austin Seven sports two-seater, Australian Capital Territory historic car 195, in April 2009. Photo: Peter Ellis, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  211. The cockpit of a 1929 Austin Seven Ulster, with red seats and a wooden dashboard, at Copped Hall, Epping, Essex, in August 2020. Photo: Acabashi, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  212. The wooden dashboard of a 1928 Austin Seven Avon Sportsman two-seater in the Heritage Motor Centre, Gaydon, about 2008. Photo: Clive Barker from Selsey, West Sussex, U.K., CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  213. The dashboard and steering wheel of a 1930 Austin Seven Brooklands special at the Prins Bertil Memorial meeting, Sweden, in June 2007. Photo: Liftarn, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  214. The dashboard of a maroon pointed-tail Austin Seven sports two-seater at the Lytham Classic Car and Motorcycle Show, Lancashire, in August 2015. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  215. The cockpit of a blue 1930 supercharged Austin Seven Ulster at the Prins Bertil Memorial meeting, Sweden, in June 2007. Photo: Liftarn, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  216. An orange 1931 Austin Seven EA Sports Ulster with its bonnet raised on the Mornington Peninsula, Victoria, Australia, in April 2011. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  217. The cockpit of a racing Austin Seven at the Würgau hill climb, Bavaria, Germany, in July 2017. Photo: Ermell, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  218. The engine-turned dashboard of a grey 1936 Austin Seven sports special, photographed in May 2018. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  219. The year 1927 painted on the tail of a grey Austin Seven racer at Konz, Germany, in July 2017. Photo: Berthold Werner, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  220. The Austin winged badge on the radiator cowl of a racing Austin Seven at the Würgau hill climb, Bavaria, Germany, in July 2017. Photo: Ermell, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  221. The Austin Seven team cars lined up at Montlhéry for the French 750 cc cyclecar championship, France, in October 1924. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  222. Francis Boyd-Carpenter in the supercharged Austin Seven racer, No. 30, at the JCC 200 Mile race, Brooklands, in October 1927. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  223. An Austin Seven saloon arriving at an old-car rally in Capel Curig, Wales, in July 1964. Photo: Geoff Charles, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  224. Pat Driscoll in the cockpit of the streamlined Austin Seven record car at Southport, England, in 1934. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  225. Pat Driscoll’s streamlined Austin Seven record car on the sands at Southport, England, in 1934, Austin script on its tail. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  226. Austin Seven fixed-head coupé of about 1933, S‑5100, parked in the slush beside a 1955 Ford on Castle Square, Maribor, Slovenia, in February 1960. Photo: Dragiša Modrinjak, Večer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  227. Bland, Parker and Chase with their Austin Seven 750s at Montlhéry, France, in June 1928. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  228. Samson, Topsy Christie’s Austin Seven saloon, in a street in Bangor, Wales, in April 1966. Photo: Geoff Charles, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  229. Blue BMW 3/15 DA-2 saloon on display at the Sakai City Historic Car Collection, Japan, in October 2013. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  230. A blue 1928 Rosengart LR2 saloon in the Rosengart-Museum at Bedburg, Germany, in 2021. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  231. A red 1932 American Austin coupé at the Old Car Festival in Greenfield Village, Dearborn, Michigan, in September 2013. Photo: F. D. Richards from Clinton, MI, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  232. A 1932 Datsun Type 11 phaeton from the front quarter in the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, Japan, in February 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  233. Yellow Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo of 1922 at the Bonny-sur-Loire wine fair, Loiret, in July 2019. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  234. White Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet of 1925 before the German Pavilion on the Expo grounds, Hanover, in September 2013. Photo: Hmg210, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Lane Motor Museum, “Austin 7 ‘Fabric Saloon’ – 1929”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Austin 7, read in full. It cites Wyatt, The Austin 1905–⁠1952 (David & Charles, 1981); Mills, Original Austin Seven (Bay View, 1996); Cheetham, Vintage Cars (2004); Baldwin, A–Z of Cars of the 1920s (1994); and Austin’s Austin Seven handbook of 1925. en.wikipedia.org
  3. German Wikipedia, Austin 7, read in full; its production table is from Wyatt, p. 287. de.wikipedia.org
  4. Grace’s Guide, “Austin: Seven”. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  5. Hagerty UK, “Austin Seven: power to the people, 100 years on”. www.hagerty.co.uk
  6. W.B. (Bill Boddy), “The Development of the Racing Austin Seven”, Motor Sport, April 1947. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  7. teamdan.com race-results archive, 1923, archived copy; the relevant parts read. www.teamdan.com
  8. teamdan.com race-results archive, 1926, archived copy; the relevant parts read. www.teamdan.com
  9. “Grass roots”, Motor Sport, September 1989. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  10. “Joined the forces”, Motor Sport, May 1945; partly read. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  11. English Wikipedia, BMW 3/15. en.wikipedia.org
  12. English Wikipedia, American Austin Car Company. It cites Popular Mechanics, September 1930. en.wikipedia.org
  13. English Wikipedia, Automobiles L. Rosengart. en.wikipedia.org
  14. English Wikipedia, Datsun Type 11, read in full. It cites the Nissan Heritage Collection and Ken Togo, “Infant Industry Policy”. en.wikipedia.org
  15. English Wikipedia, 750 Motor Club, introduction read. en.wikipedia.org

Austrian microcars: Felber, Libelle, Möve, Meister, Megu

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A light green 1954 Felber Autoroller with rally number 33 at an outdoor meeting. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A green 1953 Felber Autoroller T 400 with its model card in the Eggenburg museum, 2003. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A 1954 Libelle Allwetter-Autoroller from the front three-quarter at the RRR museum in Eggenburg, Austria, in 2013. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Three-quarter view of the 1954 Felber Möve at Aspang. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A red Meister K5 Kabine, the closed version, in St. Ingbert. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A 1954 Libelle Allwetter-Autoroller with its emergency hood up at the RRR museum in Eggenburg, Austria, in 2003. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A 1954 Libelle Allwetter-Autoroller from the front three-quarter at the RRR museum in Eggenburg, Austria, in 2016. Photo: Karl Gruber, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Orange Meister moped cabin car with a roof rack at the Nostalgiewelt Eggenburg, Austria, in April 2016. Photo: Karl Gruber, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A Felber Möve 101 at the Automobil-Museum Aspang, Austria, in 2000. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. An open blue Meister K5 in profile at the Historama Ferlach, Austria, in 2012. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A 1954 Felber Möve 101 in profile at the Automobil-Museum Aspang, Austria, in 2013. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. An open blue Meister K5 from the rear three-quarter at the Historama Ferlach, Austria, in 2012. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. Front of the green 1954 Libelle Allwetter-Autoroller in Eggenburg, with its hood frame. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. Front of the 1954 Felber Möve, the aluminium egg-shaped coupé, in the Automobil-Museum Aspang. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. Rear of an open Meister K5 moped car in the Historama Ferlach. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A pale blue Steyr-Puch 500 D with rear-hinged doors and cream wheels, in a courtyard in 2005. Photo: Ghostwriter9151, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A grey 1955 bubble-window Isetta 250 at the Isetta Club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A pale blue Goggomobil saloon at a meeting in Wingst, 2019. Photo: © Ra Boe / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A 1953 Fuldamobil N‑2 with its hammered-aluminium body, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A pale green Spatz carrying the sparrow-and-script Spatz badge, on show at the IAA in Frankfurt in 2019. Photo: Johannes Maximilian, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A white and blue Brütsch Mopetta at a concours in Schwetzingen in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Felber Autoroller, read in its source text. Used as a lead; it cites Georgano (1982) and Vokins, Weird Cars (2004). en.wikipedia.org
  2. German Wikipedia, BMW Isetta, read. de.wikipedia.org
  3. German Wikipedia, A. Felber & Co, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Linz and Schrader, Georgano, Mylius, Roller Rollermobile Raritäten (2000), and Marshall, Microcars (1999). de.wikipedia.org
  4. German Wikipedia, Libelle Allwetter-Autoroller, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Zeichner, Kleinwagen International (1999), and Linz and Schrader (2008). de.wikipedia.org
  5. German Wikipedia, Fahrzeugbau Ing. Hans Meister, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Georgano and Alexander Diego Fritz, Die Knatterkugel (2013). de.wikipedia.org
  6. German Wikipedia, Megu, history and products read. de.wikipedia.org

Autelec: a Paris electric van of the Occupation

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The unrestored 1941 Pierre Faure PFA, not an Autélec, from the front quarter, with its porthole lamps and Pierre Faure Électrique plate. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A restored cream Pierre Faure PFA electric two-seater, 7379 HR 2, on a show stand in 2021. Photo: crash71100, CC0 1.0, via Flickr.
  3. The bare interior of the 1941 Pierre Faure PFA: a large steering wheel, wooden floor and battery boxes. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A cream Peugeot VLV at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, in June 2012. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Paul Arzens’s 1942 Œuf électrique from the front quarter in the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, in 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A black Mochet two-seat Vélocar with a tan canopy at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. l’Automobile Ancienne, “Les voitures électriques sous l’occupation”, 3 November 2015, read in full. lautomobileancienne.com
  2. l’Automobile Ancienne, “Autélec (1940-1943)”, 6 November 2015, read in full. An enthusiast’s article; it cites no sources. lautomobileancienne.com
  3. German Wikipedia, navigation list Französische Automobilmarken ab 1945, and the article to which “Brodeau” leads, Victor Brodeau, checked in October 2026. de.wikipedia.org
  4. Roger-Viollet, “The electric car”, photograph set of wartime Paris, captions read. www.roger-viollet.fr
  5. German Wikipedia, Pierre Faure, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Linz and Schrader, Die Internationale Automobil-Enzyklopädie (2008), and Georgano, The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile (2001). de.wikipedia.org
  6. auction.fr, lot listing “1941 Pierre Faure type PFA biplace électrique no reserve”, seen as a title only. www.auction.fr
  7. German Wikipedia, Électro-Renard, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Linz and Schrader and Georgano. de.wikipedia.org

Auto Sandal: Japan’s first four-wheeled kei car, 1952

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The surviving 1950s Auto Sandal FS with its folding hood, displayed in Japan in 2010. Photo: Muyo, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The friction-disc drive of an Auto Sandal FS, seen through an opening in the floor at a dealer’s collection in Japan in 2010. Photo: Muyo, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A grey 1955 Flying Feather with its hood up at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2008. Photo: Mytho88, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The 1955 Suzulight SS saloon in the Suzuki History Museum, Hamamatsu, in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s Fuji Cabin 5A from the left front three-quarter in 2025. Photo: Coolalabright, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1958 Subaru 360 from the left front three-quarter in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Japanese Wikipedia, Nippon Autosandal Jidōsha, read in full on 7 October 2026; the article is tagged for lacking sources and for original research. ja.wikipedia.org
  2. Iwatate Kikuo, “Japanese Midget Motor Vehicles Post WW II, 11: Four Wheelers 3”, kiwat.com (2001–⁠03), read in full from the archived copy. web.archive.org
  3. Japanese Wikipedia, Subaru 360, its section on the kei cars before Subaru, citing Katsuragi Yōji, Tentōmushi ga hashitta hi, p. 48, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  4. Japanese Wikipedia, Nippon Kei Jidōsha (the NJ, Nikkei Taro and Constac), used through a summary only; not read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  5. English Wikipedia, List of microcars by country of origin: J, the Auto Sandal row, read. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org

Autobianchi Bianchina: the luxury Fiat 500, 1957–⁠1969

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red Bianchina Trasformabile at the Hershey car show, Pennsylvania, in 2009. Photo: JOHN LLOYD from Concrete, Washington, United States, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A red Autobianchi Bianchina Trasformabile at Hershey, Pennsylvania, in 2009, its canvas roof rolled back. Photo: JOHN LLOYD from Concrete, Washington, United States, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A pale green Autobianchi Bianchina Cabriolet parked on a street corner in Paris in 2012. Photo: miez!, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A turquoise 1966 Autobianchi Bianchina Panoramica from the rear left in Caserta, Italy, in 2018, showing its estate tail and side-hinged rear door. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The dashboard of a 1967 Autobianchi Bianchina Berlina in Bristol in 2017, with its wood-effect strip and large thin-rimmed wheel. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. An orange 1960 Bianchina Trasformabile with a black roof in Minnesota in 2014. Photo: Greg Gjerdingen from Willmar, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A red 1960 Bianchina Trasformabile at the Lane Motor Museum in Nashville in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A white 1966 Bianchina Cabriolet F at Classic Remise in Berlin in 2017. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A red and white Bianchina Trasformabile at a show in Alameda, California, in 2009. Photo: Craig Howell, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A pale blue Bianchina Trasformabile with a white roof at an indoor show in 2010. Photo: nakhon100, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A white 1961 Autobianchi Bianchina Trasformabile from the front left in Florida in 2014, its roll-back roof and rear side vents visible. Photo: MorningPhoenix, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A white 1961 Bianchina Trasformabile head-on, in Florida in 2014. Photo: MorningPhoenix, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. Red Autobianchi Bianchina Cabriolet with whitewall tyres driven at a club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, Germany, in August 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A high-roof Bianchina Furgoncino among Fiat 500s at a gathering in Rome in 2007. Photo: Mark Ahsmann, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A cream 1959 Bianchina Trasformabile at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile in Turin in 2015. Photo: Rahil Rupawala, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A white Bianchina at the Automuseum Engstingen, Germany, in 2019. Photo: Lindemann97, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A two-tone green and cream 1962 Bianchina Berlina at a British show in 2010. Photo: Mick from Northamptonshire, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A pale blue 1967 Bianchina Berlina at a gathering in Bristol in 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A red and cream Bianchina Berlina in a shop’s livery in Bardolino, Italy, in 2021. Photo: Mateus2019, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A two-tone green 1962 Autobianchi Bianchina Berlina from the rear left in the United Kingdom in 2010, its flank sweep running to the tail. Photo: Mick from Northamptonshire, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A blue Bianchina Panoramica, thought to be a 1962 car, in Hisaya-ōdōri Park, Nagoya, in 2022. Photo: KKPCW（Kyu3）, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A turquoise 1966 Bianchina Panoramica parked in Caserta, Italy, in 2018. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A beige 1967 Bianchina Panoramica with a dark blue roof, photographed in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A teal 1969 Bianchina Panoramica with a cream roof at Retro Classics in Stuttgart in 2024. Photo: Alexander-93, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A 1967 Autobianchi Bianchina Panoramica from behind in 2024, its rear door and long side windows on show. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A red 1970 Bianchina Panoramica with a full-length sunroof at the Lane Motor Museum in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. The red seats and white dashboard of a Bianchina Cabriolet, photographed in 2024. Photo: Al*from*Lig, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. Inside a green Bianchina, photographed in 2023: tan seats, a slim wheel and a painted dashboard. Photo: Al*from*Lig, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A cream 1967 Bianchina Furgoncino van at the NEC Classic Motor Show in Birmingham in 2024. Photo: Phil Parker from Leamington Spa, UK, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 N with fixed side windows from the front in Bristol in 2017, its show card on the windscreen. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A red 1969 Fiat 500 Giardiniera at a show in 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A red US-specification Ghia Jolly with a striped canopy at Ypsilanti, Michigan, in 2007. Photo: JOHN LLOYD from Concrete, Washington, United States, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A white Fiat Abarth 595 with a red stripe at Brands Hatch in 2021. Photo: 35mmMan, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Italian Wikipedia, Autobianchi Bianchina, read in full. It cites Stampa Sera of 16 September 1957, p. 19, the archived bianchina.info pages and La Repubblica of 30 October 2013. it.wikipedia.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Autobianchi Bianchina, read in full. Its production table is credited to Club Bianchina and the Bianchina Classic Club; the French names to the 1968 Salon de l’Auto catalogue. en.wikipedia.org
  3. German Wikipedia, Autobianchi Bianchina, read in full; its technical table is from Automobil Revue catalogues of 1960–⁠70. de.wikipedia.org
  4. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1961 Autobianchi Bianchina Special Cabriolet”, tour page, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  5. Corrado Canali, “Autobianchi brand: legendary cars such as Primula, Bianchina and A112”, Il Sole 24 Ore (English edition), 12 July 2024, read in summary. en.ilsole24ore.com
  6. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1965 NSU/FIAT Autobianchi Panorama type D”, tour page, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com

Auto Mirage Mirage 3: a licence-free three-wheeler

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. An orange Auto Mirage Mirage 3 from the front left in 2018, its mirage 3 decal on the scuttle. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. An Auto Mirage Mirage 3 head-on in 2018, with its single bonnet-mounted headlamp and mirage 3 decal. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. An orange 1977 Auto Mirage Pick Wick, the firm’s Fiat 126-based leisure car, at a show. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The maker’s plate of an Auto Mirage Mirage 3 in 2018, reading Automobili Mirage, dune buggy, Bologna. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. An orange All Cars Charly Golf three-wheeler, built at Pianoro near Bologna, seen in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A turquoise Arola 20, one of the last four-wheeled Arolas of the early 1980s, on a Dutch pavement in 2010. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A red Amica 1000 S1 automatic, a later four-wheeled Amica, in the Netherlands in 2012. Photo: free photos & art, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A 1979 Willam Sulky, the French-market Casalini Sulky, at the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne in 2010. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A white 1973 Fiat 126 of the first series on a woodland verge in England in 2009. Photo: Tony Harrison, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Auto Mirage, read in full; it cites the Wheels of Italy encyclopaedia. de.wikipedia.org

Avolette: the Brütsch egg built by Cessna’s French agent

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red Avolette, an open fibreglass car, at an outdoor club meeting in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A Brütsch Zwerg single-seater at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen in 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A pale green Spatz carrying the sparrow-and-script Spatz badge, on show at the IAA in Frankfurt in 2019. Photo: Johannes Maximilian, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A white and blue Brütsch Mopetta at a concours in Schwetzingen in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A turquoise 1960 KR200 with whitewall tyres at an Australian show in 2014. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. An unrestored P. Vallée Chantecler in a store, its paint patched and worn. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A white 1956 Velam Isetta at the Bonhams sale during the Greenwich Concours, Connecticut, in 2023. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1956 Avolette Record De Luxe”, tour page (© 2002), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  2. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1956 Avolette Tourisme (de Luxe)”, tour page (© 2002), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  3. RM Auctions, The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia, 2013, lot 604, “1956 Avolette Record Deluxe”, catalogue text, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  4. German Wikipedia, Avolette, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  5. cybermotorcycle.com, “Societe Air Tourist Microcars”. cybermotorcycle.com
  6. English Wikipedia, Avolette; it cites Automobilia, Toutes les voitures françaises 1958 (the Paris Salon of October 1957), not seen. en.wikipedia.org
  7. English Wikipedia, Brütsch, the sections on the Zwerg. en.wikipedia.org
  8. German Wikipedia, V 2 N, read in full; it cites the Beaulieu encyclopaedia and Thyssen-Bornemissza’s Europäische Kleinwagen, not seen. de.wikipedia.org

Bajaj Qute: India’s first quadricycle, from 2013

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A black and yellow Bajaj Qute used as an auto-rickshaw at JVPD bus station, Andheri, Mumbai, India, in September 2020. Photo: Srikanth Ramakrishnan/BESTpedia, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A yellow and black Bajaj Qute taxi in traffic on Bannerghatta Road, Bengaluru, India, in November 2020. Photo: Srikanth Ramakrishnan/BESTpedia, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A white Bajaj Qute in a car park in Russia in September 2022. Photo: Южноуралец, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A green Bajaj Qute in the livery of the Bora-Bora beach club in Anapa, Russia, in August 2019. Photo: Georg Pik, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A green Bajaj Qute in the livery of the Bora-Bora beach club, seen from above the front in Anapa, Russia, in August 2019. Photo: Georg Pik, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A yellow Bajaj Qute with black stripes and a roof rack in Vientiane, Laos, in January 2026. Photo: Stolbovsky, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A black Bajaj Qute delivery car from the rear three-quarter in a residential street in Russia in November 2025. Photo: AlexKhal, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A white Bajaj Qute from the rear three-quarter in a car park in Russia in September 2022. Photo: Южноуралец, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A yellow Tata Nano from the front three-quarter in a street in Bengaluru, India, in March 2011. Photo: Krokodyl, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A dark green Ape 50 pick-up in an Italian piazza, 2010. Photo: Andrew Childs, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  11. A blue 2006 Aixam A751 Super Luxe at Preston, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A dark blue Ligier JS50 with a white roof at the Warsaw Motor Show in 2016. Photo: Jakub “Flyz1” Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Bajaj Qute. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  2. German Wikipedia, Bajaj Qute. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org

Baldi Frog: the Fiat 500-based two-seater from Sanremo

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 N with fixed side windows from the front in Bristol in 2017, its show card on the windscreen. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A green Lawil City at the UMMC Museum of Automotive Technology, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia, in 2023. Photo: Vyacheslav Bukharov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A red Amica 1000 S1 automatic, a later four-wheeled Amica, in the Netherlands in 2012. Photo: free photos & art, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Lane Motor Museum, “Fiat Baldi Frog – 1975”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  2. German Wikipedia, Baldi (Automarke), citing Linz and Schrader (2008) and Georgano (2001). de.wikipedia.org

Bédélia: the tandem cyclecar with a back-seat driver

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A yellow 1913 Bédélia BD2 at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in May 2022. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Robert Bourbeau steering his Bédélia from the rear seat, a passenger in front, at the Circuit de Paris, France, in March 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A 1912 French advertisement for Bédélia voiturettes, Types A to BDII, from Bourbeau & Devaux, Paris. Photo: Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A Bédélia wartime ambulance with a soldier at the wheel and a stretcher case along its body in a French wood in 1914. Photo: Agence de presse Meurisse, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Bourbeau’s Bédélia racer, No. 31, with disc wheels in the paddock at the cyclecar race at Le Mans, France, in August 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A yellow 1911 Bédélia 8 HP with red wire wheels at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, Italy, in April 2015. Photo: Rahil Rupawala, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A blue 1912 Bédélia tandem with brass lamps and a hood behind a museum rope, October 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  8. A brown-varnished 1913 Bédélia tandem cyclecar at the National Technical Museum, Prague, Czech Republic, in February 2011. Photo: Edisteewr, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A pale blue 1913 Bédélia BD2, F‑9658, with big brass headlamps at Rétromobile, Paris, France, in February 2019. Photo: Kev22, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A pale blue Bédélia BD2, F‑9658, on the grass at an outdoor meeting with its information board. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A green Bédélia BD2 Torpedo with brass headlamps at an exhibition in May 2015. Photo: Duch.seb, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A blue 1914 Bédélia BD2 A with brass headlamps at the Musée de l’Automobile, Valençay, France, in August 2015. Photo: Daniel Jolivet, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  13. A green Bédélia tandem cyclecar with brass V-twin cylinders at Rétromobile, Paris, France, in February 2019. Photo: Y.Leclercq, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. An unrestored silver-grey Bédélia tandem cyclecar at Rétromobile, Paris, France, in February 2019. Photo: Y.Leclercq, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A yellow 1911 Bédélia 8 HP in profile at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, Italy, in April 2015. Photo: Rahil Rupawala, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  16. A maroon 1911 Bédélia BD2 at the Musée Henri Malartre, Rochetaillée-sur-Saône, France, in September 2018. Photo: HReuter, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A 1912 Bédélia BD2 from the left at the National Technical Museum, Prague, Czech Republic, in June 2012. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A yellow 1913 Bédélia BD2 in profile at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in August 2022. Photo: Dennis Elzinga, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  19. An unrestored Bédélia rolling chassis in profile, showing its long belt run, at Rétromobile, Paris, France, in February 2019. Photo: Y.Leclercq, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. An unrestored 1910 Bédélia Type A in profile at Époqu’auto, Lyon, France, in November 2024. Photo: Finoskov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A yellow 1913 Bédélia BD2 showing its rear steering seat at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in August 2022. Photo: Dennis Elzinga, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  22. Two unrestored Bédélias showing their tandem seats and rear steering wheel at Rétromobile, Paris, France, in February 2019. Photo: Y.Leclercq, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A Bédélia BD2 head-on at the National Technical Museum, Prague, Czech Republic, in May 2019. Photo: Przemek Pietrak, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. An unrestored later Bédélia with a flat radiator head-on at Rétromobile, Paris, France, in February 2019. Photo: Y.Leclercq, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. An unrestored Bédélia chassis with its aluminium tub beside a black racer at Rétromobile, Paris, France, in February 2019. Photo: Y.Leclercq, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A blue Bédélia racing cyclecar and a green tandem under the Bédélia sign at Rétromobile, Paris, France, in February 2019. Photo: Y.Leclercq, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A green Bédélia tandem cyclecar before other Bédélias at the Bédélia exhibition at Rétromobile, Paris, France, in February 2019. Photo: Y.Leclercq, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. An unrestored 1910 Bédélia Type A head-on at Époqu’auto, Lyon, France, in November 2024. Photo: Finoskov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. The tandem seats and rear steering wheel of a Bédélia BD2 at the Musée Henri Malartre, Rochetaillée-sur-Saône, France, in January 2023. Photo: Etienne Baudon, Public Domain Mark, via Flickr.
  30. The air-cooled V-twin engine of a 1911 Bédélia BD2 at the Musée Henri Malartre, Rochetaillée-sur-Saône, France, in September 2018. Photo: HReuter, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. The air-cooled engine and belt pulley of a 1910 Bédélia Type A at Époqu’auto, Lyon, France, in November 2024. Photo: Finoskov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. The wooden-framed radiator and ‘Bédélia’ script badge of a 1910 Bédélia Type A at Époqu’auto, Lyon, France, in November 2024. Photo: Finoskov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. Bonville in a Bédélia among spectators and cyclists at the Circuit de Paris, France, in April 1912. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. Bonville’s Bédélia climbing the Gaillon hill at speed, Eure, France, in October 1912. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. An early Bédélia, No. 6, with tandem seats at the Gaillon hill climb, Eure, France, in October 1911. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. Contenet’s Bédélia, No. 48, at a control on the Paris–Nice trial, France, in April 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A Bédélia climbing the Montanglaust hill near Coulommiers, France, between rows of spectators in February 1912. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. Two Bédélias on a tree-lined cobbled road during the Paris–Nice trial, France, in April 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. Bédélia tandem cyclecar driven away down a cobbled street, its two occupants one behind the other, from La Revue de l’Automobile of 10 July 1913. Photo: La Revue de l’Automobile (1913), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. Binet and Mayeux in two Bédélias at the weigh-in for the Grande Ceinture race near Paris, France, in September 1919. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. Robert Bourbeau in a low Bédélia racer, No. 113, with disc wheels during the Paris–Nice cyclecar trial, France, in 1921. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. Demange in a Bédélia 1100 at the Coupe de l’Armistice, Dammartin, France, in November 1922. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. Guillot in a long-bodied Bédélia 1100, No. 70, at the Coupe de l’Armistice, Dammartin, France, in November 1922. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. Green 1935 Morgan Super Sports AKD 455 at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, England, in April 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. Cream 1921 GN cyclecar from the front quarter in a museum, showing its air-cooled V-twin, photographed in April 2011. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. Grey 1913 Violet-Bogey Type A torpedo from the front quarter at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in March 2026. Photo: Andy Dingley, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. Blue Amilcar CC roadster of 1921–⁠22 from the front quarter at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim, Germany, in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. French Wikipedia, Bédélia, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Caradisiac (2018), a blog and Rétromobile. fr.wikipedia.org
  2. Louwman Museum, “Bédélia BD2 MG”, collection page, read in full. www.louwmanmuseum.nl
  3. Classic & Sports Car, Rétromobile 2019 preview and report; the relevant paragraphs read. www.classicandsportscar.com
  4. Grace’s Guide, “Bedelia”, read in full: Georgano’s description via Wikipedia, and period advertisement captions. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  5. Bill Boddy, “The car with the back-seat driver”, Motor Sport, May 2009, read in full. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  6. German Wikipedia, Bédélia, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Linz and Schrader and Georgano. de.wikipedia.org
  7. Cybermotorcycle, “Bedelia”, read in full; a minor source. www.cybermotorcycle.com
  8. Gooding Christie’s, “1912 Bedelia BD2 10CV Tandem Cyclecar”, lot 4, Paris, 29 January 2026, with its saleroom notice, read in summary. www.goodingco.com
  9. English Wikipedia, Bédélia, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Motor, 31 October 1971, “The Non-Conformists, No. 2”, and Georgano. en.wikipedia.org
  10. “An account of the 1913 Cyclecar Grand Prix”, Motor Sport, January 1943, read in full. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  11. Sports Car Market, “1912 Bedelia BD2 10CV”, sale profile, read in summary. www.sportscarmarket.com

Bellier Véloto: the pedal car that grew an engine

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A Bellier Véloto with soft top and roll-up doors at the Musée Maurice Dufresne, Azay-le-Rideau, in 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A sky-blue Bellier Véloto in profile at the Musée Maurice Dufresne, Azay-le-Rideau, France, in 2017, showing its bicycle-type wheels and the rear engine cover behind the cab. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A small Bellier pick-up with a blue tilt, from the marque’s later range, in The Hague in 2015. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Bellier Buggy Formule 85 of 1972, a children’s road-safety car in blue and white racing livery, head-on at the Musée Automobile de Vendée, France, in September 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Bellier Buggy Formule 85 of 1972, the children’s road-safety car, from the front quarter at the Musée Automobile de Vendée, France, in September 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A black Mochet two-seat Vélocar with a tan canopy at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A turquoise Arola 20, one of the last four-wheeled Arolas of the early 1980s, on a Dutch pavement in 2010. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A white Mini Comtesse with its MC emblem at Rétromobile in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A red open Tomcar in the ALAAC collection in Lorraine in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1976 Veloto”, tour page, read via the Internet Archive. www.microcarmuseum.com
  2. English Wikipedia, Bel Motors, citing Linz and Schrader, Georgano and Automobilia (1977, 1979). en.wikipedia.org
  3. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1980 Veloto Super Deluxe”, tour page, read via the Internet Archive. www.microcarmuseum.com
  4. German Wikipedia, Bellier. de.wikipedia.org
  5. “Bellier : un nouveau départ”, Journal de l’Automobile, 1 April 2005. journalauto.com

Dutch and Belgian microcars: Shelter, Citeria and more

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A cream Bambino 200 at the Louwman Museum in 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The Citeria glass-fibre sports car at its launch at Zandvoort on 17 November 1958. Photo: Harry Pot for Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The Citeria arriving on a flower-decked trailer behind a veteran Ford at Zandvoort in November 1958. Photo: Harry Pot for Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The Citeria beside a veteran Ford in front of the Zandvoort grandstand in 1958. Photo: Harry Pot for Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A 1953 Fuldamobil N‑2 with its hammered-aluminium body, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A red 1952 Kleinschnittger F 125 at a meeting in 2009. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A green 1954 Kroboth Allwetterroller with its hood up, in a museum in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1955 Kleinschnittger F‑125”, tour page, archived. www.microcarmuseum.com
  2. Dutch Wikipedia, Hostaco, and English Wikipedia, Fuldamobil, read in full. nl.wikipedia.org
  3. German Wikipedia, Claeys Flandria, read in full. It cites Kupélian and Sirtaine (2012), p. 297, Linz and Schrader, and Zeichner. de.wikipedia.org
  4. German Wikipedia, Bambino (Automarke), read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  5. German Wikipedia, Protek Gesellschaft für Industrieentwicklungen and Weidner 70 S, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  6. German Wikipedia, Shelter (Automarke), read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader (2008) and Georgano’s Beaulieu Encyclopedia (2001). de.wikipedia.org
  7. Tony Marshall, “Shelter”, Isetta Gazette, June 1980, archived, read in full. www.isetta-owners-club-gb.com
  8. English Wikipedia, Shelter (automobile), read in full; used as a lead. It cites Adrienne Kessel, The World’s Strangest Automobiles (2001). en.wikipedia.org
  9. AM Klassiek, “De Shelter, een Nederlandse dwergauto”, 28 October 2019. en.amklassiek.nl
  10. Dutch Wikipedia, Shelter (automerk), read in full. nl.wikipedia.org
  11. Dutch Wikipedia, Citeria, read in full. nl.wikipedia.org
  12. zwischengas.com, “Citeria – a compact sports car from Holland”, 22 October 2012; known from a search summary only. www.zwischengas.com
  13. catsandcaddies.com, Citeria page, an enthusiasts’ database, archived 2007, read in full. web.archive.org

Berkeley: Lawrie Bond’s glass-fibre sports microcar

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red 1958 Berkeley SE328 at a rally, 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The 328 cc Excelsior Talisman twin in a Berkeley engine bay. Photo: ocean yamaha, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The rear of a cream 1960 Berkeley T60, DSU 700, in 2017, showing its single rear wheel. Photo: Steve Glover, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  4. A red 1960 Berkeley B95 with its grille and separate headlamps. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A line-up of Berkeleys at a rally in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. An orange 1957 Berkeley 328 in the vintage-car museum at Geraldine, New Zealand. Photo: Mr Thinktank (cropped by Mr.choppers), CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A blue 1958 Berkeley at a concours in the United States, 2011. Photo: Rex Gray from Southern California, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Red Berkeley Sports with a cream hardtop, RMJ 946, from the front quarter at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, in November 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A red 1958 Berkeley SE328 at Astley Park, Chorley, 2017. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A yellow 1958 Berkeley SE328 in a rally line-up, 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A white 1959 Berkeley Sports SE328 at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A cream 1958 Berkeley with the 492 cc three-cylinder engine, at a show. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A 1956 Berkeley SA322, chassis 10, RFH 512, in profile in 2013. Photo: Glachlan, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. The rear of a blue 1958 Berkeley Sports with its boot rack, photographed in 2011. Photo: Rex Gray from Southern California, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. Red Berkeley Sports RMJ 946 from behind, its cream hardtop and rounded tail, at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, in November 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. The rear of SA322 RFH 512, the first Berkeley model. Photo: Glachlan, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. The rear of a 1959 Berkeley SE328 at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. Berkeley SA322 chassis 10 head-on, with its 1956 registration RFH 512. Photo: Glachlan, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A white 492 cc Berkeley at the Sibbertoft Classic Car Meeting, 2010. Photo: Mick from England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A white 1959 Berkeley SE492 at a show, 2007. Photo: dave_7 from Airdrie, Canada, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A red Berkeley SE492 in the UMMC Museum of Automotive Technology, Russia. Photo: Vyacheslav Bukharov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A Berkeley SE492 in profile among the displays of the UMMC Museum of Automotive Technology, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia, in 2024. Photo: MBH, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. The rear of a white 1959 Berkeley SE492 at a show, 2007. Photo: dave_7 from Airdrie, Canada, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. The rear of a Berkeley SE492 at the UMMC Museum of Automotive Technology, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia, in 2023. Photo: Vyacheslav Bukharov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A Berkeley SE492 head-on at the UMMC Museum of Automotive Technology, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia, in 2023, with its mesh grille and faired headlamps. Photo: Vyacheslav Bukharov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A red 1960 Berkeley B105 at the NEC Classic Motor Show, 2017. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A green B95 or B105 with its bonnet raised beside a white sister car, 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. The rear of a 1960 Berkeley B95, photographed in 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. Two Berkeley B95 or B105 sports cars side by side, 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A dark green Berkeley T60 with its hood up at the Burley show, 2012. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A blue 1959 Berkeley T60 from the front three-quarter at the Cheshire Steam Fair in 2013. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A green 1959 Berkeley T60 at the Moretonhampstead Motor Museum. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A turquoise 1960 Berkeley T60 with its hood up, 2022. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  34. A pale blue 1960 Berkeley T60 at the Bubble Car Museum, Lincolnshire. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A red 1960 Berkeley T60 at the Lincolnshire Steam Rally. Photo: Steve Knight, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  36. A cream 1960 Berkeley T60 at a show, 2017. Photo: Steve Glover, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  37. A green 1960 Berkeley T60 with its factory hardtop, 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A light blue Berkeley T60 with its front-hinged bonnet raised, 2021. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A pale green Berkeley T60 with a cream hardtop on display. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A dark green Berkeley T60 with its hood up, at the Burley show, 2012. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A blue Berkeley T60 at the Cheshire Steam Fair, 2013, showing its single rear wheel. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. The rear of a turquoise 1960 Berkeley T60 with its hood up, photographed in 2022. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  43. The battered racing T60 144 UYS on its trailer at the Aldham Old Time Rally, 2019. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A T60 project shell beside a restored T60. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. The dashboard of a blue 1958 Berkeley, with its white steering wheel. Photo: Rex Gray from Southern California, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. Dashboard and floor gear lever of the red Berkeley Sports RMJ 946 at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, in November 2018. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. The cockpit of a 1959 Berkeley SE328 at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2009, with its two-spoke wheel and bench. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. The cockpit of a Berkeley SE492 at the UMMC Museum of Automotive Technology, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia, in 2023, with its wood-rim wheel. Photo: Vyacheslav Bukharov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. The engine bay of a red 1960 Berkeley B105 at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, in 2017. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. The 692 cc Royal Enfield twin in a Berkeley B95 or B105. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. Three-cylinder Excelsior engine beside the fuel tank of the red Berkeley Sports RMJ 946 at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, in November 2018. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. The 492 cc Excelsior three-cylinder engine in a 1959 SE492. Photo: dave_7 from Lethbridge, Canada, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. The enamelled Berkeley B badge on the red body of a Berkeley, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. The 322 cc British Anzani twin under the rear-hinged bonnet of a Berkeley SA322 in 2013. Photo: Glachlan, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. The dashboard and steering wheel of a green 1960 Berkeley T60, photographed in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. The dashboard and drilled-spoke steering wheel of a turquoise 1960 Berkeley T60, photographed in 2022. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  57. The racing T60 144 UYS on its trailer with its bonnet off, 2024. Photo: Steve Knight, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  58. The engine bay of a turquoise 1960 Berkeley T60, photographed in 2022. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  59. A bare Berkeley T60 body shell on the grass, 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  60. A yellow 1956 Bond Minicar Mark C De Luxe Tourer, JTK 277, at Keynsham in 2011. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. A 1958 Opperman Unicar T in light blue, in the Williams Microcars collection in 2024. Photo: Guards951, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. A pale blue 1958 Friskysport at a classic-vehicle meeting in Mering, Bavaria, 2009. Photo: MartinHansV, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Berkeley Cars, read in full on 7 October 2026. Used as a lead; it cites Robson, A–Z of British Cars 1945–⁠1980 (2006); Covello, Standard Catalog of Imported Cars (2002); Wotherspoon, Lawrie Bond – the man and the marque (1993); and The Motor, 3 April 1957. en.wikipedia.org
  2. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1958 Berkeley B65”, tour page (2002), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  3. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1960 Berkeley T‑60”, tour page (2002), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  4. Berkeley Enthusiasts’ Club, “Berkeley Models”, archived 8 October 2007, read in full. web.archive.org
  5. Grace’s Guide, “Berkeley Cars”, read in full; it cites Collins and Stratton, British Car Factories from 1896 (1993). www.gracesguide.co.uk
  6. David Dixon, “Road Impressions of New Models: Berkeley three-wheeler”, The Motor Cycle, 15 October 1959, p. 344, read in a transcription on 3wheelers.com (archived). web.archive.org
  7. “Earls Court Impressions”, Motor Sport, November 1958, p. 46. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  8. Berkeley Enthusiasts’ Club website (index of Bulletin issues, 2017–⁠2022). www.berkeleycarclub.com
  9. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 640, “1960 Berkeley T60”. rmsothebys.com
  10. “B.A.R.C. Members’ Goodwood Meeting (June 14th)”, Motor Sport, July 1958, p. 24. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  11. “Matters of Moment”, Motor Sport, September 1958, on the Liège–Brescia–Liège rally. www.motorsportmagazine.com

Biscúter: Voisin’s doorless Spanish microcar, 1953–⁠60

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. An open Biscúter at a car show in Aguadulce, Almería, in 2019. Photo: Schumi4ever, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The Voisin Autonacional badge above the grille of the Curioseum’s Biscúter, 2023. Photo: Arnoldius, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Lifting a Biscúter by hand in Spain, 1958: the car weighed under 300 kg. Photo: Willem van de Poll / Nationaal Archief, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A Biscúter in the traffic of Barcelona’s Plaça de Catalunya in October 1960. Photo: Harry Pot / Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A 1958 Biscúter 200-F Pegasín coupé in the Microcotxes de Barcelona collection, 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A Biscúter 200-C Comercial in profile at CosmoCaixa, Alcobendas, in 2004. Photo: Error, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A 1958 Biscúter 200-I Furgoneta in profile on museum display in 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The Curioseum’s Biscúter in profile with its bonnet raised, 2023. Photo: Arnoldius, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A 1958 Biscúter 200-I Furgoneta from behind on museum display in 2013, showing its wooden box body. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A 1954 Biscúter 100 in the transport exhibition of MNACTEC, Terrassa, in 2012. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A 1953 Biscúter 100 ‘Espardenya’ from the rear on museum display in 2013, showing its slipper shape. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A 1953 Biscúter 100 from behind in the Microcotxes de Barcelona collection, 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A Biscúter 100 at the Petersen Automotive Museum, Los Angeles, in 2008. Photo: Craig Howell, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A 1953 Biscúter 100 head-on on museum display in 2013, with its vertical-bar grille. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A blue 1956 Biscúter 200-A from the front with its hood up, on museum display in 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A silver Biscúter with a red hood at the Chococlásico meet, Galicia, in 2015. Photo: HombreDHojalata, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A silver Biscúter with canvas hood and side screens on a trailer at a classic car meet, 2016. Photo: crash71100, CC0 1.0, via Flickr.
  18. A blue 1956 Biscúter 200-A with its black canvas hood up, Barcelona, 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The open Biscúter Pegasín beside a Fuldamobil in the Moscow museum, 2025. Photo: Sergey A. Demidov, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A 1958 Biscúter Pegasín coupé in profile on its museum plinth in 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A 1958 Biscúter Pegasín coupé from behind on museum display in 2013, its red flanks sweeping into small fins. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. An open Biscúter 200-F Pegasín head-on in the Automobiles of the World museum, Moscow, 2025. Photo: Sergey A. Demidov, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. The bare cockpit of a 1953 Biscúter 100 on museum display in 2013: a thin wheel, a floor gear lever and an aluminium tub. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. The cockpit of a blue Biscúter, photographed in 2026. Photo: Schumi4ever, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. The 197 cc Hispano-Villiers engine of the Curioseum’s Biscúter, bonnet up, 2023. Photo: Arnoldius, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. The Curioseum’s Biscúter with its bonnet up, showing the engine over the front wheels, 2023. Photo: Asio otus, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. The former Biscúter factory buildings at Sant Adrià de Besòs, Barcelona, in 2026. Photo: Pere prlpz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. The nose of the 1954 Biscúter 100 at MNACTEC, Terrassa, in 2009. Photo: Jaume Meneses, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. The bonnet and grille of a Biscúter in the Museo de Historia de la Automoción, Salamanca, in 2013. Photo: Dario Alvarez, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. The Biscuter script on the bonnet of a car in the Curioseum, Willingen-Usseln, Germany, 2023. Photo: Arnoldius, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A Biscúter 200-C Comercial, the wood-panelled estate, in 2008. Photo: Tamorlan, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A 1958 Biscúter 200-I Furgoneta van in the Microcotxes de Barcelona collection, 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. Two men driving a repaired Biscúter down a street in Spain in 1958. Photo: Willem van de Poll / Nationaal Archief, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. Two men working on the single-cylinder engine of a Biscúter Serie 100, B‑96375, under its raised bonnet in Spain in 1958. Photo: Willem van de Poll, Nationaal Archief, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. Two men working on a broken-down Biscúter in a Spanish street, 1958. Photo: Willem van de Poll / Nationaal Archief, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A Biscúter driving down a tree-lined street in Spain, 1958. Photo: Willem van de Poll / Nationaal Archief, Public Domain Mark, via hdl.handle.net.
  37. A Biscúter parked by the market at Sant Feliu de Guíxols, Catalonia, in 1960. Photo: Willem van de Poll / Nationaal Archief, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. Two Biscúters parked on a Barcelona street in January 1957. Photo: Harry Pot / Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A polished aluminium 1956 Voisin C31 Biscooter with its black hood up at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2020. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A white PTV 250 with doors and a black hood, on display in a museum in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A 1953 Iso Isetta at the Bonhams sale in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A pale blue Goggomobil saloon at a meeting in Wingst, 2019. Photo: © Ra Boe / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A white 1955 Kapi Jip 2CV, Kapi’s jeep-style microcar, in Barcelona, 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A maroon Junior 3R-197 three-wheeler at the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition in 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Albert Cubeles and Joan Roca, L’enginy de postguerra. Microcotxes de Barcelona, Llibrets de sala 11, Museu d’Història de Barcelona (MUHBA), 2012, consultants Jordi Catalan and Manuel Garriga. Read in full, in Catalan. www.bcn.cat
  2. Toni Solans, “Biscuter”, La web de los microcoches (grupo7.com), read in full. grupo7.com
  3. Spanish Wikipedia, Biscúter, read in full; it carries a banner asking for references. es.wikipedia.org
  4. English Wikipedia, Biscúter, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  5. Spanish Wikipedia, Biscúter Pegasín, read in full. es.wikipedia.org
  6. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1957 Biscuter Zapatilla”, tour page, read in full from the archived copy. www.microcarmuseum.com
  7. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1960 Biscuter Comercial 200-C”, tour page, read in full from the archived copy. www.microcarmuseum.com
  8. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1958 Biscuter Furgoneta 200-I”, tour page, read in full from the archived copy. www.microcarmuseum.com
  9. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1957 Biscuter Pegasin”, tour page, read in full from the archived copy. www.microcarmuseum.com
  10. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 548, “1957 Biscuter 200-A ‘Zapatilla’”. rmsothebys.com
  11. Motorpasión, “La corta vida del Biscúter, el microcoche que se aparcaba levantándolo a mano”, read through a summary of the page. www.motorpasion.com
  12. Autopasión 1/18, “Historia Biscuter (1953–⁠1960)”, read through a summary of the page. www.autopasion18.com
  13. French Wikipedia, Gabriel Voisin, read in extract (for his year of birth). fr.wikipedia.org
  14. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, February 2013, lots 292 (“1957 Voisin Biscooter C31”) and 583 (“1949 Voisin Biscooter Prototype”), and the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1957 Voisin Biscooter”, tour page: the dates they give for the Spanish licence. rmsothebys.com

BMA Amica: the dodgem-shaped Italian three-wheeler

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red Amica 1000 S1 automatic, a later four-wheeled Amica, in the Netherlands in 2012. Photo: free photos & art, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The amica 1000 S1 automatic lettering and BMA logo on the tail of a BMA Amica, photographed in 2012. Photo: free photos & art, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A blue Amica 1250 with white bonnet stripes in Berlicum, Netherlands, in 2014. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A yellow Amica 1100, the rounded later four-wheeled Amica, parked in Katwijk in 2021. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  5. A red BMA Amica 1000 S1 from behind in the Netherlands in 2012, with its square tail and large rear window. Photo: free photos & art, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A red four-wheeled BMA Amica from behind, with its 40 km/h disc, in the Netherlands in 2021. Photo: crash71100, CC0, via Flickr.
  7. A cyan Amica 1000 in a street in The Hague in 2012. Photo: FaceMePLS from The Hague, The Netherlands, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A red Amica 1100 with a roof box outside a shop in The Hague in 2012. Photo: FaceMePLS from The Hague, The Netherlands, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A red rounded later Amica in the Netherlands in 2010, with Sieberg lettering on its flank. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A yellow Amica Sport on a Dutch pavement in 2012. Photo: free photos & art, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A green Lawil City at the UMMC Museum of Automotive Technology, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia, in 2023. Photo: Vyacheslav Bukharov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A 1979 Willam Sulky, the French-market Casalini Sulky, at the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne in 2010. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A white Mini Comtesse with its MC emblem at Rétromobile in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, BMA (Automobilhersteller), citing Linz and Schrader (2008) and Georgano (2001). de.wikipedia.org
  2. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1977 Willam Sulky”, tour page, read via the Internet Archive. www.microcarmuseum.com
  3. English Wikipedia, Grecav, citing the Gazzetta di Mantova, 2 September 2017. en.wikipedia.org

BMW 3/15: BMW’s first car, an Austin Seven, 1927–⁠32

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Blue BMW 3/15 DA-2 saloon on display at the Sakai City Historic Car Collection, Japan, in October 2013. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. BMW roundel and Dixi emblem on the radiator of the red 1928 Dixi 3/15 at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, in March 2013. Photo: Morio, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A BMW 3/15 open tourer used as a driving-school car in Dombóvár, Hungary, in 1931. Photo: Fortepan / Erky-Nagy Tibor, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. White BMW 3/15 DA-3 Wartburg sports two-seater of 1930 from the offside at the BMW Museum, Munich, in August 2014. Photo: Jiří Sedláček, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A Berlin motorist cools a BMW 3/15 cabriolet with a bucket of water on a hot day, about June 1935. Photo: Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-2004-0729-508 / Scherl, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Blue BMW 3/15 saloon leaving the Greußen classic car meeting for Bad Tennstedt in July 2012. Photo: Tobias Nordhausen, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Green and black BMW 3/15 DA-2 at Motoclassic Wrocław in August 2015. Photo: MartinHansV, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Red BMW 3/15 DA-2 tourer of 1929 at Motoclassic Wrocław in August 2015. Photo: MartinHansV, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Black and blue BMW 3/15 DA-2 tourer of 1930 on the “2000 km durch Deutschland” run in July 2006. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. Brown BMW 3/15 DA-2 of 1930 in a museum in Germany in March 2010. Photo: Robotriot, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. Yellow and black BMW 3/15 tourer at the Berlin Oldtimertage in May 2015. Photo: Travelarz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. Maroon BMW 3/15 DA-2 saloon in Dresden in April 2007. Photo: VSchagow, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. Red BMW 3/15 tourer, registered B-DV 73, parked in a street in December 2012. Photo: Dickelbers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. White BMW 3/15 tourer on the square at Chotěboř, Czech Republic, in July 2009. Photo: Matěj Baťha, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. Blue BMW 3/15 DA-2 saloon in profile at the Sakai City Historic Car Collection, Japan, in October 2013. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. Cream BMW 3/15 DA-2 saloon of 1929 from the rear quarter at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in November 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. Brown BMW 3/15 DA-2 of 1930 from behind in a museum in Germany in March 2010. Photo: Robotriot, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. Blue BMW 3/15 DA-2 saloon from behind at the Sakai City Historic Car Collection, Japan, in October 2013. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. Yellow BMW 3/15 tourer from above and behind at the Berlin Oldtimertage in May 2015. Photo: Travelarz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. Cream BMW 3/15 DA-2 saloon of 1929 head-on at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in November 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. Red BMW 3/15 DA-2 saloon on the Oldtimer Bohemia Rally at Mladá Boleslav in May 2013. Photo: M.Rejha, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. Red BMW 3/15 DA-2 at the EFA Museum für Deutsche Automobilgeschichte, Amerang, in September 2008. Photo: Norbert Pietsch, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. Red BMW 3/15 DA-2 saloon at the BMW Museum, Munich, in August 2014. Photo: Jiří Sedláček, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. Green BMW 3/15 DA-2 saloon at the Technik Museum Speyer, photographed in 2006. Photo: Stahlkocher, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. Red BMW 3/15 DA-4 saloon of 1931 at the ADAC Moselschiefer-Classic in September 2014. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. Red BMW 3/15 DA-4 saloon with its bonnet open at the Heimweh meeting, Eisenach, in August 2013. Photo: Dk0704, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. Red BMW 3/15 DA-4 two-seater leaving the Greußen classic car meeting for Bad Tennstedt in July 2012. Photo: Tobias Nordhausen, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. Red BMW 3/15 DA-4 saloon of 1931 at the ADAC Moselschiefer-Classic in September 2011. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. Red BMW 3/15 DA-4 saloon of 1931 from behind at the ADAC Moselschiefer-Classic in September 2014. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. Red BMW 3/15 DA-4 saloon of 1931 head-on at the ADAC Moselschiefer-Classic in September 2014. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. Grey BMW 3/15 DA-4 at the Riga Motor Museum, Latvia, in August 2024. Photo: Raf24, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. Red Dixi 3/15 saloon of 1928 at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, in March 2013. Photo: Morio, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. Red Dixi 3/15 DA-1 tourer at the car exhibition at the Kaiser-Franz-Josefs-Höhe, Grossglockner, in August 2014. Photo: Jiří Sedláček, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. Pale-yellow Dixi 3/15 DA-1 of 1929 on the BMW stand at the IAA, Frankfurt, in September 2007. Photo: LSDSL, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. Red Dixi 3/15 DA-1 tourer in profile at the exhibition at the Kaiser-Franz-Josefs-Höhe, Grossglockner, in July 2014. Photo: Bahnfrend, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. Red Dixi 3/15 saloon of 1928 from behind at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, in June 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. Maroon Dixi 3/15 DA-1 tourer of 1928 at Autoworld, Brussels, in May 2011. Photo: Thomas Quine, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. Green Dixi 3/15 DA-1 tourer at the UMMC Museum Complex, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia, in November 2021. Photo: Stas Kozlovskiy, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. Red Dixi 3/15 saloon of 1928, registered BMW DIXI, at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, in June 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. Red Dixi 3/15 DA-1 tourer at the Fahrzeugmuseum Suhl in July 2013. Photo: Helena from the Netherlands, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. Green BMW 3/15 at the automobile welt eisenach museum, Eisenach, in August 2025. Photo: Dk0704, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. Blue BMW 3/15 DA-3 Wartburg sports two-seater from behind at Motoclassic Wrocław in August 2015. Photo: MartinHansV, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. White and red BMW 3/15 DA-3 Wartburg, race number 24, at the Oldtimer Museumsfest, Großschönau, in August 2026. Photo: Dk0704, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. Black BMW 3/15 DA-3 Wartburg two-seater at the automobile welt eisenach museum, Eisenach, in August 2015. Photo: Dk0704, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. White BMW 3/15 DA-3 Wartburg sports two-seater of 1930 at the BMW Museum, Munich, in December 2016. Photo: Janusz Recław, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. White BMW 3/15 sports two-seater at the Oldtimer Museumsfest, Großschönau, in August 2026. Photo: Dk0704, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. Pale-blue BMW 3/15 DA-2 with an Ihle sports body at the Bremen Classic Motorshow in January 2020. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. Cream BMW Dixi with an Ihle sports body, 1928, from behind at the Classic-Gala, Schloss Schwetzingen, in September 2022. Photo: Wikisympathisant, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. Pale-blue BMW 3/15 DA-2 with an Ihle sports body from behind at the Bremen Classic Motorshow in January 2020. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. Red BMW Dixi Ihle 800 sports two-seater of 1928 from behind in September 2016. Photo: Epebu, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. Pale-blue BMW 3/15 DA-2 with an Ihle sports body head-on at the Bremen Classic Motorshow in January 2020. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. White BMW Dixi of 1929 with an Ihle sports body at the Automuseum Melle in August 2025. Photo: Wikisympathisant, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. Red BMW Ihle 600 of 1929 at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. Dashboard and blue leather seats of the BMW 3/15 DA-2 saloon at Sakai, Japan, in October 2013. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. Engine-turned dashboard of the white BMW 3/15 DA-3 Wartburg-Sport at Retro Classics in February 2023. Photo: Wikisympathisant, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. Cockpit of the yellow BMW 3/15 tourer at the Berlin Oldtimertage in May 2015. Photo: Travelarz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. BMW roundel and Dixi emblem on the radiator of the cream 1929 BMW 3/15 DA-2 at the NEC, Birmingham, in November 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. Side panel of the BMW 3/15 DA-2 “Teile in Eile” van with its BMW roundel, BMW Museum, Munich, November 2014. Photo: Nathanael Burton, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. Seats of a red BMW Dixi with a 1931 Ihle sports body at a show in July 2007. Photo: Chr. Späth, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  60. Cockpit of a 1931 BMW 3/15 with an Eisenach dealer’s plaque, at the Oldtimer Museumsfest, Großschönau, in August 2026. Photo: Dk0704, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. Dashboard of a red BMW Dixi with a 1931 Ihle sports body at a show in July 2007. Photo: Chr. Späth, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. Dashboard of the red 1928 BMW Dixi Ihle 800 sports two-seater in September 2016. Photo: Epebu, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  63. Cream BMW Dixi with an Ihle sports body, 1928, at the Classic-Gala, Schloss Schwetzingen, in September 2022. Photo: Wikisympathisant, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. Red Dixi 3/15 DA-1 of 1928 with an Ihle roadster body at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, in September 2025. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  65. Red BMW 3/15 sports two-seater with a pointed tail at the Oldtimer Museumsfest, Großschönau, in August 2026. Photo: Dk0704, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  66. Red BMW Dixi Ihle 800 sports two-seater of 1928 at a classic car run in September 2016. Photo: Epebu, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  67. Cream BMW Dixi-Ihle DA-2 600 sports cabriolet of 1928 in profile at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, in September 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  68. Grey BMW 3/15 DA-2 van of 1930 in “Teile in Eile” livery at the BMW Museum, Munich, in August 2014. Photo: Jiří Sedláček, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  69. Maroon BMW 3/15 DA-3 Wartburg, number 21, at Classic Days, Düsseldorf, in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  70. White BMW 3/15 DA-3 Wartburg-Sport, race number 56, at Retro Classics in February 2023. Photo: Wikisympathisant, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  71. Yellow BMW 3/15 DA-3 Wartburg sports two-seater at the Vadim Zadorozhny Technical Museum, Moscow, in March 2018. Photo: Алексей Задонский, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  72. Blue BMW 3/15 DA-3 Wartburg sports two-seater at Motoclassic Wrocław in August 2015. Photo: MartinHansV, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  73. Dixi 3/15 DA, the licence-built Austin Seven, with a child sitting on its radiator and a woman at the wheel, about 1930. Photo: Archiv Superikonoskop, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  74. Small pre-war cars, BMW 3/15s among them, numbered 1 to 3 at the start of the Večer rally from Celje to Maribor, Slovenia, in August 1958. Photo: Unknown photographer, Večer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  75. A blue 1927 Austin Seven Chummy tourer with its hood up at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, West Sussex, in July 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  76. A blue 1928 Rosengart LR2 saloon in the Rosengart-Museum at Bedburg, Germany, in 2021. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  77. A red 1932 American Austin coupé at the Old Car Festival in Greenfield Village, Dearborn, Michigan, in September 2013. Photo: F. D. Richards from Clinton, MI, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  78. A 1932 Datsun Type 11 phaeton from the front quarter in the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, Japan, in February 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  79. White Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet of 1925 before the German Pavilion on the Expo grounds, Hanover, in September 2013. Photo: Hmg210, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  80. A grey 1955 bubble-window Isetta 250 at the Isetta Club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, BMW 3/15, read in full through a summary. It cites Werner Oswald, Alle BMW-Automobile 1928–⁠1978 (1980) and Kraftfahrzeuge und Panzer der Reichswehr, Wehrmacht und Bundeswehr (1982). de.wikipedia.org
  2. English Wikipedia, BMW 3/15, read in full. It cites Jan P. Norbye, BMW – Bavaria’s Driving Machines (1984), and Oswald, Deutsche Autos 1920–⁠1945 (2001). en.wikipedia.org
  3. Lane Motor Museum, “BMW Dixi – 1930”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  4. BMW Group Classic, “BMW 3/15 PS DA 2”, model page, read in full; the page says its text was created with AI help. www.bmwgroup-classic.com
  5. BMW Group PressClub, article T0022917EN, on BMW’s first car, its launch on 9 July 1929 and the Alpine Trial, read in full. www.press.bmwgroup.com
  6. German Wikipedia, Fahrzeugfabrik Eisenach. It cites Oswald and Kittler, Alle BMW-Automobile seit 1928, and Paul Hogl in Der Motor. de.wikipedia.org

BMW 600: the four-seat Isetta with a side door

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A blue 1959 BMW 600 at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A red and white BMW 600 at Schaffen-Diest, Belgium, in 2010, with its front door open and the steering wheel and column swinging out with it. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A 1957 BMW 600 photographed in Leiden in 1967 for the municipal archive, showing both its front door and its side door. Photo: Postel, J.W.C. (Primaire vervaardiger), CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A red and cream BMW 600 with its folding sunroof open, carrying four people near Bad Wörishofen in 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A blue 1958 BMW 600 with its front door open at the IAA in Frankfurt in 2019. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A green and white 1959 BMW 600 at a Minneapolis show in 2017, its front door open with the steering wheel swung out on it. Photo: Greg Gjerdingen from Willmar, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A blue and white 1958 BMW 600 with its front door open at a meeting in Nordhausen in 2013. Photo: Tobias Nordhausen from Sondershausen, Deutschland, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A pale blue UK-registered BMW 600 with bumper bars at the NEC, Birmingham, in 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A pale cream BMW 600 with whitewall tyres at an outdoor classic-car meeting. Photo: Ssu, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. An orange and white UK-registered 1959 BMW 600 on the grass at a BMW gathering in 2012. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A red BMW 600 at the Classic Days on the Kurfürstendamm, Berlin, in 2019. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A red BMW 600 with a pale grey roof at the International Old Timer Fly-in, Schaffen-Diest, Belgium, in 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A red and white 1958 BMW 600 with tubular bumper bars at the Bonhams sale in Greenwich, Connecticut, in 2023. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. An orange and cream BMW 600 at the Hechthausen meeting in 2017. Photo: Ra Boe, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A blue and white 1958 BMW 600 on a dealer’s stand at the IAA, Frankfurt, in 2019. Photo: Johannes Maximilian, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. The blue and white BMW 600 at Kharkiv, Ukraine, in 2012, its nose painted with a white sweep across the front door. Photo: Vizu, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A yellow and white BMW 600 with tubular bumper bars and whitewall tyres at a Minnesota show in 2013. Photo: Greg Gjerdingen from Willmar, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A red and white BMW 600 on a Spanish street in 2024, its front door swung open with the steering wheel. Photo: Tamorlan, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A blue and white BMW 600 in profile at Kharkiv, Ukraine, in 2012, its right flank showing the rear door. Photo: Vizu, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A red BMW 600 with a pale grey roof in profile on the wet grass at Schaffen-Diest, Belgium, in 2014. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A pale grey BMW 600 in profile on a cobbled street, its right flank showing the hinged rear door for the back seat. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A white BMW 600 at Bad Wörishofen in 2015, its front door swung open and a suitcase on the roof rack. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A pale blue BMW 600 from behind at the NEC, Birmingham, in 2012, showing the louvred engine lid, tubular bumper bars and the right-hand rear door. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A red and white BMW 600 at Schaffen-Diest, Belgium, in 2010, seen from its right side, where the rear door for the back seat is fitted. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A blue and white BMW 600 in the classics gallery of the Geneva Motor Show in 2024, seen from the rear right. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A white over red 1958 BMW 600 from the rear right at Greenwich, Connecticut, in 2023, showing the rear door, side intake and louvred engine lid. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A blue BMW 600 from the rear right at the Auto & Uhrenwelt Schramberg in 2015, with its louvred engine lid, “600” badge and the right-hand rear door. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A yellow 1960 BMW 600 from the rear three-quarter in Minnesota in 2013, with its louvred engine lid and “600” badge. Photo: Greg Gjerdingen from Willmar, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A red BMW 600 with a roof rack in Bietigheim-Bissingen in 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. The blue and white Kharkiv BMW 600 from behind, with its louvred engine lid, “600” badge and chrome bumper. Photo: Vizu, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A green Portuguese-registered BMW 600 head-on in Portugal in 2008, showing the front door with its chrome strip and roundel. Photo: Pedro Ribeiro Simões from Lisboa, Portugal, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A blue and white 1959 BMW 600 head-on at the Auto & Uhrenwelt Schramberg museum in 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. An orange BMW 600 head-on on a field road near Bad Wörishofen in 2015, showing the front door and its chrome strip. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A turquoise BMW 600 driving through the showground at the Bad Wörishofen Isetta meeting in 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A blue BMW 600 on the road during the Heidelberg Historic rally in 2015. Photo: Radosław Drożdżewski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A turquoise BMW 600 leaving the petrol station at Bad Wörishofen in 2015, its right side showing the rear door. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A red and white BMW 600 on a tree-shaded road at Bad Wörishofen in 2015, its right flank showing the rear door. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. An orange and cream BMW 600 with a chrome roof rack on a woodland road at Bad Wörishofen in 2015, a sidecar outfit following. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A turquoise and pale green 1959 BMW 600 on a country road near Bad Wörishofen in 2015, seen from its left side. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A yellow BMW 600 on display at the BMW Museum in Munich in 2016. Photo: Pjt56, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A cream BMW 600 among the crowded exhibits of the Fahrzeugmuseum Marxzell in 2009. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A yellow and white 1958 BMW 600 with bumper bars among enamel garage signs at the Moray Motor Museum, Elgin, Scotland. Photo: Steve Knight, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. Inside a green 1959 BMW 600 through its open front door in Minneapolis in 2017, showing the steering column’s jointed link, the pedals and the front bench. Photo: Greg Gjerdingen from Willmar, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. The cabin of a BMW 600 at Greenwich, Connecticut, in 2013, with its grey dashboard, white steering wheel and tan front bench. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. The flat-twin of a BMW 600 behind the rear axle, with its round air filter and the fuel tank above, at Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz in 2019. Photo: DALIBRI, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. The air-cooled flat-twin of a BMW 600, a spare engine shown at Greenwich, Connecticut, in 2013, with its mesh fan grille. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. The louvred side air intake and BMW roundel on the rear flank of a pale blue BMW 600 at the NEC, Birmingham, in 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. The steering wheel and column of a BMW 600 hinged clear of the opened front door, at the Bad Wörishofen Isetta meeting in 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. An ADAC Straßenwacht road-patrol BMW 600 carrying an Isetta on its roof at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. Yellow BMW 600 of 1957 converted, not by the factory, into a flat-bed pick-up with a Volkswagen engine, at an indoor sale in May 2016. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A red and white 1958 BMW 600 with US-market tubular bumper bars at a Bonhams sale in 2019. Photo: Kevauto, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A grey 1955 bubble-window Isetta 250 at the Isetta Club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A green and white 1958 Zündapp Janus at the Deutsches Automuseum Langenburg in 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A pale blue Goggomobil saloon at a meeting in Wingst, 2019. Photo: © Ra Boe / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. A pale blue Steyr-Puch 500 D with rear-hinged doors and cream wheels, in a courtyard in 2005. Photo: Ghostwriter9151, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, BMW 600, read in full; used as a lead. It cites Norbye (1984), Popular Mechanics (July 1958) and New Scientist (18 June 1964). en.wikipedia.org
  2. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1958 BMW 600” and “1959 BMW 600”, tour pages (2002), archived, read in full. web.archive.org
  3. German Wikipedia, BMW 600, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Oswald, Deutsche Autos 1945–⁠1975 (1979), Kittler, BMW: Alle Personenwagen seit 1928 (2008), BMW Classic, Kraftfahrzeugtechnik 7/1958 and the BMW Group Archive. de.wikipedia.org
  4. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 626, “1959 BMW 600”. rmsothebys.com
  5. BMW Group PressClub, “50 Years of BMW Isetta”, press release, 25 February 2005. www.press.bmwgroup.com
  6. German Wikipedia, BMW Isetta, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  7. Francisco Álvarez, “De Carlo – Metalmecánica S.A.I.C.”, Coche Argentino, updated 18 May 2009, archived, read in full; from period publications, brochures and manuals. web.archive.org
  8. German Wikipedia, Metalmecánica, read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader (2008), Georgano and Coche Argentino. de.wikipedia.org
  9. Auto Historia, “De Carlo 600 con licencia BMW”, archived 2016, read in full. www.auto-historia.com.ar
  10. Small Cars Club, “De Carlo 700”, 20 May 2020, an enthusiasts’ site, read in full. smallcarsclub.com
  11. English Wikipedia, Isetta, section on De Carlo in Argentina, read; it cites Coche Argentino. en.wikipedia.org

BMW Isetta: the front-door bubble car, 1955–⁠62

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A grey 1955 bubble-window Isetta 250 at the Isetta Club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A blue 1960 Isetta with the door wide open and the steering column swung out with it. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A blue and white three-wheeled Isetta from behind at Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. An Isetta parked below the ruined Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church in West Berlin, 29 September 1959. Photo: Warren K. Leffler, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. An Isetta crossing a busy junction with buses behind, 1964. Photo: Willem van de Poll, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Hundreds of Isettas at the 39th Isetta Club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A blue and white 1958 Isetta at a German meeting, 2012. Photo: Huhu Uet, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A dark blue 1959 Isetta in the Top Mountain Motorcycle Museum, Hochgurgl. Photo: Rikki Mitterer, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A pale blue 1956 Isetta 250 in a museum. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A blue Isetta with its door open at a car meet, 2013. Photo: Tony Alter, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  11. A blue and white BMW Isetta 250 from the front three-quarter at the BMW Museum, Munich, in 2024. Photo: GFreihalter, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A cream three-wheeled Isetta at a meeting, 2024. Photo: Hajotthu, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A red and white Isetta at an outdoor meeting, 2023. Photo: Fiver, der Hellseher, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A red and cream 1957 Isetta with a picnic basket on its rack, in the Netherlands. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A blue 1960 Isetta in side profile, showing its narrow rear track. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A red and white Isetta in side view at the Eelde classic-car show, 2013. Photo: Uberprutser, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A red Isetta in side view in a museum, 2005. Photo: Jerzy Kociatkiewicz, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  18. The rear of a 1955 Isetta with its wrap-around rear window and chrome rack, Bad Wörishofen. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The rear of a 1957 BMW Isetta with a picnic basket on its rack in the Netherlands in 2010. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The rear of a 1956 BMW Isetta 250 with a period ladder and suitcase, photographed in 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. The rear of a yellow BMW Isetta 250 with its luggage rack and engine louvres, photographed in 2023. Photo: Damian B Oh, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A blue Isetta driving away down a street in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A red and cream 1957 Isetta head-on. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A 1956 BMW Isetta 250 head-on in 2015, with its museum plate. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A blue and white Isetta 250 in a showroom, 2023. Photo: Damian B Oh, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A yellow and cream Isetta 250 head-on in a showroom, 2023. Photo: Damian B Oh, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A blue and white 1957 Isetta Export, with the ventilation slots in its door. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A 1958 Isetta on a 2,000 km tour through Germany, 2005. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A blue and white Isetta 250 on the road during a classic-car run, 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. Isettas at a club meeting in Waldesruh, 2014, a yellow one in front. Photo: Kora27, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A green Isetta with a wicker hamper on its rack in a Dublin street, 2005. Photo: jaqian, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  32. A mint and white Isetta towing a teardrop caravan near Bad Wörishofen. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A red Isetta with a matching trailer on a country road near Bad Wörishofen. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. The 1955 Isetta with its front door open on the BMW Museum display. Photo: Wajira Somaratne, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A pale green 1959 Isetta in the Deutsches Automuseum Langenburg. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. The Isetta 250 beside a BMW 2002ti in the BMW Museum, Munich, 2025. Photo: Wikisympathisant, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A 1955 Isetta 250 Standard on its plinth in the BMW Museum, Munich. Photo: Jiří Sedláček, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A blue Isetta in the museum at Adlkofen. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A red and white Isetta in the Automuseum Dortmund. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A teal and white Isetta on display at Koltsovo Airport, Yekaterinburg, 2021. Photo: P.Fisxo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A Landespolizei Isetta on display outside a building, 2014. Photo: SusKauz; edited by Frank C. Müller, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A Microlino prototype beside Wim Ouboter’s BMW Isetta 300 near Zürich, Switzerland, in October 2016. Photo: Nicolás Boullosa, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  43. Isettas with luggage on their racks at a club meeting in Waldesruh, 2014. Photo: Kora27, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. Isettas lined up on the grass at the Isetta Club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A two-tone blue 1961 Isetta 250 at a show, 2022. Photo: Kuroczynski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A blue and white Isetta 250 Export head-on at the BMW Museum, 2024. Photo: GFreihalter, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A mint green and white Isetta head-on in a car park, 2009. Photo: Jean Sini, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  48. A red 1957 Isetta with its door open at the Cleveland Auto Show, 2022. Photo: Erik Drost, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A coral and ivory 1957 Isetta 300 at a US show. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A 1957 BMW Isetta 300 police car with its edelweiss emblem from the front three-quarter in 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. An ivory 1960 Isetta 300 in its American form at a US show, 2022. Photo: Elise240SX, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A red 1960 Isetta 300 at a rally, 2011. Photo: Graham Robertson, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  53. A red and white Isetta 300 on grass at a show, 2013. Photo: Graham Robertson, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  54. A red and white Isetta 300 on a lakeside lawn at Cannes-Écluse, 2019. Photo: François GOGLINS, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. A blue and white Isetta 300 parked on grass, 2009. Photo: Robotriot, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. A red and white Isetta 300 on a show floor, 2021. Photo: Llann Wé², CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. A red Isetta 300 in side profile in Sakai, Japan. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. A two-tone blue Isetta 300 Export parked in Bad Tölz, about 1987. Photo: Dcsutherland, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. The rear of a red and white BMW Isetta 300 at Cannes-Écluse, France, in 2019, with a picnic hamper on its rack. Photo: François GOGLINS, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  60. A blue and white BMW Isetta 300 from behind, with its chrome luggage rack, on grass. Photo: Robotriot, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. A red and white 1959 Isetta 300 beside a Messerschmitt KR200 in a Dutch town, 2022. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  62. A red and white 1957 Isetta 300 being driven at a US car show, 2013. Photo: Greg Gjerdingen from Willmar, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  63. A cream 1957 Isetta with its door open at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, 2003. Photo: Philip (flip) Kromer from Austin, TX, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. A red 1961 Isetta 300 in the Science Museum, London. Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  65. An Isetta 300 with its door open in the Historisches Museum Hannover. Photo: Hajotthu, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  66. A red and white Isetta 300 in the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin. Photo: Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  67. The rear of an ivory 1960 BMW Isetta 300 in the United States in 2022, with its US tail lamps and plate. Photo: Elise240SX, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  68. The rear of a BMW Isetta 300 with its Isetta 300 plate in Sakai, Japan, in 2013. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  69. A 1956 BMW Isetta 300 head-on at the TWA Flight Center, New York, in 2019. Photo: w_lemay, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  70. A BMW Isetta 300 export model head-on in Bad Tölz, about 1987. Photo: Dcsutherland, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  71. A red Isetta 300 head-on in Sakai, Japan, 2013. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  72. A red and cream 1956 Isetta 300 displayed in the TWA Flight Center at JFK Airport, New York. Photo: Warren LeMay from Cullowhee, NC, United States, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  73. A blue and white Isetta 300 in the Hellenic Motor Museum, Athens, 2025. Photo: Van Der Meulen Christofle, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  74. A red 1957 Isetta Cabriolet with a tan top on a lakeside lawn, 2013. Photo: Greg Gjerdingen from Willmar, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  75. The 1957 BMW Tropen-Isetta Cabrio prototype in profile at the Prototyp museum, Hamburg, in 2024. Photo: Ad Meskens, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  76. The rear of a yellow 1957 BMW Isetta Cabrio with its black fabric top and luggage, photographed in 2022. Photo: DestinationFearFan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  77. The rear of a red 1957 BMW Isetta 300 Cabrio with its tan fabric top and suitcase at Rockville, Maryland, in 2015. Photo: Christopher Ziemnowicz (CZmarlin), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  78. The rear of a red 1957 BMW Isetta Cabriolet with its top folded in the United States in 2013. Photo: Greg Gjerdingen from Willmar, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  79. A white Isetta convertible with a black top, rear three-quarter view. Photo: Wikisympathisant, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  80. The rear of the 1957 BMW Tropen-Isetta Cabrio prototype, with its fabric top, at the Prototyp museum, Hamburg, in 2024. Photo: Ad Meskens, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  81. A yellow 1957 Isetta Cabrio head-on at a street show, 2022. Photo: DestinationFearFan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  82. The cockpit of a 1955 Isetta: the steering wheel on the door and the instrument on the column. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  83. A white 1957 Isetta with its door open and a red bench seat, Tupelo Automobile Museum. Photo: CapCase, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  84. The bench seat and steering wheel of an Isetta, seen through the open door. Photo: Damian B Oh, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  85. The cab of a 1958 Isetta pick-up, with its seat and wooden slats, at the NEC in 2017. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  86. The steering wheel and speedometer of a blue Isetta 250, seen through the open door. Photo: Kuroczynski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  87. An Isetta single-cylinder engine and gearbox, removed from the car. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  88. The 250 Isetta chrome script and BMW roundel on the front of a BMW Isetta 250 at the BMW Museum, Munich, in 2024. Photo: GFreihalter, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  89. A bare Isetta chassis with engine and running gear at Techno-Classica, Essen, 2018. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  90. The single rear wheel and swinging arm of a three-wheeled Isetta. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  91. The BMW roundel and Isetta script on the red door of a 1957 BMW Isetta in the Netherlands in 2010. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  92. A pale blue Isetta with its door open and tartan seat at a show, 2008. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  93. The steering wheel and column of a 1961 BMW Isetta 300 at the Science Museum, London, in 2024, seen through the glass. Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  94. A teal and white 1958 Isetta 300 with its door open on a lawn, 2007. Photo: Joe Ross, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  95. The steering wheel on the opened door and the tartan seat of a BMW Isetta 300 export model in Bad Tölz, about 1987. Photo: Dcsutherland, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  96. Looking down into an Isetta 300 through the open front door. Photo: The RedBurn, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  97. A BMW Isetta 300 with its door open in Sakai, Japan, in 2013, showing its tartan seat. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  98. The single-cylinder engine and cooling fan of a 1957 BMW Isetta 300 behind its side panel at Rockville, Maryland, in 2015. Photo: Christopher Ziemnowicz (CZmarlin), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  99. The Isetta 300 script and BMW roundel on the Lane Motor Museum car. Photo: Philip (flip) Kromer from Austin, TX, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  100. A cream 1955 Isetta towing a small caravan at Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  101. A 1957 Isetta covered in wicker basketwork at a US show, 2015. Photo: Greg Gjerdingen from Willmar, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  102. A green 1957 police Isetta 300 on a dirt road at Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  103. A derelict, rusted Isetta with its door hanging open, on a museum display. Photo: Arnaud 25, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  104. A green and cream 1958 Isetta pick-up on its show stand at the NEC, 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  105. A green Polizei Isetta with a roof beacon at a meeting, 2024. Photo: Hajotthu, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  106. A yellow Bundespost Isetta in a transport museum. Photo: Harald Gärtner, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  107. A green 1956 Isetta converted to a pick-up with a wooden load box. Photo: Wikisympathisant, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  108. A blue and yellow 1961 Isetta in Lufthansa livery in a museum. Photo: David Merrett, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  109. A red 1957 Isetta 300 Cabrio with its door open at a show in Rockville, Maryland, 2015. Photo: Christopher Ziemnowicz (CZmarlin), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  110. The 1957 BMW Tropen-Isetta Cabrio prototype in the Prototyp museum, Hamburg. Photo: Ad Meskens, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  111. A well-used Isetta parked beside a Volkswagen Beetle in everyday use, February 1972. Photo: Kroelleboelle, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  112. An Isetta parked in a lane in Bad Mergentheim beside a Volkswagen bus, 1960. Photo: Willem van de Poll, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  113. A Fiat 500 and a BMW Isetta outside the W. W. Smit garage in the Netherlands, 21 September 1959. Photo: IISG, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  114. BMW Isetta 300 head-on with two officials at the wheel at the opening of the RAI motor-scooter show, Amsterdam, 28 February 1957. Photo: Joop van Bilsen, Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  115. Officials touring the opening of the RAI motor-scooter show in Amsterdam pass an Isetta, 28 February 1957. Photo: Joop van Bilsen for Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  116. A 1953 Iso Isetta at the Bonhams sale in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  117. A white 1956 Velam Isetta at the Bonhams sale during the Greenwich Concours, Connecticut, in 2023. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  118. A yellow 1957 Romi-Isetta, with the Iso engine, in Brazil in 2012. Photo: JasonVogel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  119. A blue 1959 BMW 600 at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  120. A blue 1957 Heinkel Kabine at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  121. A turquoise 1960 KR200 with whitewall tyres at an Australian show in 2014. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. BMW Group PressClub, “50 Years of BMW Isetta”, press release of 25 February 2005, and its long version “50 years of the BMW Isetta”, with technical data. Read in full. www.press.bmwgroup.com
  2. German Wikipedia, BMW Isetta, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites sales brochures, Motor Klassik and Der Spiegel 46/1955. de.wikipedia.org
  3. English Wikipedia, Isetta, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites The Motor, 6 March 1957, and Norm Mort (2008). en.wikipedia.org
  4. Werner Oswald, “BMW-Isetta für 2550 Mark!”, auto motor und sport 8/1955, p. 11, with a comparison table. archive.org
  5. “Produktionszahlen 1957”, West German production 1955–⁠57, auto motor und sport 4/1958. archive.org
  6. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1955 BMW Isetta Jagdwagen”, tour page. www.microcarmuseum.com
  7. “History of the Isetta factory”, by a committee member of the Isetta Owners Club of Great Britain, My Brighton and Hove, 22 March 2006. www.mybrightonandhove.org.uk
  8. English Wikipedia, Steve Urkel. en.wikipedia.org
  9. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “Isetta 300”, tour page. www.microcarmuseum.com
  10. Report on RM Auctions’ sale of the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia, 15–16 February 2013. www.supercars.net

Bond 875: the Imp-engined three-wheeler, 1966–⁠1970

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red 1968 Bond 875 saloon, OTN 209F, with its round headlamps and dummy grille. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A cream 1970 Bond 875 Ranger van, LJY 635H, at a show in 2007. Photo: Malcolma, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The rear of a white late-1960s Bond 875, KBX 980G, showing its engine-cover louvres, in 2014. Photo: grassrootsgroundswell, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A yellow 1956 Bond Minicar Mark C De Luxe Tourer, JTK 277, at Keynsham in 2011. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A 1972 Bond Bug 700ES, NYC 760L, at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Grimsthorpe Castle, Lincolnshire, in 2021. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A turquoise Reliant Regal 3/30, EPO 499H, with spot lamps at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Grimsthorpe Castle, in 2022. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The 1971 Supervan III used as the Trotters’ van in Only Fools and Horses, at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, in 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Bond Owners’ Club, “875: Vehicle Modifications by Chassis Number” (2001), archived 2018, read in full. web.archive.org
  2. Bond Owners’ Club, “Production Statistics”, archived 25 December 2018, read in full. web.archive.org
  3. Bond Owners’ Club, “A brief history of the Bond Company”, archived 23 December 2018, read in full. web.archive.org
  4. English Wikipedia, Bond 875, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Autocar (9 September 1966, 8 July 1967, 11 April 1968), Motor Cycling (24 December 1966), The Bond Magazine (Autumn 1965) and Marshall, Microcars (1999). en.wikipedia.org
  5. Lancaster Insurance, “The Bond Bug: A Celebration”, 25 September 2024, read in full. www.lancasterinsurance.co.uk
  6. “Rumblings”, Motor Sport, July 1970, read in full. www.motorsportmagazine.com

Bond Bug: Tom Karen’s tangerine wedge, 1970–⁠1974

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A 1972 Bond Bug 700ES, NYC 760L, at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Grimsthorpe Castle, Lincolnshire, in 2021. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A Bond Bug in profile with its canopy fully raised at the NEC in 2017, showing the front hinge. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The white Rothmans Bug AME 194H from the front at Beaulieu in 2023. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A 1971 Bond Bug, JJJ 775K, from directly behind at the NEC in 2017, showing its wide rear track. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Bond Bugs lined up at Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire, for the car’s 40th anniversary in 2010. Photo: BigglesBear, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A 1970 Bond Bug 700ES, BUG 2E, on a show stand in 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A 1972 Bond Bug 700ES on the owners’ club stand at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2017. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A Bond Bug 750ES, the late 748 cc version, on gravel in 2016. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A Bond Bug, CAC 414J, at the Lincoln Castle vintage vehicle rally in 2013. Photo: Mike Peel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A Bond Bug, DAX 563K, on grass in 2009. Photo: Mick, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A 1973 Bond Bug, BMR 642L, at the Chatsworth Classic & Performance Motor Show, Derbyshire, in 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A 1970 Bond Bug, SLG 270H, from the front at Hebden Bridge in 2013. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A 1970 Bond Bug, SMW 898J, at the Heskin Hall Steam Fair, Lancashire, in 2016. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A Bond Bug on grass at the Nostalgia Festival in 2018. Photo: Herranderssvensson, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A Bond Bug, BUG 2E, on a stand at the London Classic Car Show, Olympia, in 2023. Photo: tonylanciabeta, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A Bond Bug, MRF 498L, at the Pendle Powerfest, Lancashire, in 2016. Photo: Thomas’s Pics, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A Bond Bug, LTF 531K, at a show on the former RAF Debden airfield, Saffron Walden, Essex, in 2024. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. The rear of a 1972 Bond Bug 700ES, NYC 760L, at Grimsthorpe in 2021, showing its black tail panel. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A 1973 Bond Bug 700ES, VSP 31L, from behind at a breakfast meeting at the Haynes International Motor Museum, Sparkford, in 2019. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A 1972 Bond Bug 700ES from behind at the Irish Classic & Vintage Motor Show, Terenure, Dublin, in 2011. Photo: Mic, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. The rear of a Bond Bug, DAX 563K, in 2009, showing its stripe and side screen. Photo: Mick, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. An early 1970 Bond Bug, SLG 270H, from behind at the Hebden Bridge Vintage Weekend, West Yorkshire, in 2013. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. The rear of a 1970 Bond Bug, SMW 898J, at Heskin Hall in 2016, showing its exposed rear axle. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. The rear of a yellow 1973 Bond Bug, ETO 209L, at Ellesmere Port in 2013. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A 1970 Bond Bug, EGX 980J, with its canopy up at the Ilkeston Heritage and Classic Vehicle Show, Derbyshire, in 2025. Photo: Aethonatic, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A Bond Bug with its canopy tilted up on the club stand at the NEC Classic Motor Show in 2024. Photo: Tony Hisgett, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A Bond Bug 700ES on grass near Stevenage, Hertfordshire. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A red-painted Bond Bug lapping Silverstone Circuit in 2007. Photo: Alan, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A Bond Bug parked on a wet Humber Dock Street, Hull, in 2016. Photo: Ian S, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A Bond Bug, XHA 337J, parked in the street at Princetown on Dartmoor in 2012. Photo: Nilfanion, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A Bond Bug 700E, AFV 515L, at the Bubble Car Museum, Langrick, Lincolnshire, in 2013. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A Bond Bug 700ES, DRT 64H, with its canopy raised in a museum in Southwark, London, in 2006. Photo: Mikel Ortega, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A lime-green and a white Bond Bug side by side at the Jesada Technik Museum, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, in 2017. Photo: km30192002, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A Bond Bug, NWY 298K, at the Moretonhampstead Motor Museum, Devon, in 2024. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A Bond Bug, PGB 409M, behind a rope barrier at the Stondon Transport Museum in 2007. Photo: allen watkin, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. Two Bond Bug 700ES cars, one with its canopy raised, on the club stand at the NEC in 2017. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. Two Bond Bugs with their canopies tilted open at Grimsthorpe Castle in 2021. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. Two Bond Bugs, BXD 75H and VGJ 301M, nose-on at the Heritage Transport Show, Detling, Kent, in 2014. Photo: MANHATTAN RESEARCH INC, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. Two Bond Bug 700ES cars, NYC 760L and OLO 824L, nose to camera at Grimsthorpe Castle in 2021. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A Bond Bug, UGU 97M, with its canopy raised at a show in 2009. Photo: Mick, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. The cockpit of a Bond Bug 700ES from above in London in 2006, its side stripe in the foreground. Photo: Mikel Ortega, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. The cockpit of a Bond Bug through its open canopy at Detling in 2014. Photo: MANHATTAN RESEARCH INC, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. The cockpit of a 1971 Bond Bug through its raised canopy at the NEC in 2017. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. The cabin of a lime-green Bond Bug at the Jesada Technik Museum, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, in 2017. Photo: km30192002, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. The dashboard, wheel, gear lever and pedals of a Bond Bug, seen through its open canopy in 2009. Photo: Mick, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A bare Bond Bug chassis with engine, gearbox and single front wheel, shown by the owners’ club at the NEC in 2017. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A 1970 Bond Bug with its canopy raised beside a bare rolling chassis on the club stand at the NEC Classic Motor Show in 2017. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A Bond Bug, LTF 531K, with its canopy raised at Debden in 2025. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A white 1970 Bond Bug 700ES, AME 194H, from behind with its canopy raised at Beaulieu in 2023. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A 1973 Bond Bug, UEX 742L, with its whole canopy tilted forward on the front hinge in 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A yellow four-wheeled Bond Bug, LYA 44K, at the National Microcar Rally, Somerset, in 2019. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. The rear of the yellow four-wheeled Bug, LYA 44K, at the National Microcar Rally in 2019. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. The white 1970 Bond Bug 700ES AME 194H, one of the Rothmans promotional cars, at Simply British, National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, in 2023. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A white Bond Bug, URC 42L, at a show in 2006. Photo: Andrew, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. A 1973 Bond Bug, ETO 209L, repainted yellow, at Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, in 2013. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. A red 1968 Bond 875 saloon, OTN 209F, with its round headlamps and dummy grille. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. A turquoise Reliant Regal 3/30, EPO 499H, with spot lamps at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Grimsthorpe Castle, in 2022. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. A blue July 1975 Mk1 Robin 750 at the Knebworth House Classic Motor Show in 2013. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. A turquoise 1960 KR200 with whitewall tyres at an Australian show in 2014. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Bond Owners’ Club, “Production Statistics and Vehicle Modifications by Chassis Number” (2001), archived 25 December 2018, read in full. web.archive.org
  2. Bond Owners’ Club, “Bug: Vehicle Modifications by Chassis Number”, archived 2018, read in full. web.archive.org
  3. Bond Owners’ Club, “A brief history of the Bond Company”, archived 23 December 2018, read in full. web.archive.org
  4. The Bug Club, “Stats”, read in full. www.bondbugs.co.uk
  5. “Rumblings”, Motor Sport, July 1970, with the staff test signed P. B. B. and Ray Wiggin’s launch speech, read in full. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  6. W. B., “My year’s motoring”, Motor Sport, February 1971, the Bug passage read. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  7. “Bond Bug vs bus”, reader’s letter, Motor Sport, March 2010, read in full. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  8. Lancaster Insurance, “The Bond Bug: A Celebration”, 25 September 2024, read in full; it quotes Bond’s advertising, Motor and Autocar. www.lancasterinsurance.co.uk
  9. Lancaster Insurance, “The Bond Bug: May the Force/Farce Be With You”, 24 November 2016, read in full. www.lancasterinsurance.co.uk
  10. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1972 Bond Bug”, tour page, archived about 2015, read in full. web.archive.org
  11. English Wikipedia, Bond Bug, revision of 23 August 2026, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Motor of 6 June 1970, Culshaw and Horrobin (1974), the official Star Wars databank and Metro of 3 November 2017. en.wikipedia.org
  12. Reliant Motor Club, “Reliant Engines”, read in full. www.reliant.website
  13. Grace’s Guide, “Bond Cars” and “Reliant Motor Co”, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  14. “Reliant of Tamworth”, Motor Sport, June 1976, read in full. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  15. German Wikipedia, Bond Bug, read in full. Used as a lead; it gives the short test “Kurz gefahren: Bond Bug” in Austro-Motor 6/1974, which was not read directly. de.wikipedia.org

Bond Minicar: Preston’s three-wheeler, 1949–⁠1966

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A yellow 1956 Bond Minicar Mark C De Luxe Tourer, JTK 277, at Keynsham in 2011. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A 1951 Bond Minicar Mark A Tourer, EFV 422, in profile at Keynsham in 2011, showing its doorless body and long tail. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Looking into the nose of a 1950 Bond Minicar Mark A at the NEC Classic Motor Show in 2023, its Villiers engine mounted over the single front wheel. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The dark green 1956 prototype of the Bond Minicar Mark E Tourer, LCK 562, at the Atwell-Wilson Motor Museum, Calne, in 2011. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A Bond Minicar on its stand at the Utrecht Jaarbeurs trade fair in September 1950, introduced to the Dutch as an English three-wheeler. Photo: Anefo, Nationaal Archief, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A line of Bond Minicars, a red Mark D in front, at the National Microcar Rally in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A 1962 Bond Ranger van and a 1965 Mark G Estate, one with its tailgate open, at the NEC Classic Motor Show in 2025. Photo: Andrea Boano, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A 1950 Bond Minicar Mark A, HSG 96, with its bonnet raised to show the front-mounted engine at the NEC Classic Motor Show in 2023. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A 1951 Bond Minicar Mark A Deluxe Tourer, EFV 422, at the Bath microcar rally in Keynsham in 2011. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A red 1955 Bond Minicar Mark C at a show in 2010. Photo: Mick from Northamptonshire, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A yellow Bond Minicar Mark C with a maroon hood at a show in Hertfordshire. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. The 1955 Mark C Family Safety model, OCG 7, from the front at the National Microcar Rally in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A red Bond Minicar Mark C with a white hood, WKP 249, at a show in 2011. Photo: Mick from Northamptonshire, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A green 1958 Bond Minicar Mark E coupé, ODR 798, from the front quarter at the National Microcar Rally in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. Blue Bond Minicar Mark G Tourer with its hood up at the Dornier Museum, Friedrichshafen, Germany, in December 2018. Photo: indeedous, Attribution (Wikimedia Commons), via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A red 1950 Bond Minicar Mark A, HSG 96, from the rear at the NEC Classic Motor Show in 2023. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A brown 1955 Bond Minicar Mark C Family Safety model, OCG 7, from the rear at the National Microcar Rally in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A green 1958 Bond Minicar Mark E coupé, ODR 798, from the rear at the National Microcar Rally in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. An unrestored green Bond Minicar, probably a Mark E, on a trailer at the National Microcar Rally in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A cream 1953 Bond Minicar Mark C, NTX 362, in a museum display. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A red Bond Minicar Mark C or D in the Automobiles of the World museum in Moscow. Photo: Sergey A. Demidov, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. Bond Minicars in the line-up at the National Microcar Rally in 2019: a 1955 Mark C, SGF 434, beside a 1958 Mark D, 5164 HK. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. The Moscow museum’s Bond Minicar beside two Messerschmitt bubble cars. Photo: Sergey A. Demidov, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A 1957 Bond Minicar Mark D, KHL 483, and a 1956 Minicar in the line-up at the National Microcar Rally in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. Two late Bond Minicar saloons, a pale blue Mark G in front, on a show stand in 2022. Photo: Phil Parker from Leamington Spa, UK, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A copper Bond Minicar Mark C or D, SGA 760, among other Bond three-wheelers at the 10th National Microcar Rally in 1984. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A pale grey-green Bond Minicar Mark D, SUK 470, with a maroon hood at the Bristol Classic Car Show in 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A red 1957 Bond Minicar Mark D, SOU 112, beside a Bond club sign at the National Microcar Rally in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. The gold 1956 Mark D Family Safety, 753 XUC, from the front quarter at the Bristol Classic Car Show in 2018. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  30. A Bond Minicar Mark D, SUK 470, from the rear quarter with its hood up at the Bristol Classic Car Show in 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A red 1957 Bond Minicar Mark D, SOU 112, from behind with its cream hood up at the National Microcar Rally in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A green 1958 Bond Minicar Mark D, UHO 710, from the rear quarter with its hood folded at the National Microcar Rally in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A gold 1956 Bond Minicar Mark D Family Safety model, 753 XUC, with its hood up and a toy dog in the back, at the Bristol Classic Car Show in 2018. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  34. A 1956 Bond Minicar Mark D De Luxe Family Safety model, WFO 881, from behind with its hood up, at the Atwell-Wilson Motor Museum, Calne, in 2011. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A cream Bond Minicar Mark D being driven across the show field at the Aldham Old Time Rally in 2015. Photo: Rob Mitchell, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A cream Bond Minicar Mark D coming head-on across the field at Aldham, Essex, in 2015. Photo: Rob Mitchell, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A red 1959 Bond Minicar Mark F saloon, THJ 492, at the Abridge Village Weekend in 2022. Photo: Acabashi, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A green 1959 Bond Minicar Mark F saloon with a cream roof, 706 JEH, at Cholmondeley in 2013. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A red 1959 Bond Minicar Mark F with its bonnet up at Tatton Park in 2006. Photo: Malcolma, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A red Bond Minicar Mark F with its bonnet up at a show in 2011. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A red Bond Minicar Mark F saloon on the grass at South Weald Park. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A green 1959 Bond Minicar Mark F, 706 JEH, from the rear at Cholmondeley, Cheshire, in 2013. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A yellow Bond Minicar Mark F roped off in a museum in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A maroon 1962 Bond Minicar Mark G saloon, SCK 181, at Heskin Hall in 2016. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A two-tone red 1963 Bond Minicar Mark G 250G saloon parked in a street. Photo: Charlie from United Kingdom, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A cream 1965 Bond Minicar Mark G Estate with a green roof at the NEC Classic Motor Show in 2025. Photo: Andrea Boano, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A 1965 Bond Minicar Mark G Tourer, CDP 360C, from the front, with rally badges on its bar, at the National Microcar Rally in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. The red 1965 Bond Minicar Mark G Tourer, CDP 360C, from the rear quarter with its luggage rack, at the National Microcar Rally in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. The cream interior of a 1955 Bond Minicar Mark C in the United Kingdom in 2010: bench seat, white steering wheel and simple dash. Photo: Mick from Northamptonshire, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. The 1956 Bond Minicar Family Safety model WFO 881 on a stand at the NEC Classic Motor Show in 2017, showing its red seats. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. Red seats and dashboard of the blue Bond Minicar Mark G Tourer at the Dornier Museum, Friedrichshafen, Germany, in December 2018. Photo: indeedous, Attribution (Wikimedia Commons), via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. The dashboard of a 1965 Bond Minicar Mark G Tourer, CDP 360C, at the National Microcar Rally in 2019, with a white wheel and a full-width red dash. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A white early Bond Minicar, Mark A or B, with its bonnet open at the NEC Classic Motor Show in 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. The bench seat and dashboard of a green 1958 Bond Minicar Mark D, UHO 710, at the National Microcar Rally in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. The dashboard and steering wheel of a gold 1956 Bond Minicar Mark D Family Safety, 753 XUC, at the Bristol Classic Car Show in 2018. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  56. A green 1958 Bond Minicar Mark D, UHO 710, with its bonnet raised over the front engine at the National Microcar Rally in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. The Bond Minicar mascot badge and oval grille of a Bond Minicar Mark D, SUK 470, at the Bristol Classic Car Show in 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. The Villiers single-cylinder engine of a 1959 Bond Minicar Mark F, seen through the open bonnet at Cholmondeley in 2012. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. A green 1959 Bond Minicar Mark F, 706 JEH, with its bonnet open at Cholmondeley, Cheshire, in 2012. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  60. A pale blue 1962 Bond Minicar Mark F, 530 RHU, with its bonnet up at the NEC Classic Motor Show in 2025. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. The Villiers single-cylinder two-stroke of a Bond Minicar Mark F, with the front wheel beside it. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. The 250 cc Villiers engine and front-wheel unit of a 1959 Bond Minicar Mark F, bonnet removed, at Abridge in 2022. Photo: Acabashi, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  63. A 1960 Bond Minicar Mark F Family Saloon, 819 NPG, fitted with a Ranger roof, at Keynsham in 2011. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. The first Bond Minicar Mark G Tourer, made in October 1964, at the Atwell-Wilson Motor Museum, Calne, in 2011. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  65. A red 1968 Bond 875 saloon, OTN 209F, with its round headlamps and dummy grille. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  66. A 1972 Bond Bug 700ES, NYC 760L, at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Grimsthorpe Castle, Lincolnshire, in 2021. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  67. A red 1958 Berkeley SE328 at a rally, 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  68. A turquoise Reliant Regal 3/30, EPO 499H, with spot lamps at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Grimsthorpe Castle, in 2022. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  69. A 1962 Trojan 200, the Heinkel built under licence in Britain, at Leamington in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  70. A red 1963 Peel P50 at the London Concours, 2025. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Bond Owners’ Club, “A brief history of the Bond Company”, 2001, read in full in an archived copy of 2018. web.archive.org
  2. Bond Owners’ Club (Paul Grogan and James Mander), “Mark A – January 1949 to April 1951: Vehicle Modifications by Chassis Number”, read in full in an archived copy of 2012. web.archive.org
  3. Bond Owners’ Club, “Mark B – April 1951 to November 1952”, same series, read in full. web.archive.org
  4. Bond Owners’ Club, “Mark C – October 1952 to May 1956”, same series, read in full. web.archive.org
  5. Bond Owners’ Club, “Mark D – May 1956 to November 1958”, same series, read in full. web.archive.org
  6. Bond Owners’ Club, “Mark E”, same series, read in full. web.archive.org
  7. Bond Owners’ Club, “Mark F – November 1958 to January 1963”, same series, read in full. web.archive.org
  8. Bond Owners’ Club, “Mark G – August 1961 to December 1966”, same series, read in full. web.archive.org
  9. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1950 Bond Minicar Mark A”, data panel, read in full in an archived copy. microcarmuseum.com
  10. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1951 Bond Minicar Mark B”, read in full. microcarmuseum.com
  11. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1953 Bond Minicar Mark C”, read in full. microcarmuseum.com
  12. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1957 Bond Minicar Mark D”, read in full. microcarmuseum.com
  13. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1959 Bond Minicar Mark F”, which also covers the Marks E and G, read in full. microcarmuseum.com
  14. W. B., “About the Bond Minicar Mk. C”, Motor Sport, March 1955, a road test, read in full. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  15. W. Boddy, “Mini motoring before the mini”, Motor Sport, September 2010, read in full. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  16. W. Boddy, “Small, not perfectly formed”, Motor Sport, December 2001, read in full. motorsportmagazine.com
  17. Motor Sport, February 1994, review of Nick Wotherspoon’s ‘Lawrie’ Bond: The Man & The Marque, read in full. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  18. Science Museum Group, “Bond Minicar with 122 c.c. engine, 1950”, object 1955-288, read in summary. collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk
  19. Grace’s Guide, “Sharp’s Commercials”, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  20. Lancashire County Council, Lancashire Pioneers, “Lawrence ‘Lawrie’ Bond – The Bond Minicar”, read in full in an archived copy of 2011. web.archive.org
  21. BBC Inside Out North West, “Bond Cars”, 2009, read in full. www.bbc.co.uk
  22. Blog Preston, “The Bond Minicar: Preston’s post-war winner”, March 2022, read in full; a weak local source. www.blogpreston.co.uk
  23. English Wikipedia, Bond Minicar, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites The Motor, Motor Cycling, Light Car, Autosport, The Times, Wotherspoon (1993) and Jones (2008). en.wikipedia.org
  24. W. Boddy, “My year’s motoring”, Motor Sport, January 1956, the Bond passage read in full. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  25. 3-wheelers.com, “Laws”, known only from a search-engine excerpt, since the page refused access. 3-wheelers.com
  26. Heinkel Trojan Club, “Cabin Cruisers”, read in full in an archived copy of 2015. web.archive.org
  27. Road Traffic Act 1930, section 2(1), as enacted, legislation.gov.uk, read. www.legislation.gov.uk
  28. Bond Owners’ Club, “875 – Vehicle Modifications by Chassis Number”, read in an archived copy of 2018. web.archive.org

Briggs & Stratton Flyer: the five-wheeled buckboard

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. 1920 Briggs & Stratton Flyer with its motor wheel trailing at the rear, in the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A Smith Motor Wheel, the engine wheel that drove the Smith Flyer, photographed in May 2012. Photo: Mark Morgan, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Rear of the Red Bug of 1924–⁠30 in the Lakeland Motor Museum, Cumbria, in 2016, showing its electric motor at the back axle. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. 1920 Briggs & Stratton Flyer from the rear quarter, showing its motor wheel, engine and fuel tank, in the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in August 2015. Photo: Zairon, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A white Briggs & Stratton Flyer of about 1920 in the AACA Museum, Hershey, Pennsylvania, in December 2010. Photo: Klaus Nahr, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Replica of the 1915 Smith Flyer fitted with an Aerothrust engine, at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in July 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Electric Auto Red Bug in the Route 66 Electric Vehicle Museum, Powerhouse Visitor Center, Kingman, Arizona, in May 2016. Photo: Jared, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Red Bug buckboard of 1924–⁠30 with its red battery box, in the Lakeland Motor Museum, Cumbria, in 2016. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. An Auto Red Bug buckboard of 1924–⁠30 among veteran cars in a museum, photographed in 2016. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. Side view of the Red Bug buckboard of 1924–⁠30 in the Lakeland Motor Museum, Cumbria, in 2016. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. Side view of an Auto Red Bug buckboard of 1924–⁠30 in a museum, photographed in 2016. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. Head-on view of an Auto Red Bug buckboard of 1924–⁠30 with its twin lamps and horn, in a museum in 2016. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. 1928 Auto Red Bug electric buckboard of the Automotive Electric Service Corporation in the Petersen Automotive Museum, Los Angeles, in August 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. Auto Red Bug buckboard on a museum plinth at Mosaic, the Jekyll Island Museum, Georgia, in May 2021. Photo: Dsdugan, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. The electric motor at the rear axle of an Auto Red Bug of 1924–⁠30, photographed in 2016. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. The Red Bug of 1924–⁠30 seen from above in the Lakeland Motor Museum, Cumbria, in 2016. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. Maker’s plate of an Auto Red Bug, made by the Automotive Electric Service Corporation, North Bergen, New Jersey, photographed in 2016. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A Briggs & Stratton Motor Wheel fitted to a bicycle in the Musée de la Moto et du Vélo, Amnéville, France, in August 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. Bicycle with a wicker carrier and a Briggs & Stratton Motor Wheel in the Musée de la Moto et du Vélo, Amnéville, France, in August 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. Smith Flyer buckboard, by A. O. Smith, with its motor wheel at the rear, driven in a park in the United States, 1916. Photo: The World’s Work (1916), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. O-We-Go tandem cyclecar of 1914 in orange, lettered OWEGO behind a chain in a museum. Photo: Aaron Headly, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. The Martin Stationette at the Lane Motor Museum in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. Green 1921 Slaby-Beringer electric single-seater IA-7421 in a museum, photographed in October 2015. Photo: 1971markus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. Green 1921 Peugeot Type 161 Quadrilette from the front quarter, its tandem seats visible, at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, France, in April 2016. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Smith Flyer, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites the Guinness Book of Records (1992), Rodengen, The Legend of Briggs & Stratton (1995), and Jim Altman, “The Motor Wheel”, Antique Automobile, March–April 1971. en.wikipedia.org
  2. Lane Motor Museum, “Smith Flyer Replica with Aerothrust Engine – 1915”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  3. John Matras, “1920 Briggs & Stratton Auto Red Bug”, AutoWeek, 2 January 1989, read in full in a later republication. rememberroad.com
  4. “Smith ‘Flyer’”, Hardware Age, vol. 98 no. 19, 11 November 1916, item read in full. archive.org
  5. “Smith Flyer Buckboard Driven by Motor Wheel”, The Automobile, vol. 36 no. 4, 25 January 1917, p. 260, item read in full. archive.org
  6. “From the first to the last, the Flyer was a rare bird”, Popular Science, June 1960, pp. 124–127 and 222, read in full. archive.org
  7. RM Sotheby’s, Hershey sale, 10–11 October 2019, lot 260, 1919 Briggs & Stratton Flyer, catalogue entry read in summary. rmsothebys.com
  8. Briggs & Stratton, advertisement “His Own Car”, Youth’s Companion, 15 April 1920, read in full. archive.org
  9. Lane Motor Museum, “Auto Red Bug with Aerothrust Engine – 1924”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  10. English Wikipedia, Auto Red Bug, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  11. “‘Red Bug’ Electric Roadster”, Motor Age, 12 May 1927, item read in full. archive.org
  12. Dennis Simanaitis, “In praise of auction catalogs”, Simanaitis Says, 27 May 2019, quoting the Bonhams Greenwich sale of 5 June 2011, read in summary. simanaitissays.com

Britain’s forgotten 1950s microcars: twelve small makers

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A yellow 1958 Coronet three-wheeler with its hood folded in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A pale green Hazelcar, LCD 778, in the Bentley Motor Museum in 2007. Photo: allen watkin from London, UK, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A grey Powerdrive three-wheeler, SLY 804, roped off at an outdoor show in 2015. Photo: Grobertson4, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A cream Progress Supreme Tourette three-wheeler, TOY 534, parked indoors in 2003. Photo: Gyrostarter, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The cockpit of a 1958 Coronet, with a two-spoke wheel and central speedometer. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A red Tourette Supreme replica on a lawn in 2003. Photo: Gyrostarter, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The bare glass-fibre body of a 1958 Tourette awaiting restoration, from the front quarter, in 2015. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The red and cream Tourette Supreme replica in profile at a club show in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. The bare 1958 Tourette body shell from the side in 2015. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. The cockpit of a red Tourette Supreme replica built on a 1959 Nobel chassis, at a club show in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. The Powerdrive nameplate above a lion’s-head emblem on the car’s grey bodywork. Photo: Graham Robertson, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  12. The 1954 Allard Clipper 906 CMT at the NEC Classic Motor Show in 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A 1958 Opperman Unicar T in light blue, in the Williams Microcars collection in 2024. Photo: Guards951, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A red 1959 Scootacar at the Classic Gala in Schwetzingen in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, List of microcars by country of origin: U, the relevant rows read. Used as a lead; it cites Georgano’s Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars, 3wheelers.com and “weird motors”. en.wikipedia.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Tourette (automobile), read in full; it cites Georgano (1982) and Vokins, Weird Cars (2004). en.wikipedia.org
  3. German Wikipedia, Bonallack & Sons, read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader, the Beaulieu Encyclopedia, vol. 1, and Zeichner. de.wikipedia.org
  4. German Wikipedia, Electrical Engineering Construction Company, read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader and the Beaulieu Encyclopedia, vol. 1. de.wikipedia.org
  5. English Wikipedia, Powerdrive, read in full; it cites Motor Cycling, the Daily Mirror and the Daily Express of 30 July 1955, Marshall and Zeichner. en.wikipedia.org
  6. German Wikipedia, Powerdrive, read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader and the Beaulieu Encyclopedia, vol. 3. de.wikipedia.org
  7. English Wikipedia, Astra (1954 automobile), read in full; it cites Culshaw and Horrobin, Robson and the Beaulieu Encyclopedia. en.wikipedia.org
  8. British Anzani Archive, “Company History part 3”, the relevant passages read in an archived copy of 2008. web.archive.org
  9. Lane Motor Museum, “1958 Coronet”, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  10. English Wikipedia, Battery Manufacturing Association, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  11. German Wikipedia, Hazeldine Motors, read in full; it cites the Hazelcar website and the Beaulieu Encyclopedia. de.wikipedia.org
  12. 3wheelers.com, “BSA”, read in full in an archived copy of 2012. web.archive.org
  13. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1953 B.M.A. Hazelcar”, read in full in an archived copy. microcarmuseum.com
  14. 3wheelers.com, “Bonallack”, read in full in an archived copy of 2012. web.archive.org
  15. English Wikipedia, Gill (automobile), read in full; it cites Robson, A–Z of British Cars. en.wikipedia.org
  16. 3wheelers.com, “Coronet” and “Powerdrive”, read in full in archived copies of 2012. web.archive.org
  17. English Wikipedia, Coronet (automobile), read in full; it cites Motor Cyclist Illustrated, March 1958. en.wikipedia.org
  18. German Wikipedia, Coronet Cars, read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader (1986), Georgano (1975) and Culshaw and Horrobin. de.wikipedia.org
  19. German Wikipedia, Tourette (Automarke), read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader, the Beaulieu Encyclopedia, vol. 3, and 3wheelers.com. de.wikipedia.org
  20. 3wheelers.com, “Tourette”, read in full in an archived copy of 2014. web.archive.org
  21. Vintage & Classic Spares, “The Larmar Minicar”, 8 July 2025, read in full: an owner’s account with the firm’s history. vintageandclassicspares.co.uk
  22. English Wikipedia, Larmar Engineering, read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader and Georgano’s Beaulieu Encyclopedia, vol. 2. en.wikipedia.org
  23. German Wikipedia, Larmar Engineering, read in full; it cites the same books. de.wikipedia.org

British cyclecars: the minor makers, 1903–⁠1927

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A green 1913 Humber Humberette V-twin cyclecar with a buttoned black seat at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A Spanish advertisement of about 1913 for the Humber Humberette 8 hp V-twin cyclecar at 4,000 pesetas. Photo: Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A green 1903 Humberette, FH 12, with yellow wheels on Madeira Drive, Brighton, at the end of the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run, England, in November 2023. Photo: Peter Trimming, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A beige 1914 GWK Type B friction-drive cyclecar with its hood up at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, England, in July 2009. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A blue 1910s Humber Humberette cyclecar at a Veteran Car Club event in South Africa in November 2011. Photo: Paul Horn, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A green 1913 Humber Humberette cyclecar under the slogan ‘The Car You Can Afford to Own’ at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in July 2014. Photo: bertknot, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A teal front-engined 1921 GWK, HO 7192, with its bonnet open at the Haynes International Motor Museum breakfast club, Sparkford, England, in May 2021. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A maroon 1913 Humber Humberette cyclecar, LK 7640, with yellow wire wheels at Stow Maries Great War Aerodrome, Essex, England, in August 2023. Photo: Steve Knight, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  9. A blue 1910s Humber Humberette cyclecar showing its tail at a Veteran Car Club event in South Africa in November 2011. Photo: Paul Horn, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A maroon 1913 Humber Humberette cyclecar, AE-260, from the rear three-quarter at the Great Dorset Steam Fair, England, in August 2022. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A teal 1921 GWK, HO 7192, arriving head-on at the Haynes International Motor Museum breakfast club, Sparkford, England, in May 2021. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A maroon 1913 Humber Humberette cyclecar, AE-260, head-on at the Great Dorset Steam Fair, Tarrant Hinton, England, in August 2022. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A 1903 Humber Humberette at the Arvika Fordonsmuseum, Sweden, in July 2019. Photo: Herranderssvensson, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A cream 1903 Humberette with brass lamps at the Auto World Museum, Fulton, Missouri, in October 2017. Photo: Steve Mays, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  15. A 1904 Humberette 6½ hp ‘Royal Beeston’, AP 413, with its hood up at the start of the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run, London, England, in November 2014. Photo: Robert Hummerstone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A green 5 hp Humberette, WSL 284, with a wicker hamper at the start of the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run, London, England, in November 2013. Photo: somaditya, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A 1903 Humberette, BS 8256, with red wheels on the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run, England, in November 2011. Photo: Peter Trimming, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A 1903 Humberette, FD 213, with a copper bonnet head-on during the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run, England, in November 2008. Photo: Andrew Skudder, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A 1903 Humberette at the Kop Hill Climb revival, Princes Risborough, England, in September 2011. Photo: dawarwickphotography, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A black 1904 Humberette, C 597, at the start of the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run, London, England, in November 2014. Photo: Robert Hummerstone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A 1904 Humberette two-seater, D 1184, in Crawley on the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run, England, in November 2006. Photo: MilborneOne, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A 1904 Humberette two-seater, D 1184, leaving Hyde Park at the start of the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run, London, England, in November 2014. Photo: Robert Hummerstone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A cream 1904 Humberette, SS 41, at the start of the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run, London, England, in November 2014. Photo: Robert Hummerstone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A blue 1903 Humberette, BS 8201, passing the sponsors’ boards on the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run, England, in November 2024. Photo: Jon Lavis, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A 1904 Humberette, C 597, on a village street in low sun during the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run, England, in November 2015. Photo: Peter Trimming, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A cream 1904 Humberette 6½ hp two-seater, SS 41, at the Regent Street Motor Show, London, England, in November 2012. Photo: Ank Kumar, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. The wooden dashboard, steering wheel and controls of a 1921 GWK, HO 7192, at the Haynes International Motor Museum, Sparkford, England, in April 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  28. The red-painted four-cylinder engine of a 1921 GWK, HO 7192, at the Haynes International Motor Museum, Sparkford, England, in April 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  29. A 1913 Humber Humberette cyclecar with its bonnet off showing the 998 cc air-cooled V-twin at the Great Dorset Steam Fair, England, in August 2022. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. Plan drawing of the GWK friction-drive light car chassis, from the ninth edition of the Autocar Handbook, about 1919. Photo: Autocar Handbook, 9th edition (Iliffe & Sons, c. 1919), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. Cream 1921 GN cyclecar from the front quarter in a museum, showing its air-cooled V-twin, photographed in April 2011. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. Green 1935 Morgan Super Sports AKD 455 at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, England, in April 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. Yellow Carden monocar of 1916, its engine at the rear and Carden script on the dummy radiator, at the Petersen Automotive Museum, Los Angeles, in August 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. Red and black 1921 Tamplin cyclecar with its hood up in the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in April 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A 1910 AC Sociable, AC 1910, on the Sunbeam Motor Cycle Club Pioneer Run from Epsom to Brighton, England, in March 2011. Photo: Rob, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A blue 1927 Austin Seven Chummy tourer with its hood up at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, West Sussex, in July 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. The Cyclecar, first issue, 27 November 1912: the Olympia exhibitors, technical survey and specification tables, read from Grace’s Guide’s scan. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  2. Grace’s Guide, “Cyclecar Club”, citing Gareth Rogers, 100 Years of the British Automobile Racing Club (2011). www.gracesguide.co.uk
  3. Grace’s Guide, “Humberette”, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  4. Grace’s Guide, “GWK”, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  5. Grace’s Guide, “Duo Cyclecars”, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  6. Grace’s Guide, “Slack and Harrison”, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  7. Grace’s Guide, “D. E. W. Engineering Co”, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  8. Grace’s Guide, “Wooler Engineering Co”, citing Bacon and Hallworth, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  9. Grace’s Guide, “Black Prince Motors”, quoting The Motor Cycle, 11 December 1919, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  10. English Wikipedia, Blériot-Whippet, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Culshaw and Horrobin (1974), Georgano (2000), Worthington-Williams and Baldwin. en.wikipedia.org
  11. Grace’s Guide, “Air Navigation and Engineering Co”, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  12. Grace’s Guide, “Xtra Cars”, citing Baldwin (1994), read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  13. English Wikipedia, Xtra (automobile), read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Baldwin, Worthington-Williams and The Motor Cycle (1921). en.wikipedia.org
  14. Grace’s Guide, “Jappic”, quoting newspapers of 1925–⁠26, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk

British kit microcars, 1974–⁠2002: Mosquito to Bandini

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A pink Replicar Cursor at the Bubble Car Museum, Langrick, Lincolnshire, in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A pink Replicar Cursor at the Bubble Car Museum, Langrick, Lincolnshire, in 2023. Photo: Jo and Steve Turner, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. An orange 1986 Replicar Cursor, D943 MKK, at the Ramsgate Motor Museum in 2004. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A red 1958 Berkeley SE328 at a rally, 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A 1972 Bond Bug 700ES, NYC 760L, at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Grimsthorpe Castle, Lincolnshire, in 2021. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A blue July 1975 Mk1 Robin 750 at the Knebworth House Classic Motor Show in 2013. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Mosquito (Automarke), read in full. It cites Georgano, Hole and the Mosquito-Triad register. de.wikipedia.org
  2. German Wikipedia, Replicar Limited, read in full. It cites Linz and Schrader and Georgano. de.wikipedia.org
  3. German Wikipedia, Alto (Automarke), read in full. It cites Georgano, Hole and Companies House records. de.wikipedia.org
  4. German Wikipedia, Ranger Automotive Company, read in full. It cites Linz and Schrader, Georgano and Hole. de.wikipedia.org
  5. German Wikipedia, Berkeley Developments, read in full. It cites Georgano and Hole. de.wikipedia.org
  6. German Wikipedia, Gaia Cars, read in full. It cites Georgano, Hole and Allcarindex. de.wikipedia.org
  7. The Mosquito & Triad Register, home page, archived 2015, read in full; its history pages did not survive in the archive. web.archive.org

British three-wheelers of the 1920s and 1930s

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Red Coventry-Victor Midget three-wheeler of 1933 at the Arvika Fordonsmuseum, Sweden, in July 2019. Photo: Herranderssvensson, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Green BSA TW33-10 three-wheeler with its bonnet open, showing the water-cooled four that drives the front wheels, at the 110 ans de l’automobile exhibition at the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2011. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Green Raleigh Karryall three-wheeled van of 1935, with its motorcycle front end, at a show in July 2009. Photo: Mick, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Yellow Raleigh Safety Seven three-wheeler of 1936 at the Bicester Heritage Scramble in January 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Green Raleigh Safety Seven three-wheeler of 1934, ET 8358, with its hood up at Techno-Classica, Essen, Germany, in 2007. Photo: Stahlkocher, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Red Coventry-Victor three-wheeler of 1933 head-on at the Arvika Fordonsmuseum, Sweden, in 2007. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Black BSA V-twin three-wheeler of 1930, 1,039 cc, on a driveway in Britain in September 2020. Photo: Andrew Fogg, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Blue BSA V-twin three-wheeler of 1931, registered TK 6538, at the Tampa Bay Automobile Museum, Pinellas Park, Florida, in February 2008. Photo: dave_7, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. BSA V-twin three-wheeler, 1,039 cc, at the Knebworth Classic Car Show in August 2010. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. BSA V-twin three-wheeler of 1931 with a tonneau over its tail at Wings & Wheels, Henstridge, in August 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. Green BSA three-wheeler, registered MAS 695, from behind at Ruddington, Nottinghamshire, in October 2025. Photo: Aethonatic, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. Blue BSA V-twin three-wheeler of 1931 from behind at the Tampa Bay Automobile Museum, Pinellas Park, Florida, in February 2008, showing its pointed tail. Photo: dave_7, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. Green BSA three-wheeler, registered MAS 695, head-on at the Nottingham Transport Heritage Centre, Ruddington, in March 2026. Photo: Aethonatic, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. Black and red BSA TW33 four-cylinder three-wheeler, registered AGU 517, at The Links, Tain, Ross-shire, in June 2011. Photo: Dave Conner, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. Cream and green BSA TW33 three-wheeler of 1934, registered AXP 844, at the Duxford VE Day Air Show in May 2015. Photo: Rob Mitchell, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. Grey and maroon BSA three-wheeler of 1934 at the Bicester Heritage Scramble in January 2025. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. Green BSA three-wheeler of 1934, registered TJ 5465, at the Heskin Hall Steam Fair, Lancashire, in June 2016. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. Cream and red BSA three-wheeler of 1934, registered OD 8644, with its hood up at Chedburgh, Suffolk, in October 2011. Photo: Martin Pettitt, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. Black BSA three-wheeler of 1935 at Le Mans Classic in July 2018. Photo: David Merrett, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. Green BSA TW33-10 four-cylinder three-wheeler, registered OW 2867, at the 110 ans de l’automobile exhibition at the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2011. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. Black and red BSA TW33 four-cylinder three-wheeler of 1933 at the Hebden Bridge Vintage Weekend in 2013. Photo: Thomas’s Pics, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. Black and red BSA TW33 four-cylinder three-wheeler, registered AGU 517, with its hood up at a show in May 2015. Photo: Graham Robertson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. Cream and red BSA three-wheeler of 1934, registered OD 8644, from behind at Chedburgh, Suffolk, in October 2011. Photo: Martin Pettitt, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. Green BSA TW33-10 three-wheeler, registered OW 2867, from the rear quarter at the 110 ans de l’automobile exhibition at the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2011, its single rear wheel under the tail. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. Cream and green BSA TW33 three-wheeler of 1934, registered AXP 844, head-on at the Duxford VE Day Air Show in May 2015. Photo: Rob Mitchell, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. BSA three-wheeler of 1934 in bare aluminium, registered TJ 5465, at the Heskin Hall Steam Fair, Lancashire, in June 2013. Photo: Steve Glover, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. Cream and red BSA three-wheeler of 1934, registered OD 8644, head-on at Chedburgh, Suffolk, in October 2011. Photo: Martin Pettitt, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. BSA three-wheeler of 1935 in the drivers’ parade at the Le Mans 24 Hours in June 2014. Photo: David Merrett, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. Red BSA TW33 four-cylinder three-wheeler of 1933 on the Kop Hill Climb, Princes Risborough, in September 2011. Photo: dawarwickphotography, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. Red and black BSA TW33-10 four-cylinder three-wheeler of 1934 at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. Cockpit of the blue 1931 BSA V-twin three-wheeler at the Tampa Bay Automobile Museum, Pinellas Park, Florida, in February 2008. Photo: dave_7, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. The air-cooled V-twin under the bonnet of the blue 1931 BSA three-wheeler at the Tampa Bay Automobile Museum, Pinellas Park, Florida, in February 2008. Photo: dave_7, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. Green BSA TW33-9 Special Sports three-wheeler of 1933 at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. Green 1935 Morgan Super Sports AKD 455 at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, England, in April 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A turquoise Reliant Regal 3/30, EPO 499H, with spot lamps at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Grimsthorpe Castle, in 2022. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A blue 1927 Austin Seven Chummy tourer with its hood up at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, West Sussex, in July 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A 1910 AC Sociable, AC 1910, on the Sunbeam Motor Cycle Club Pioneer Run from Epsom to Brighton, England, in March 2011. Photo: Rob, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Coventry Victor, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  2. Grace’s Guide, “Coventry-Victor Motor Co”, read in full. It quotes The Motor Cycle, 11 December 1919, and Roy Bacon and Ken Hallworth, The British Motorcycle Directory (2004). www.gracesguide.co.uk
  3. English Wikipedia, BSA cars, read in part. en.wikipedia.org
  4. Grace’s Guide, “BSA: Cars”, citing The Autocar, 1908–⁠14. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  5. Society of Automotive Historians in Britain, “Snapshot 458: 1933 B.S.A. F.W.D. 9 h.p.”, read through a summary. www.thesahb.com
  6. conceptcarz.com, BSA TW-34 and BSA three-wheeler pages; known only from a search-result summary. www.conceptcarz.com
  7. Grace’s Guide, “Raleigh: Cars” and “Reliant Motor Co”. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  8. English Wikipedia, Raleigh Bicycle Company, the section on motor vehicles. en.wikipedia.org
  9. Search-result summaries of a Classic & Sports Car article and the 3-wheelers.com Raleigh page; neither page was read. www.classicandsportscar.com
  10. Dan Lockton, “Reliant: the early years”, a history of the firm, read through a summary. danlockton.co.uk
  11. Hagerty UK, “The Raleigh Safety Seven”, an owner feature, read through a summary. www.hagerty.co.uk
  12. Grace’s Guide, “Raleigh Cycle Co”, the firm’s timeline. www.gracesguide.co.uk

Brütsch Mopetta: the single-seat moped car of 1956

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A white and blue Brütsch Mopetta at a concours in Schwetzingen in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The cream and red Brütsch Mopetta at Schramberg in 2010, engine side. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The cockpit of the 1957 Mopetta at the ErfinderZeiten Auto- und Uhrenmuseum, Schramberg in 2015: handlebar, tank and red seat. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The Opelit Mopetta with its transparent hood up, shown in Bad Homburg in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A blue and white 1957 Brütsch Mopetta at InterClassics Brussels in 2024. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. The cream and red 1957 Brütsch Mopetta at the ErfinderZeiten Auto- und Uhrenmuseum, Schramberg in 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The blue Mopetta UXO 117 at the PS.Speicher, Einbeck, in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The cream and red Brütsch Mopetta at Schramberg in profile, 2016. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. The blue Mopetta UXO 117 from the engine side at the PS.Speicher, Einbeck, in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A blue 1957 Mopetta from the Mopetta GmbH period, UXO 117, at the PS.Speicher, Einbeck, in 2014. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. The cream and red Brütsch Mopetta at Schramberg from behind, 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. The Brütsch Mopetta at Schramberg head-on, its BRÜTSCH nose badge and single headlamp, 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The tail of the white and blue Mopetta at Schwetzingen in 2018, with its blue Mopetta script. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A cream and blue 1958 Brütsch Mopetta in the Grimmer collection at Eppelheim, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. The cockpit of the Mopetta UXO 117 from above, with its handlebar and fuel tank, PS.Speicher, 2014. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. The cockpit of the white and blue Mopetta at Schwetzingen in 2018, seen from behind. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. The switch panel and handlebar of the Mopetta UXO 117, PS.Speicher, 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. The ILO single-cylinder engine beside the rear wheel of the Mopetta UXO 117, PS.Speicher, 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The ILO engine of the white and blue Mopetta at Schwetzingen, 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The ILO engine of the Brütsch Mopetta at Schramberg, 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A bare glass-fibre Mopetta body shell from the front, 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A bare glass-fibre Mopetta body shell in profile, 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A bare glass-fibre Mopetta body shell from above, showing the seat opening, 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. The twist-grip on the handlebar of the Brütsch Mopetta at Schramberg, 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. The blue “Mopetta” script on the white tail of a Brütsch Mopetta at Schwetzingen in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. The type plate of a Mopetta replica, copying a Brütsch Fahrzeugbau Stuttgart plate: 48 cc, 2 PS, 78 kg. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. The underside of the Brütsch Mopetta at Schramberg: frame, springs and wheel, 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. The red-seated cockpit of the Opelit Mopetta behind its plastic screen, Frankfurt, 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. The ILO engine of the Opelit Mopetta, Frankfurt, 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. The “Mopetta” plate on the nose of the Opelit Mopetta, Frankfurt, 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. The Süd-ILO-Werk engine plate on an Opelit Mopetta in Frankfurt in 2018: type V 50/B, 49 cc, 2 PS. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. An Andy Carter Mopetta replica in blue and cream at a show in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. An Andy Carter Mopetta replica in profile at a show in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. The Opelit Mopetta with its clear plastic hood raised, Frankfurt, 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A Mopetta replica in green and white, built to the 1958 pattern, at Haselünne in 2017. Photo: Martin V., CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A Mopetta replica, orange and white, in the Fränkische Kleinwagensammlung at Stopfenheim in 2013. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A Brütsch Zwerg single-seater at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen in 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A red 1963 Peel P50 at the London Concours, 2025. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A pale green Spatz carrying the sparrow-and-script Spatz badge, on show at the IAA in Frankfurt in 2019. Photo: Johannes Maximilian, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A 1950 Fend Flitzer 101 coupé on display in a museum in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A grey 1955 bubble-window Isetta 250 at the Isetta Club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A light green 1954 Felber Autoroller with rally number 33 at an outdoor meeting. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Brütsch Mopetta, read in full. Used as a lead; it relies on Rosellen, Deutsche Kleinwagen nach 1945 (1991), pp. 176–197, and cites Popular Mechanics (April 1957 and 1958), Oldtimer Markt 6/2002 and Auto Bild, 14 April 2010. de.wikipedia.org
  2. German Wikipedia, Brütsch (Automobilhersteller), read in full; it cites Rosellen (1991) and Automobilchronik 5/1977. de.wikipedia.org
  3. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1958 Brütsch Mopetta”, tour page (2002), archived, read in full. web.archive.org
  4. Report from the IFMA show, with a photograph and caption of the Mopetta, auto motor und sport 22/1956. archive.org
  5. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 560, “1958 Brütsch Mopetta”. rmsothebys.com

Brütsch: Egon Brütsch’s glass-fibre microcars, 1951–⁠58

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A Brütsch Zwerg single-seater at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen in 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The Brütsch 1200 sports cabriolet in the Automuseum Engstingen in 2019. Photo: Lindemann97, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A cream 1957 Brütsch V2 open two-seater in the Auto & Uhrenwelt Schramberg, 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A derelict Brütsch V2-N propped up in a barn as found in 2008. Photo: JOHN LLOYD from Concrete, Washington, United States, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A cream 1957 Brütsch V2 at Schramberg in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A 1957 Brütsch V2 in profile at the Auto & Uhrenwelt Schramberg in 2010, showing its short wheelbase and rounded tail. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A Brütsch Zwerg single-seater in profile at Schwetzingen in 2021, showing its egg-shaped two-shell body. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The rear of a Brütsch Zwerg single-seater at Schwetzingen in 2025, with its two round lamp housings. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A 1957 Brütsch V2 head-on at the Auto & Uhrenwelt Schramberg in 2015, with its twin headlamps and grille. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. Head-on view of a Brütsch Zwerg single-seater over its curved screen. Photo: Surfdogs88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. The Brütsch Zwerg single-seater being driven through the gardens at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen in 2025. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. The cockpit of a Brütsch Zwerg single-seater at Schwetzingen in 2021: a three-spoke wheel and red seat. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. Looking down into the cockpit of a Brütsch Zwerg single-seater. Photo: Surfdogs88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. The dashboard and two-spoke steering wheel of a 1957 Brütsch V2 at the Auto & Uhrenwelt Schramberg in 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A white and blue Brütsch Mopetta at a concours in Schwetzingen in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A pale green Spatz carrying the sparrow-and-script Spatz badge, on show at the IAA in Frankfurt in 2019. Photo: Johannes Maximilian, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A red Avolette, an open fibreglass car, at an outdoor club meeting in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A green 1954 Kroboth Allwetterroller with its hood up, in a museum in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Brütsch (Automobilhersteller), read in full. It cites Rosellen, Deutsche Kleinwagen (1991), pp. 176–197, and Automobilchronik 5/1977. de.wikipedia.org
  2. “Forum der Lesermeinungen: Brütsch — Gegendarstellung”, with the editors’ reply and the sequestrator’s circular of 16 December 1954, auto motor und sport 1/1955. archive.org

Bugatti Type 68: Ettore Bugatti’s last small car

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The cream Bugatti Type 68B roadster prototype at an exhibition in Kassel in 2013. Photo: Thomas Vogt from Paderborn, Deutschland, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The Bugatti Type 68B roadster in profile in Kassel in 2013, with its cut-away door. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The Hucke gullwing coupé, a modern build around original Type 68 parts, at Rétromobile in 2018. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The Bugatti Type 68B roadster in the Schlumpf collection, Mulhouse, in 1989. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The Hucke Type 68 coupé from the rear quarter with a gullwing door raised, Rétromobile 2018. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. The Bugatti Type 68B roadster head-on in Kassel in 2013, its horseshoe grille between faired headlamps. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Paul Arzens’s 1942 Œuf électrique from the front quarter in the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, in 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A red Rovin D2 with a cream hood at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2018. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Grey 1913 Violet-Bogey Type A torpedo from the front quarter at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in March 2026. Photo: Andy Dingley, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Mick Walsh, “Bugatti Type 68: the missing link”, Classic & Sports Car, 28 August 2019, read in full. www.classicandsportscar.com
  2. Jacob Munkhammar, “Jacob’s Bugatti Pages: Type 68”, updated 1998, read in full. www.bugattipage.com
  3. German Wikipedia, Bugatti Type 68, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Schmarbeck and Wolbold, Typenkompass Bugatti (2009), von Saldern (1991) and Bellu (2011). de.wikipedia.org

Carden cyclecar: the rear-engined Monocar, 1913–⁠1925

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Yellow Carden monocar of 1916, its engine at the rear and Carden script on the dummy radiator, at the Petersen Automotive Museum, Los Angeles, in August 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Carden single-seat monocar of 3½ hp raising dust on a 100-mile trial in England, from The Cyclecar of 24 November 1913. Photo: The Cyclecar (1913), Public domain, via gracesguide.co.uk.
  3. Carden monocar fitted by its owner with a hood and side screens against the weather, from The Light Car of 3 April 1916. Photo: The Light Car (1916), Public domain, via gracesguide.co.uk.
  4. Black Carden Model 7 of 1921, NY 87, with its hood up on the lawn at the Cartier Style et Luxe concours in 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Advertisement for Le Sylphe, the Carden cyclecar sold in France with a JAP engine by M. Jouve et Cie of Paris, 1914. Photo: Advertisement in La Science et la Vie, 1914, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Red and black 1921 Tamplin cyclecar with its hood up in the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in April 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Cream 1921 GN cyclecar from the front quarter in a museum, showing its air-cooled V-twin, photographed in April 2011. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Green 1935 Morgan Super Sports AKD 455 at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, England, in April 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A green 1913 Humber Humberette V-twin cyclecar with a buttoned black seat at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Carden (cyclecar), read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Culshaw and Horrobin (1974), Georgano (2000), Baldwin (1994) and The Motor Cycle of 8 October 1914. en.wikipedia.org
  2. Grace’s Guide, “John Valentine Carden”, read in full; drawn from Wikipedia and Flight of 19 December 1935. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  3. The Cyclecar, 16 July 1913, “New Cyclecars … The Latest Carden Monocar”, the item read in full from Grace’s Guide’s scan. graces-guide-s3-live.s3.amazonaws.com
  4. Grace’s Guide, “Carden Engineering Co”, read in full; it cites The Light Car and Cyclecar of 8 November 1919 and The Engineer of 19 November 1920. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  5. Grace’s Guide, “Ward and Avey”, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  6. Grace’s Guide, “Tamplin Engineering Co”, read in full; it cites The Light Car and Cyclecar of 8 November 1919. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  7. Grace’s Guide, “Arnott and Harrison”, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  8. W. Boddy, “The vintage years of the Morgan 3-wheeler”, part 2, Motor Sport, July 1965, read in full; it compares 1925 prices. www.motorsportmagazine.com

Casalini Sulky: Italy’s steel licence-free car, 1969–⁠1994

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A 1979 Willam Sulky, the French-market Casalini Sulky, at the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne in 2010. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A blue two-seat Casalini Sulky on a lawn in Finland in 2013. Photo: Tommi Nummelin, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A green four-wheeled Casalini Sulky in a wet car park in Salerno in 2019. Photo: GinaCostanza76, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A blue Casalini M20, the Sulky’s present-day descendant, in Cannes in 2025. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A cream Casalini Sulky with a black side stripe, parked under trees in Italy in 2011. Photo: Massimilianogalardi, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A maroon Casalini Sulky, its side strip reading “casalini Piacenza-Italy”, parked among bicycles in The Hague in 2012. Photo: FaceMePLS from The Hague, The Netherlands, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Maroon four-wheeled Casalini Sulky microcar parked by a canal railing in Amsterdam in August 2008. Photo: Ahzaryamed, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Red three-wheeled Casalini Sulky parked against a wall in an Italian street in May 2005. Photo: Christian Späth, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A 1979 Willam Sulky head-on in 2010, showing how narrow the first body is. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A blue Casalini Sulky pick-up, the modern model that revived the name from 2008, photographed in 2009. Photo: Annemarie386, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A derelict four-wheeled Casalini Sulky outside Platform21 in Amsterdam in 2009. Photo: Arne Hendriks from Amsterdam, The Netherlands, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A red later-series Casalini Sulky in 2019. Photo: Kirchenfan, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A green Lawil City at the UMMC Museum of Automotive Technology, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia, in 2023. Photo: Vyacheslav Bukharov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A red Amica 1000 S1 automatic, a later four-wheeled Amica, in the Netherlands in 2012. Photo: free photos & art, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. An orange 1974 Zagato Zele 2000 at the Classic Motor Show at the NEC, Birmingham, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A white Mini Comtesse with its MC emblem at Rétromobile in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A turquoise Arola 20, one of the last four-wheeled Arolas of the early 1980s, on a Dutch pavement in 2010. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Casalini, citing Mobil & Motor, 23 November 1981. en.wikipedia.org
  2. German Wikipedia, Casalini. de.wikipedia.org
  3. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1977 Willam Sulky”, tour page, read via the Internet Archive. www.microcarmuseum.com

Champion: the ZF roadster that became the Maico

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A pale green 1953 Champion 400 H, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A replica of the 1946 ZF Champion prototype, a silver doorless roadster, photographed from the front in 2011. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A Champion CH-2 of 1949–⁠50, the doorless roadster on tall thin wheels, photographed in 2014. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A restored cream Champion 500 G estate with its wood-framed rear body, in Berlin in 2023. Photo: Matthias v.d. Elbe, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A cream 1957 Maico MC 500/4, the four-seat saloon developed from the Champion. Photo: selbst, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A white 1952 Champion 400 at an outdoor meeting in 2007. Photo: ChiemseeMan, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The white Champion 400 BH 5 from the front three-quarter, its winged badge on the nose. Photo: ChiemseeMan, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The maroon Champion 400 from the front at Boke in 2025. Photo: Thomas Vogt, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A green Champion 400 of 1951–⁠52 in a museum exhibition, photographed in 2014. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. The green Champion 400 in profile beside the maker’s artwork, photographed in 2014. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A red Champion 400 with its roof folded, in profile, photographed in 2014. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. The maroon Champion 400 in profile at Boke in 2025. Photo: Thomas Vogt, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The restored Champion 500 G estate in Berlin in 2023, showing its wood-framed rear body. Photo: Matthias v.d. Elbe, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. The Champion CH-2 roadster in profile, photographed in 2014. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. The white Champion 400 BH 5 from behind with its blue fabric roof closed. Photo: ChiemseeMan, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A maroon Champion 400 with its roof folded at a meeting in Boke in 2025. Photo: Thomas Vogt, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. The louvred tail of the Champion CH-2, photographed in 2014. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. The white Champion 400 BH 5 head-on at a classic-car market. Photo: ChiemseeMan, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The ZF Champion replica in the ZF Forum, Friedrichshafen, in 2016. Photo: Roland Hecht, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The BR 60-8419 number plate and Champion 400 script on a maroon car at Boke in 2025. Photo: Thomas Vogt, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. The Champion Automobil-Werk Paderborn type plate in the maroon Champion 400, Boke, 2025. Photo: Thomas Vogt, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. The winged C badge on the nose of a 1953 Champion. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. The winged Champion badge on the rusted bonnet of a Champion 400. Photo: Tasha Carl, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. An orange 1950 Champion 250 roadster in a museum, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A red Maico MC 400/H displayed on a shelf at the Fahrzeugmuseum Marxzell in 2009. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A cream Maico MC 500/4 head-on, photographed in 2012. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A cream Maico MC 500/4 in profile, photographed in 2012. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A red and black 1957 Maico 500 Sport with its Beutler body, one of four built. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A replica of the 1946 ZF Champion prototype, built by ZF in 2005, from behind in 2011, showing its rear engine. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A red 1952 Kleinschnittger F 125 at a meeting in 2009. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A first-series Lloyd LP 300 saloon with the narrow bonnet, beside the Rhine in Germany in 2007. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A blue 1957 Heinkel Kabine at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A pale blue Goggomobil saloon at a meeting in Wingst, 2019. Photo: © Ra Boe / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, ZF Champion, read in full. It cites Rosellen, p. 252; Motor-Rundschau 1947 no. 21/24 and 1948 no. 1/2; Oldtimer Praxis 02/2010. de.wikipedia.org
  2. German Wikipedia, Hermann-Holbein-Fahrzeugbau, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  3. German Wikipedia, Champion (deutsche Automarke), read in full. It cites Rosellen, Deutsche Kleinwagen (1991), and Dach, Champion – eine Legende (ZF, 1997). de.wikipedia.org
  4. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1949 Champion CH-2”, tour page, archived, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  5. German Wikipedia, Champion Ch-1, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  6. German Wikipedia, Champion Ch-2, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  7. German Wikipedia, Champion 250, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  8. German Wikipedia, Champion 250 S, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  9. German Wikipedia, Champion 400 (Vorserie), read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  10. German Wikipedia, Champion 400, read in full. It cites Rosellen, pp. 237 and 257, and Kraftfahrzeugtechnik 8/1953. de.wikipedia.org
  11. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1953 Champion 400H”, tour page, archived, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  12. German Wikipedia, Champion 400 H, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  13. German Wikipedia, Champion 500 G, read in full; it cites Oldtimer Markt and a dealer’s listing of 2022. de.wikipedia.org
  14. German Wikipedia, Rheinische Automobil-Fabrik, Hennhöfer & Co., read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  15. German Wikipedia, Rheinische Automobil-Fabrik, Henning Thorndal, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  16. auto motor und sport 3/1955 (5 February 1955), industry news. archive.org
  17. German Wikipedia, Maico MC 400/H, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  18. German Wikipedia, Maico MC 500 G, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  19. German Wikipedia, Maico MC 500/4, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  20. German Wikipedia, Maico 500 Sport, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  21. auto motor und sport 20/1955, report on the Frankfurt motor show (IAA), September 1955. archive.org
  22. postwarclassic.de, “Farewell to the Hammond Microcar Museum”, on the collection’s closure and its sale of 27 October 2022. www.postwarclassic.de

Chatenet: the luxury licence-free car from the Limousin

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red Chatenet CH26 with grey bonnet stripes and a black roof, parked in a street in 2013. Photo: free photos & art, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A Chatenet Speedino convertible on a show stand in 2004. Photo: Cars en travel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A grey Chatenet Barooder on display in 2007. Photo: Lucarelli, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The cabin of the Chatenet CH30 at the Poznań Motor Show in 2015. Photo: Jakub “Flyz1” Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A silver Chatenet Barooder parked in a garden in 2012. Photo: Davide2701, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A grey Chatenet CH26 in a tree-lined car park in 2020. Photo: crash71100, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A red Chatenet CH26 with a white roof in a hillside car park in 2011. Photo: Berthold Werner, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A grey Chatenet CH28 with optional white five-spoke wheels, privately owned in Sweden, in 2017. Photo: Johnssma, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. An orange Chatenet CH30 at the Poznań Motor Show, Poland, in 2015. Photo: Jakub “Flyz1” Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A white Chatenet pick-up, photographed by the maker in 2013. Photo: Automobiles Chatenet, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A white Chatenet CH26 30th-anniversary edition in profile, photographed by the maker in 2014. Photo: Automobiles Chatenet, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A red Chatenet CH26 with a white roof, parked beside a red van in 2011. Photo: Ralf Smallkaa, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  13. A red Chatenet CH26 from the rear in 2011, with its twin exhausts and CH26 badge. Photo: Berthold Werner, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. The orange Chatenet CH30 from the rear at the Poznań Motor Show in 2015. Photo: Jakub “Flyz1” Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A red Chatenet CH26 Evo 500, the entry-level version, photographed by the maker in 2014. Photo: Automobiles Chatenet, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. The white Chatenet CH32 pick-up from the rear, CHATENET on its tailgate, in 2013. Photo: Automobiles Chatenet, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A silver Chatenet CH26 from behind on a cobbled street in 2016. Photo: Sven Volkens, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. The Chatenet stand at the Szczecin MotoShow, Poland, in 2015, with cars of the CH range. Photo: Travelarz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The winged Chatenet badge on a grey car at a show in 2015. Photo: Jakub “Flyz1” Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The twin-ring headlamp and GT mesh grille of a Chatenet Barooder in 2012. Photo: Davide2701, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A white Chatenet CH32 Electric pick-up on a dealer’s stand at the Poznań Motor Show in 2015. Photo: Jakub “Flyz1” Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A blue 2006 Aixam A751 Super Luxe at Preston, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A dark blue Ligier JS50 with a white roof at the Warsaw Motor Show in 2016. Photo: Jakub “Flyz1” Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A gold JDM Abaca in profile in a French street in 2008. Photo: Kamel15, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A Bellier Véloto with soft top and roll-up doors at the Musée Maurice Dufresne, Azay-le-Rideau, in 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. French Wikipedia, Automobiles Chatenet. fr.wikipedia.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Automobiles Chatenet. en.wikipedia.org
  3. German Wikipedia, Automobiles Chatenet, technical data for an unnamed model. de.wikipedia.org
  4. French Wikipedia, Voiturette. fr.wikipedia.org
  5. Automobiles Chatenet, the maker’s website. www.automobiles-chatenet.com

Chinese low-speed electric vehicles: “old folks’ joy”

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A white 2018 Levdeo (Leiding) D30 low-speed electric car, front three-quarter, in Luoyang, Henan, China, in August 2018. Photo: Kevauto, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A white 2016 Levdeo (Leiding) D50 low-speed electric car, front three-quarter, in Luoyang, Henan, China, in August 2018. Photo: Kevauto, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A green and white Kandi K10 small electric car in China in August 2020. Photo: Jengtingchen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A blue Letin (Levdeo) D70 small electric car parked by a hedge in China in July 2022. Photo: Anonymousfox36, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A white 2018 Yika (E-Car) X5S low-speed electric car, front three-quarter, in Luoyang, Henan, China, in August 2018. Photo: Kevauto, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A white 2018 Levdeo (Leiding) D30 low-speed electric car parked in Luoyang, Henan, China, in August 2018. Photo: Kevauto, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A white 2016 Levdeo (Leiding) D50 low-speed electric car, rear three-quarter, in Luoyang, Henan, China, in August 2018. Photo: Kevauto, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A white 2018 Yika (E-Car) X5S low-speed electric car in Luoyang, Henan, China, in August 2018. Photo: Kevauto, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A white 2015 Kandi K10 parked in Luoyang, Henan, China, in August 2023. Photo: Kevauto, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A white and red Kandi K27 sold in the United States, in Bowling Green, Kentucky, in May 2025. Photo: CzxxxxzC, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A green and white Kandi K10 small electric car from the rear three-quarter in China in August 2020. Photo: Jengtingchen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A white and red Kandi K27 from the rear three-quarter in Bowling Green, Kentucky, in May 2025. Photo: CzxxxxzC, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. An Alwayz AW9060 low-speed electric passenger shuttle in Moscow, Russia, in October 2020. Photo: Dmitry Ivanov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A red and silver Kandi Coco two-seat electric vehicle in a workshop in February 2013. Photo: drewkongs, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A white Wuling Hongguang Mini EV parked in Sanming, Fujian, China, in August 2022. Photo: JamesYoung8167, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A red 2013 Renault Twizy 80 on grass in December 2021. Photo: PabloLinoCalleBoulicaud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. An early 2006 ZAP Xebra sedan in Ocean Blue parked outside an office building. Photo: stu_spivack, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A red and white GEM e4 four-seater used for village tours, photographed in July 2006. Photo: Weatherman1126, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. “Non solo Ev: ecco le auto che ‘minacciano’ la Cina. Pechino ha un problema con le laotoule”, automoto.it, 24 January 2026, citing Sixth Tone and China Daily. www.automoto.it
  2. Stephen Edelstein, “China to regulate, rein in low-speed electric cars used in rural areas”, Green Car Reports (on Yahoo Autos), 7 November 2016, citing Bloomberg. autos.yahoo.com
  3. Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and five other ministries, 关于加强低速电动车管理的通知 (Notice on strengthening the management of low-speed electric vehicles), 2 November 2018, published by the National Development and Reform Commission on 8 November 2018. Read in full. www.ndrc.gov.cn
  4. English Wikipedia, Kandi Technologies, read. en.wikipedia.org
  5. English Wikipedia, Levdeo, read. en.wikipedia.org
  6. English Wikipedia, Rayttle, read. en.wikipedia.org

CitiCar: Sebring-Vanguard’s electric wedge, 1974–⁠82

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A yellow CitiCar SV-48 in bright sunshine beside a stone building in 2014. Photo: Eric Kilby, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  2. A late 1976 CitiCar with the 6 hp motor at the America on Wheels museum in 2010. Photo: Klaus Nahr, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The dashboard of a blue 1975 CitiCar at the Automobile Driving Museum, El Segundo, California, with its woodgrain panel and switches. Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A 1980 Comuta-Car, with its battery-box bumpers, at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan, in 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A light blue CitiCar beside a Tesla Model X in San Francisco in 2016. Photo: Steve Jurvetson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A blue 1975 CitiCar at the Automobile Driving Museum in El Segundo, California, in 2018. Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. An orange 1976 CitiCar on a trailer at the Classic-Gala in Schwetzingen, Germany, in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A red CitiCar parked outside a clapboard house in Brooklyn, New York, in 2014. Photo: vetaturfumare, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  9. A faded red CitiCar parked by a picket fence in the United States in 2008. Photo: Noah Sussman, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  10. A yellow CitiCar on show at the Green Drive Expo in Richmond, California, in 2010. Photo: Bo Hee Kim at Richmond Confidential, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  11. A yellow CitiCar seen close from the front quarter. Photo: sillydog, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A yellow Sebring-Vanguard CitiCar at an American car show in 2013. Photo: Jacob Frey 4A, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  13. A blue 1975 CitiCar from the rear quarter at the Automobile Driving Museum, El Segundo, California. Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A red Comuta-Car from the rear in 2008, showing its rear battery box and hatch. Photo: Corvair Owner, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  15. An orange 1976 CitiCar from behind, showing its rear window and lamps. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A yellow 1975 CitiCar at the Rolling Sculpture car show in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 2014. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A red 1977 CitiCar being driven up a trailer ramp in 2009. Photo: T442163, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A yellow CitiCar in the Syttende Mai parade in Ballard, Seattle, in 2023. Photo: Joe Mabel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A cream CitiCar among other old vehicles in an American museum in 2016. Photo: zombieite, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  20. A teal CitiCar displayed beside an old Shell petrol pump in a recreated filling station in 2022. Photo: Danial Esmaeilian, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A blue 1975 CitiCar head-on at the Automobile Driving Museum, El Segundo, California, with its museum placard. Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. CitiCar electric car covered in hand-painted psychedelic art, parked at a kerb in California in August 2010. Photo: Eric Fischer, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  23. The CitiCar door badge on a CitiCar in 2010, with the simple dashboard seen through the open door. Photo: biosfear, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  24. A 1980 Comuta-Car in school livery on a trailer at Toledo Technology Academy, Ohio, in 2019. Photo: Mbrickn, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. An orange 1980 Comuta-Car on a trailer, showing its big battery-box bumper, in 2007. Photo: Incase, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  26. A red Comuta-Car parked on a pavement in a residential street in 2010. Photo: Eric Fischer, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  27. A red Comuta-Car at a tractor show in 2008, with a John Deere tractor behind. Photo: Corvair Owner, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  28. An orange 1980 Comuta-Car on its trailer, seen from the side, in 2007. Photo: Incase, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  29. AMC Amitron electric city-car prototype of 1967 in American Motors’ publicity photograph, a model leaning on its roof. Photo: American Motors Corporation, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. An orange 1974 Zagato Zele 2000 at the Classic Motor Show at the NEC, Birmingham, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A green 2010 Pure Mobility Buddy at Classic Remise, Düsseldorf, Germany. Photo: Detectandpreserve, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. “Bob Beaumont, at 79; creator of CitiCar, 1970s electric vehicle”, Boston Globe (New York Times News Service), 30 October 2011, read in full. www.bostonglobe.com
  2. The Makes That Didn’t Make It, “Sebring-Vanguard”, read in full. www.makesthatdidntmakeit.com
  3. Lancaster Insurance, “Staying Positive: The CitiCar walked so Tesla could run”, 14 April 2023, read in full. www.lancasterinsurance.co.uk
  4. Small Cars Club, “Vanguard Sport Coupe”, 23 December 2022, read in full. smallcarsclub.com
  5. English Wikipedia, Citicar, revision of 18 September 2026, read in full. Used as a lead; it draws on owners’ and service manuals and the CitiCar Roster, and cites wheels.ca (2012) and NASA (1976). en.wikipedia.org
  6. Historical Society of Martin County (Elliott Museum), “1975 CitiCar … Electric made in Sebring, FL”, read in full. hsmc-fl.com
  7. F. J. Stenger, J. M. Bozek and R. F. Soltis, Results of Baseline Tests of the EVA Metro Sedan, Citi-Car, Jet Industries Electra-Van, CDA Town Car, and Otis P‑500 Van, NASA TM X‑73638, Lewis Research Center, October 1976, the Citi-Car section read in full. ntrs.nasa.gov

Citroën 5HP: the small car that ended the cyclecar

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Yellow Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo of 1922 at the Bonny-sur-Loire wine fair, Loiret, in July 2019. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The cloverleaf seating of the yellow 1925 Citroën 5HP Trèfle at Harrogate in August 2012: one rear seat between the two front seats. Photo: KlausNahr, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo of a Paris driving school, seen head-on in December 1927. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo used by a Paris driving school, photographed in December 1927. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Red Citroën 5HP Type C3 Cabriolet of 1924 leading a line of 5HPs on a club run in June 2018. Photo: Jean Pierre Roland, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Blue Citroën 5HP Type C of 1926 with its bonnet open at the Pôle Sud shopping centre, Basse-Goulaine, in January 2021. Photo: Llann Wé², CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Red Citroën 5HP Type C of 1925 at Expomotor, Braga, in October 2010. Photo: José Gonçalves, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Blue Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo on the short C2 chassis at Époqu’Auto, Lyon, in November 2024. Photo: Finoskov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Red Citroën 5HP Type C3 of 1924 on display at the Pôle Sud shopping centre, Basse-Goulaine, in January 2022. Photo: Llann Wé², CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. Yellow Citroën 5HP Type C of 1924 with its hood up at a vintage show in Liège in May 2010. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. Yellow Citroën 5HP Type C3 of 1925 on the Citroën stand at the Paris Motor Show in October 2018. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. Blue Citroën 5HP Type C with its hood up on grass at a classic car meeting in September 2010. Photo: Sabliere, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. Red Citroën 5CV Type C3 at an indoor oldtimer show in Hungary in October 2008. Photo: János Tamás, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. Green Citroën 5HP Torpédo in front of the Place Stanislas buildings, Nancy, in April 2012. Photo: Alexandre Prévot from Nancy, France, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. Blue Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo of 1922 at the Haynes International Motor Museum, Sparkford, in September 2025. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. Pale-yellow Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo on the road at a classic car meeting in May 2015. Photo: A1AA1A, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. Red Citroën 5HP Type C Torpédo of 1925 with yellow wheels at a classic car meeting in July 2011. Photo: Artur Andrzej, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. Yellow Citroën 5CV Type C Torpédo of 1926 with its hood up in a street in Laredo, Cantabria, in May 2010. Photo: Spanish Coches, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. Blue Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo on the short C2 chassis in profile at Époqu’Auto, Lyon, in November 2024. Photo: Finoskov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. Yellow Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo of 1922 on the C2 chassis, hood up, at Historici, Roudnice nad Labem, in November 2019. Photo: Rob Hille, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. Red Citroën 5HP Type C of 1925 with a beige hood at the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne in July 2010. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. Yellow Citroën 5CV Type C3 of 1925 with its hood folded at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in August 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. Yellow Citroën 5HP in profile on the Barcelona–Sitges rally in March 2014. Photo: Ferran from Amposta, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. Yellow Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo of 1922 on the C2 chassis from the rear quarter at Historici, Roudnice nad Labem, in November 2019. Photo: Rob Hille, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. Red Citroën 5HP Type C of 1925 with a suitcase strapped to its tail at a rally in Steyl, the Netherlands, in June 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. Yellow Citroën 5HP Type C3 of 1925 from behind on the Citroën stand at the Paris Motor Show in October 2018. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. Yellow Citroën 5CV Type C3 from the rear quarter at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in February 2012. Photo: Iwao from Tokyo, Japan, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. Yellow Citroën 5HP Type C from behind with its tail lid open, June 2012. Photo: Arnaud 25, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. Red Citroën 5HP Type C of 1925 head-on at the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne in July 2010. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. Red Citroën 5HP Type C of 1925 on the road at a rally in Steyl, the Netherlands, in June 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. Red Citroën 5HP Type C of 1925 driving past in profile at a rally in Steyl, the Netherlands, in June 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. Yellow Citroën 5HP on the Barcelona–Sitges rally in March 2014. Photo: Ferran from Amposta, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. Yellow Citroën 5HP in a period-costume parade on the Rambla, Terrassa, Catalonia, in May 2014. Photo: Enfo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. Beige boat-tail Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo at the Conservatoire Citroën, Aulnay-sous-Bois, in October 2013. Photo: Klaus Nahr from Germany, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. Yellow Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo with its hood up at Autoworld, Brussels, in May 2011. Photo: Thomas Quine, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. Yellow Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo on the C2 chassis, hood up, at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, in November 2014. Photo: Zairon, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. Cream Citroën 5HP Type C of 1922, hood up, at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, in May 2026. Photo: Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. Blue Citroën 5HP Type C3 Torpédo of 1925 at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, in November 2014. Photo: Zairon, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. Yellow Citroën 5CV Type C3 at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in February 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. Unrestored Citroën 5CV Type C3 at the Unternehmenspark Kassel collection, Germany, in 2013. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. Blue Citroën 5HP Type C of 1922 at the Haynes International Motor Museum, Sparkford, in May 2017. Photo: Hugh Llewelyn from Keynsham, UK, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. Cream Citroën 5HP Type C in the Monaco Top Cars Collection in September 2016. Photo: Victor Grigas, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. Pale-yellow Citroën 5HP Torpédo of 1923 with its bonnet open at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, in December 2022. Photo: Loudumo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. Red Citroën 5HP Type C of 1923, hood up, on a display stand in September 2019. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. Red Citroën 5HP beside the Citroënette children’s car at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, in October 2011. Photo: Helena from the Netherlands, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. Yellow Citroën 5HP of 1922 at the Museo de Historia de la Automoción, Salamanca, in April 2008. Photo: Hugh Llewelyn, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. Yellow Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo of 1922 on the C2 chassis, head-on at Historici, Roudnice nad Labem, in November 2019. Photo: Rob Hille, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. Maroon Citroën 5CV Trèfle of 1925, hood up, at Aubigny-sur-Nère, Cher, in September 2019. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. Maroon Citroën 5CV Trèfle of 1925, a box on its running board, at Aubigny-sur-Nère, Cher, in September 2019. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. Yellow Citroën 5HP Trèfle of 1925 at an outdoor show in August 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. Red Citroën 5HP Trèfle of 1925 at the Great Dorset Steam Fair in August 2022. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. Yellow Citroën 5HP Trèfle of 1925 at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in November 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. Red Citroën 5HP Trèfle of 1925, registered 919 SF 39, outside a village house in France in August 2008. Photo: Guymartin1, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. Tan Citroën 5HP Trèfle of 1925 on show at the Pôle Sud shopping centre, Basse-Goulaine, in January 2022. Photo: Llann Wé², CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. Red Citroën 5HP Trèfle with red wheels at a classic car meeting in Konz, Germany, in July 2013. Photo: Berthold Werner, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. Maroon Citroën 5HP Trèfle three-seater of 1924 in profile with its hood closed, February 2019. Photo: Lionel Santon, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. Red Citroën 5HP Trèfle of 1925 in profile outside a village house in France. Photo: Guymartin1, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. Red Citroën 5HP Trèfle of 1925 from behind at the Great Dorset Steam Fair in August 2022, its third seat centred behind the front pair. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. Tan Citroën 5HP Trèfle of 1925 from behind with its hood folded at the Pôle Sud shopping centre, Basse-Goulaine, in January 2022. Photo: Llann Wé², CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  60. Red Citroën 5HP Trèfle with its hood folded at Konz, Germany, in July 2013, showing the single rear seat between the front pair. Photo: Berthold Werner, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. Red Citroën 5HP Trèfle with its hood up at a classic car meeting in Konz, Germany, in July 2012. Photo: Berthold Werner, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. Tan Citroën 5HP Trèfle of 1925 head-on at the Pôle Sud shopping centre, Basse-Goulaine, in January 2022. Photo: Llann Wé², CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  63. Radiator and headlamps of the red 1925 Citroën 5HP Trèfle registered 919 SF 39, photographed in France. Photo: Guymartin1, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. Beige Citroën 5HP Trèfle dressed with flowers for a parade in June 2007. Photo: Jean Pierre Roland, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  65. Light-blue Citroën 5HP Trèfle of 1924 at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, in December 2022. Photo: Loudumo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  66. Blue Citroën 5HP Trèfle of 1924 at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in July 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  67. Maroon Citroën 5HP Trèfle of 1924 at the Musée de l’Automobile, Valençay, in August 2024. Photo: Olinone, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  68. Yellow Citroën 5CV three-seat Torpédo with the boat-deck tail at a British show in August 2008. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  69. Green Citroën 5HP three-seat Torpédo of 1924 at Knebworth House, Hertfordshire, in August 2012. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  70. Blue Citroën 5HP Torpédo three-seater of 1924, the T3-1 with a folding front jump seat, with its owners in March 2019. Photo: J.-M. Sabouraud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  71. Green Citroën 5HP three-seat Torpédo of 1924 from behind at Knebworth House, Hertfordshire, in August 2013, showing its “cul de poule” tail. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  72. Maroon Citroën 5HP Type C3 Cabriolet of 1924 at a classic car meeting in May 2017. Photo: Migo47, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  73. Maroon Citroën 5HP Type C3 Cabriolet of 1924 with its hood and side windows closed, on grass in August 2013. Photo: Migo47, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  74. Brown Citroën 5HP Type C3 Cabriolet of 1924 with hood and side screens closed, May 2018. Photo: Migo47, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  75. Red Citroën 5HP Cabriolet with its hood up at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2019. Photo: Y.Leclercq, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  76. Brown Citroën 5HP Type C3 Cabriolet of 1924 on the road in England in March 2017. Photo: Migo47, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  77. Two Citroën 5HP Type C3 Cabriolets of 1924 side by side at a classic car meeting in October 2015. Photo: Migo47, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  78. Cockpit of the beige boat-tail Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo seen over its tail at the Conservatoire Citroën in October 2013. Photo: Klaus Nahr from Germany, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  79. Cockpit of the yellow 1922 Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo on the C2 chassis at Historici, Roudnice nad Labem, in November 2019. Photo: Rob Hille, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  80. Cockpit of the red 1925 Citroën 5HP Type C Torpédo at a classic car meeting in July 2011. Photo: Artur Andrzej, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  81. Dashboard of a 1922 Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo on the C2 chassis, its ammeter the only instrument, March 2016. Photo: Migo47, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  82. Mahogany dashboard of a Citroën 5HP Cabriolet, March 2019. Photo: Migo47, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  83. The 856 cc side-valve four-cylinder engine of the blue 1926 Citroën 5HP Type C at Basse-Goulaine in January 2021. Photo: Llann Wé², CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  84. Engine bay of a 1924 Citroën 5HP Type C3 with the bonnet side lifted, May 2018. Photo: Migo47, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  85. Bonnet, radiator cap and chevron badge of a yellow Citroën 5HP at the Automuseum Dr. Carl Benz, Ladenburg, in October 2008. Photo: Klaus Nahr from Germany, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  86. Motometer and winged mascot on a white Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo at an oldtimer show in Hungary in October 2008. Photo: János Tamás, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  87. Bare Citroën 5HP Type C rolling chassis at the Conservatoire Citroën, Aulnay-sous-Bois, in October 2013. Photo: Klaus Nahr from Germany, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  88. Motometer radiator cap with the double-chevron emblem on the yellow 1922 Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo at Historici, Roudnice nad Labem, in November 2019. Photo: Rob Hille, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  89. Winged mascot over the chevron badge of the red Citroën 5CV Type C3 at an oldtimer show in Hungary in October 2008. Photo: János Tamás, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  90. Dashboard of the red 1925 Citroën 5HP Trèfle registered 919 SF 39, photographed in France. Photo: Guymartin1, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  91. Dashboard and pedals of a Citroën 5HP Trèfle at Aigrefeuille-sur-Maine in September 2013. Photo: Llann Wé², CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  92. Engine bay of a Citroën 5HP Trèfle, 2007. Photo: Goéland, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  93. Citroën motometer on the radiator of the red 1925 Citroën 5HP Trèfle in a French village, August 2008. Photo: Guymartin1, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  94. Petrol can and wooden box on the running board of the maroon 1925 Citroën 5CV Trèfle at Aubigny-sur-Nère, Cher, in September 2019. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  95. Citroën 5HP Torpédo three-seater Trèfle of 1924 seen from directly above in a Citroën catalogue photograph, its two front seats and the third behind between them forming the cloverleaf. Photo: Citroën, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  96. A blue 1927 Austin Seven Chummy tourer with its hood up at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, West Sussex, in July 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  97. Blue Amilcar CC roadster of 1921–⁠22 from the front quarter at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim, Germany, in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  98. Green 1921 Peugeot Type 161 Quadrilette from the front quarter, its tandem seats visible, at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, France, in April 2016. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  99. A red 1909 Le Zèbre Type A from the front three-quarter at the Franschhoek Motor Museum, South Africa, in October 2016. Photo: naeem mayet, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Lane Motor Museum, “Citroën 5CV Trèfle – 1924”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Citroën Type C, read in full; a translation of the French article. It cites John Reynolds, André Citroën: The Man and the Motor Car (Sutton, 1996); Bernard Laurent, Citroën 5HP (2006); Pierre Dumont, Quai de Javel, Quai André Citroën (1976); Willy Schafroth; and Paul Blank. en.wikipedia.org
  3. Citroën Origins (Citroën’s heritage site), introduction to the Type C 5HP, Spanish-language page, read in full. www.citroenorigins.at
  4. Eric Favre, “Le Zèbre invente l’auto populaire !”, Gazoline, 2003, read in full. www.gazoline.net
  5. Artcurial, “Automobiles sur les Champs 2” sale, 2015, lot 263: 1924 Citroën Type C3 5HP Trèfle. www.artcurial.com

Citroën Ami: the licence-free electric two-seater, 2020–

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A grey 2021 Citroën Ami with orange wheel inserts in Valbonne, France, in October 2021. Photo: John K, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The Citroën Ami One Concept on the Citroën stand at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2019. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A grey Citroën Ami in ‘ami 100% ëlectric’ launch lettering at Auto Zürich, Switzerland, in November 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The Citroën My Ami Buggy Concept at Rétromobile, Paris, France, in March 2022. Photo: Y.Leclercq, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A taupe facelifted 2025 Citroën Ami at Auto Zürich, Switzerland, in October 2025. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A Citroën Ami driving in Paris traffic, France, in August 2023, with an RATP bus behind. Photo: Charles, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A row of Opel Rocks-e outside the Opel Rocks-e pop-up store on the Kurfürstendamm, Berlin, Germany, in March 2024. Photo: Fridolin freudenfett, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A mint-green 2023 Fiat Topolino at Auto Zürich, Switzerland, in November 2024. Photo: Alexander-93, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A UK-registered left-hand-drive Citroën Ami in the United Kingdom in April 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A Citroën Ami in profile on a cobbled street in Paris, France, in October 2022. Photo: Diego Delso, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A grey Citroën Ami from the rear three-quarter in Leiden, Netherlands, in July 2023. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A UK-registered Citroën Ami from the rear three-quarter at a kerb in the United Kingdom in July 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A grey Citroën Ami parked head-on against a brick house in Leiden, Netherlands, in July 2023. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A Citroën Ami of Barcelona City Council in Barcelona, Spain, in June 2024. Photo: Herodotptlomeu, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A grey Citroën Ami at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, Tennessee, United States, in July 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. The orange-trimmed cabin of the Citroën Ami Buggy Vision concept at the Paris Motor Show, France, in October 2024. Photo: Y.Leclercq, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. The cabin of a Citroën Ami through its open door at Auto Zürich, Switzerland, in November 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. The Valeo electric motor of a Citroën Ami seen from beneath the car in November 2022. Photo: Mxperx, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A Citroën Ami steel wheel without its cover, on a winter tyre, in November 2022. Photo: Mxperx, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A taupe facelifted 2025 Citroën Ami from the rear three-quarter at Auto Zürich, Switzerland, in October 2025. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. The Citroën Ami Buggy Vision concept at the Paris Motor Show, France, in October 2024. Photo: Y.Leclercq, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. The Citroën Ami Buggy Vision concept from the rear three-quarter at the Paris Motor Show, France, in October 2024. Photo: Y.Leclercq, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A black Citroën Ami Dark Side limited edition at a kerb in April 2026. Photo: Alexandre Prevot, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A Citroën Ami in pale blue and orange Gulf livery in Milan, Italy, in March 2023. Photo: Rob Oo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A taupe Citroën Ami with an orange ‘2’ side graphic, described by its photographer as a Peps, in November 2025. Photo: Alexandre Prevot, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A Citroën Ami in the rainbow ‘Ami ♥ Paris – Le Marais’ livery under snow in Île-de-France, France, in January 2021. Photo: Ibex73, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. The Citroën My Ami Buggy Concept from the rear three-quarter at Rétromobile, Paris, France, in March 2022. Photo: Y.Leclercq, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A mint-green Fiat Topolino parked beside a canal in the Netherlands in September 2025. Photo: Charles, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. The cabin of a Fiat Topolino with its striped trim at the Automesse Ludwigsburg, Germany, in September 2024. Photo: Alexander-93, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A Fiat Topolino with a wicker basket on its rear rack at the Automesse Ludwigsburg, Germany, in September 2024. Photo: Alexander-93, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A pale green Fiat Topolino at a kerb in May 2026. Photo: Stefan Oemisch, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A mint-green Fiat Topolino on the grass at the Greenwich Concours d’Elegance, London, England, in May 2025. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A mint-green Fiat Topolino from the rear three-quarter with its luggage rack at the Greenwich Concours d’Elegance, London, England, in May 2025. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A grey Opel Rocks-e with a black lower body in Germany in April 2026. Photo: M 93, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. An Opel Rocks-e Kargo with its doors open at IAA Summit, Munich, Germany, in September 2023. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. Two Opel Rocks-e in New York Pizza delivery branding in the Netherlands in May 2025. Photo: Joost J. Bakker IJmuiden, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A grey Opel Rocks-e from the rear three-quarter with a 45 km/h speed disc in Germany in April 2026. Photo: M 93, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. An Opel Rocks-e in profile at Erden on the Moselle, Germany, in July 2024. Photo: Thomas Vogt, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  39. The one-off yellow and black Opel Rocks e-XTREME at the IAA Mobility show in Munich, Germany, in September 2023. Photo: AuHaidhausen, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A light grey and black Opel Rocks-e, the Ami’s Opel twin, in October 2022. Photo: XoMEoX, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. Inside an Opel Rocks-e Kargo: the driver’s seat and the load area in place of the passenger seat, at IAA Summit, Munich, Germany, in September 2023. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. The one-off Opel Rocks e-XTREME from the rear three-quarter with its big rear wing at the IAA Mobility show in Munich, Germany, in September 2023. Photo: Alexander-93, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. The Citroën Ami One Concept seen head-on at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2019. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A red 2013 Renault Twizy 80 on grass in December 2021. Photo: PabloLinoCalleBoulicaud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A black and grey Mobilize Duo at a kerb in a town street in France in January 2026. Photo: Alexandre Prevot, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A matt-green Microlino in a courtyard in May 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A blue 2006 Aixam A751 Super Luxe at Preston, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A dark blue Ligier JS50 with a white roof at the Warsaw Motor Show in 2016. Photo: Jakub “Flyz1” Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A cream and black 1936 Fiat 500 A at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, in May 2026. Photo: Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Citroën Ami (electric vehicle), read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  2. French Wikipedia, Citroën Ami (2020), read in full. Used as a lead. fr.wikipedia.org
  3. German Wikipedia, Citroën Ami (2020), read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  4. Fred Lambert, report of the Ami’s launch, Electrek, 28 February 2020. electrek.co
  5. Florian Chopin, “Citroën Ami (2020) : à bord de la citadine électrique à 6 000 €”, L’argus, 27 February 2020, updated 10 August 2020. www.largus.fr
  6. hibridosyelectricos.com, report of the Ami’s sales record, 22 January 2025. www.hibridosyelectricos.com
  7. “Citroën auf dem Autosalon Paris: Viel Neues – und ein heimlicher Bestseller”, autohaus.de, 16 October 2024. www.autohaus.de
  8. “Ventes de voitures électriques sans permis 2024 : l’insolente domination de la Citroën AMI”, Cleanrider, seen as a search result only. www.cleanrider.com
  9. Thomas Harloff, “Opel Rocks-E – Elektrokleinstwagen ab 7.990 Euro”, auto motor und sport, 2 November 2021. www.auto-motor-und-sport.de
  10. Wolfgang Rudschies and Jochen Wieler, “Opel Rocks-e”, ADAC Autokatalog, first published 16 December 2021 (version of 5 December 2024). www.adac.de
  11. German Wikipedia, Fiat Topolino (2023), read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  12. Italian Wikipedia, Fiat Topolino (2023), read in full. Used as a lead. it.wikipedia.org
  13. kfz-tech.de, “Fiat Topolino (2023)”. www.kfz-tech.de

CityEl: the Danish one-seat electric three-wheeler

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A yellow closed-top CityEl parked on a cobbled pavement against a grey house wall in January 2022. Photo: crash71100, CC0 1.0, via Flickr.
  2. A silver CityEl with its whole canopy tipped forward on its struts as the driver climbs in, in Denmark. Photo: Allan Høiberg, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  3. The optional rear-facing child seat fitted behind the driver’s seat of a yellow CityEl, photographed in August 2007. Photo: Allan Høiberg, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  4. A red early Mini-El in Randers Kommunale Værker livery at the Danmarks Tekniske Museum, Helsingør, in October 2016. Photo: Leif Jørgensen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A CityEl body suspended above its chassis in the ‘Ellert – elektriske drømme’ exhibition at Museum Østjylland, Randers, in July 2025. Photo: Toxophilus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. An early Danish-built CityEl with a cream fabric top in Stockholm, Sweden, in July 2013. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. An orange-and-black closed-top CityEl on a frosty drive in Denmark in December 2007. Photo: Allan Høiberg, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  8. A yellow Danish-registered CityEl with its canopy raised and a dog sitting in the luggage space, in Denmark in September 2007. Photo: Allan Høiberg, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  9. A white CityEl head-on on indoor display in October 2019. Photo: কুমুদ ঘোষ, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A CityEl decorated with flowers on a stand at Epoqu’auto, Lyon, France, in November 2007. Photo: Clément Bucco-Lechat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A red CityEl Fact 4 from the front three-quarter in November 2016. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A blue CityEl FactFour in a snowy car park in December 2009. Photo: Reise Reise, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A red CityEl Fact 4 parked beside an office building, side view, in November 2016. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A blue CityEl FactFour in profile in a snowy car park in December 2009. Photo: Reise Reise, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A blue CityEl FactFour from the rear three-quarter, showing its roof spoiler, in December 2009. Photo: Reise Reise, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A green CityEl with a TargaFun-style fabric centre top parked on a city street in Finland in May 2010. Photo: Mace Ojala, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  17. A red CityEl Fun with its roll-back top parked in a street in Eupen, Belgium, in September 2009. Photo: Norbert Schnitzler, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  18. A red CityEl Fun from directly behind in Eupen, Belgium, in September 2009, with its 45 km/h disc. Photo: Norbert Schnitzler, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  19. A red CityEl Fun head-on in Eupen, Belgium, in September 2009, showing its single front wheel. Photo: Norbert Schnitzler, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  20. A silver-and-red Mini-El parked in a street in August 2013. Photo: Reise Reise, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A white CityCom Mini-El in a Bristol street, England, in 2007. Photo: Anachrocomputer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A silver-and-red Mini-El from the rear three-quarter, parked in a street in August 2013. Photo: Reise Reise, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. Danish-built Mini-El of 1987, lettered for Randers Kommunale Værker, on museum display with its information board in August 2009. Photo: EPO, Attribution (Wikimedia Commons), via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A Mini-El, dated 1995 by the museum, at the Deutsches Automuseum, Schloss Langenburg, Germany, in July 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A white Mini-El City on display beside other small electric cars in a museum in April 2016. Photo: Auledas, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. Looking down into the cockpit of a yellow CityEl with its canopy open, photographed in 2006. Photo: Gerfriedc, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. The roll-over bar with an extra LED brake lamp, behind the seat of a CityEl, photographed in August 2009. Photo: Allan Høiberg, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  28. The moulded dashboard top and windscreen of a CityEl with its optional speakers, photographed in August 2007. Photo: Allan Høiberg, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  29. The dashboard and steering wheel of a 2010 CityEl, photographed in April 2010. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A yellow CityEl with its canopy hinged up to show the seat and roll bar, photographed in 2007. Photo: Aminorjourney, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A red CityEl Fact 4 with its canopy raised to show the seat and roll-over bar, in November 2016. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. Headlamp, indicator and wiper mounts on the nose of a yellow CityEl, photographed in April 2008. Photo: Allan Høiberg, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  33. A week’s shopping packed into the rear luggage space of a yellow CityEl, photographed in August 2007. Photo: Allan Høiberg, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  34. A red Twike 3 Active parked under a tree on a country lane in May 2007. Photo: Franko30, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A green 2010 Pure Mobility Buddy at Classic Remise, Düsseldorf, Germany. Photo: Detectandpreserve, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A Sinclair C5 on grass at the Nottingham Motor Show in 2026. Photo: Aethonatic, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A red 2013 Renault Twizy 80 on grass in December 2021. Photo: PabloLinoCalleBoulicaud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, CityEl, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  2. German Wikipedia, CityEL, read in full with its references. de.wikipedia.org
  3. ellert.info, “Introduktion”, the Danish owners’ site, about 2002, read in full. www.ellert.info
  4. CityEL (Krabatt UG), “Unternehmen: Historie der Unternehmung CityEL”, the maker’s history, read in an archived copy of 18 August 2014. web.archive.org
  5. “Udstilling: Ellert – elektriske drømme”, news of Museum Østjylland’s exhibition, detsker.dk, 2025. www.detsker.dk
  6. ellert.info, “Hvad er en Ellert” and “Specielle Ellerter”, read in full. www.ellert.info
  7. heise autos, “Läuft länger: CityEL jetzt mit Lithium-Akku”, 12 September 2008, read in full. www.heise.de
  8. German Wikipedia, Twike, and Twike Klub, “Wie entstand das TWIKE”. de.wikipedia.org

Commuter Cars Tango: the 39-inch tandem electric car

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A yellow Commuter Cars Tango T600 at the California Automobile Museum, Sacramento, United States, in April 2022. Photo: DestinationFearFan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A dark blue Commuter Cars Tango T600 on Washington plates, parked nose-out at a street corner in Vancouver, Canada, in December 2011. Photo: Mike W., CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  3. The driver’s seat, roll cage and dashboard of a blue Commuter Cars Tango T600 at Half Moon Bay, California, United States, in April 2009. Photo: BrokenSphere, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A dark blue Commuter Cars Tango T600 in profile at the kerb in Vancouver, Canada, in December 2011, a pedestrian passing for scale. Photo: Mike W., CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  5. A blue Commuter Cars Tango T600 at the Pacific Coast Dream Machines show, Half Moon Bay Airport, California, United States, in April 2009. Photo: BrokenSphere, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A dark blue Commuter Cars Tango T600 at a parking meter beside a Starbucks in Vancouver, Canada, in December 2011. Photo: Mike W., CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  7. A yellow Commuter Cars Tango T600 from the rear three-quarter at the California Automobile Museum, Sacramento, United States, in April 2022. Photo: DestinationFearFan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A dark blue Commuter Cars Tango T600 from behind in a parking bay in Vancouver, Canada, in December 2011. Photo: Mike W., CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  9. A blue Commuter Cars Tango T600 seen head-on with its door open at the Pacific Coast Dream Machines show, Half Moon Bay, California, United States, in April 2009. Photo: BrokenSphere, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. The aluminium floor of a Commuter Cars Tango T600, over its low-mounted batteries, at Half Moon Bay, California, United States, in April 2009. Photo: BrokenSphere, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A blue Commuter Cars Tango T600 with its rear hatch open, showing the tandem rear seat, at Half Moon Bay, California, United States, in April 2009. Photo: BrokenSphere, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A turquoise 1960 KR200 with whitewall tyres at an Australian show in 2014. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A red 2013 Renault Twizy 80 on grass in December 2021. Photo: PabloLinoCalleBoulicaud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A red and black 2001 Smart City-Coupé passion (450) ‘Softouch’ in Leamington Spa, England, in January 2020. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Commuter Cars Tango, read in full with its reference list. Used as a lead; it cites Time, CNN Money, AnnArbor.com, the New Zealand Herald (14 February 2014) and Car and Driver (26 October 2018). en.wikipedia.org
  2. Commuter Cars Corporation, website pages “Specs”, “FAQs”, “Buy/Lease/Rent”, “Acceleration & Torque”, “Press” and the home page, 2026 versions. commutercars.com

Cony Guppy: a two-pedal pickup below the kei class, 1961

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red 1962 Cony Guppy at a classic car meeting in Hisaya Odori Park, Nagoya, in 2022. Photo: KKPCW（Kyu3）, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A red 1962 Cony Guppy from behind in Hisaya Odori Park, Nagoya, in 2022, showing the tiny load bed over its rear engine. Photo: KKPCW（Kyu3）, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The red Cony Guppy Sports, the open conversion made by the dealer Aichi Giant, in the Toyota Automobile Museum in 2008. Photo: Mytho88, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A cream 1962 Cony Guppy in the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A red 1962 Cony Guppy nearly head-on at a meeting in Hisaya Odori Park, Nagoya, in 2022. Photo: KKPCW（Kyu3）, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. The Motorcar Museum of Japan’s Guppy, labelled by the museum as a Super Guppy, in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A maroon Mazda R360 Coupe at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, Germany, in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A 1957 Daihatsu Midget DKA at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2018. Photo: Rikita, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. The Suzuki museum’s Carry FB from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Japanese Wikipedia, Cony Guppy, read in full. Its references include Aichi Kikai Kōgyō’s fifty-year company history, Motor Fan of June and July 1961, Gakken’s 360 cc Kei Nostalgia (2009) and Kimura Nobuyuki’s history of the Giant and Cony. ja.wikipedia.org
  2. Toyota Automobile Museum, collection database, record 264 (Cony Guppy Sports AF8), read in full. toyota-automobile-museum.jp
  3. English Wikipedia, Cony Guppy, read as wikitext; used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  4. Japanese Wikipedia, Mazda R360 Coupe, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org

Corbin Sparrow: the one-seat freeway electric trike

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. An orange 2000 Corbin Sparrow ‘Jelly Bean’ from the front three-quarter at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Gold Corbin Sparrow in profile at the Petersen Automotive Museum, Los Angeles, in October 2021, showing its single rear wheel and teardrop shape. Photo: Bill Abbott, CC BY 4.0, via Flickr.
  3. A purple Corbin Sparrow in ZAP livery at a show in November 2004, its front panel open on the electrics. Photo: BrokenSphere, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A lime-green Myers Motors NmG nose-on at the Renewable Energy Roundup, Fredericksburg, Texas, in September 2006. Photo: cara fealy choate, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  5. A weathered purple Corbin Sparrow parked against an ivy-covered wall in West Seattle in September 2012. Photo: c5karl, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  6. Gold Corbin Sparrow from the front quarter at the Petersen Automotive Museum, Los Angeles, in October 2021, showing its two front wheels and teardrop body. Photo: Bill Abbott, CC BY 4.0, via Flickr.
  7. An orange 2000 Corbin Sparrow ‘Jelly Bean’ in profile at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in July 2014. Photo: bertknot, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A blue Corbin Sparrow on roped-off display in Japan in October 2009. Photo: Yuya Tamai, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  9. A blue Corbin Sparrow from the rear three-quarter on display in Japan in October 2009. Photo: Yuya Tamai, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  10. A light-blue Corbin Sparrow parked at a kerb under trees, rear three-quarter. Photo: Terrible Tim, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A yellow Corbin Sparrow with blue graphics in a car park in the United States in April 2009. Photo: Mike Weston, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  12. A weathered purple Corbin Sparrow from behind, with its Washington plate, in West Seattle in September 2012. Photo: c5karl, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  13. An orange 2000 Corbin Sparrow ‘Jelly Bean’ from a low front angle at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. An orange 2000 Corbin Sparrow ‘Jelly Bean’ at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. An orange Corbin Sparrow in a small museum with a BMW Isetta behind, in October 2005. Photo: Jason Sullivan, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. Three Corbin Sparrows, two white and one red, at an electric-vehicle event in May 2016. Photo: Canuckle, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. The dashboard and steering wheel of a lime-green Myers Motors NmG, the revived Sparrow, in September 2006. Photo: cara fealy choate, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  18. A white Corbin Sparrow in Electra Meccanica livery outside the company’s premises in New Westminster, Canada, in September 2016. Photo: Canuckle, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A blue Corbin Sparrow from directly behind on display in Japan in October 2009. Photo: Yuya Tamai, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  20. Gold Corbin Sparrow head-on at the Petersen Automotive Museum, Los Angeles, in October 2021, its twin small lamps above the nose. Photo: Bill Abbott, CC BY 4.0, via Flickr.
  21. A red and white GEM e4 four-seater used for village tours, photographed in July 2006. Photo: Weatherman1126, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. An early 2006 ZAP Xebra sedan in Ocean Blue parked outside an office building. Photo: stu_spivack, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A yellow closed-top CityEl parked on a cobbled pavement against a grey house wall in January 2022. Photo: crash71100, CC0 1.0, via Flickr.
  24. A red Twike 3 Active parked under a tree on a country lane in May 2007. Photo: Franko30, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. “The Eclectic Electric Sparrow”, Makes That Didn’t Make It, 21 June 2020. www.makesthatdidntmakeit.com
  2. English Wikipedia, Myers EV (the history of Corbin Motors and Myers Motors), read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  3. English Wikipedia, Myers Motors NmG, read. en.wikipedia.org
  4. “Hot news April 21 2003”, Powersports Business, known only from a quoted snippet; not read. powersportsbusiness.com

Crosley Farm-O-Road: a tractor-jeep for small farms

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red Crosley Farm-O-Road at the Orphan Car Show in Ypsilanti, Michigan, in 2007. Photo: John Lloyd, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A black Crosley Farm-O-Road with the dual rear wheels option on display in Lyman, Washington, in 2011. Photo: John Lloyd, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A white Crofton Bug, the Farm-O-Road’s descendant, at the Lane Motor Museum in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A Crosley Farm-O-Road on display in a shopping mall in Willmar in 2013. Photo: Greg Gjerdingen, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The red Crosley Farm-O-Road from the rear quarter, showing its load box. Photo: Greg Gjerdingen, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. The Crosley Farm-O-Road from the right rear quarter, with the spare wheel on its flank. Photo: Greg Gjerdingen, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The black Farm-O-Road in Bismarck with its rear bed extension and dual rear wheels. Photo: Greg Gjerdingen, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A black Crosley Farm-O-Road from behind in Bismarck, North Dakota, in 2012. Photo: Greg Gjerdingen, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A white Crofton Bug from the front quarter. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A cream 1939 Crosley convertible coupé on the Crosley Radio stand at CES, Las Vegas, in January 2012. Photo: The Conmunity – Pop Culture Geek, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A red King Midget Model III with a white top, parked in Leavenworth, Washington, in 2009. Photo: joaquin uy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. The Martin Stationette at the Lane Motor Museum in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. An olive Steyr-Puch Haflinger 700 AP with a cream canvas tilt, AJM 678A, at the Haflinger meeting in IJmuiden, Netherlands, in April 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Lane Motor Museum, “Crosley Farm•O•Road – 1951”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  2. Jim Allen, “1950 Crosley Farm-O-Road – Backward Glances”, FourWheeler, 27 February 2015, read in full. www.motortrend.com
  3. Crosley Automobile Club, “Details on FarmOroad”, read in full. crosleyautoclub.com
  4. English Wikipedia, Crosley Motors, the Farm-O-Road and engine sections, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Old Cars Weekly (28 March 2011) and FourWheeler (2015). en.wikipedia.org
  5. The Makes That Didn’t Make It, “Crofton Bug”, read in full. www.makesthatdidntmakeit.com
  6. Lane Motor Museum, “Crofton Bug – 1961”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  7. Crosley Automobile Club, “Crofton Bug”, read in full. crosleyautoclub.com
  8. Crosley Automobile Club, “Crosley in the Movies” and “Statistics”, searched for the Farm-O-Road and the Crofton. crosleyautoclub.com
  9. Crosley Automobile Club, home page, read. crosleyautoclub.com

Crosley: the radio king’s small cars, 1939–⁠52

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A cream 1939 Crosley convertible coupé on the Crosley Radio stand at CES, Las Vegas, in January 2012. Photo: The Conmunity – Pop Culture Geek, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The 1937 Crosley CRAD prototype, the first Crosley test car, at the Eyes on Design show, Grosse Pointe Shores, Michigan, in June 2017. Photo: JOHN LLOYD, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A blue 1941 Crosley Covered Wagon with a canvas cab top at the Tallahassee Automobile Museum, Florida, in December 2021. Photo: Eric Friedebach, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A silver 1946 Crosley CC Four sedan at the Greenwich Concours d’Elegance, Connecticut, in June 2024. Photo: Charles, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A white 1949 Crosley Hotshot among Crosley radios and refrigerators at the Deer Park museum, Escondido, California, in June 2011. Photo: Alden Jewell, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A yellow 1939–⁠40 Crosley convertible coupé with its top folded at the AACA Museum, Hershey, Pennsylvania, in February 2011. Photo: JOHN LLOYD, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A white 1939 Crosley convertible sedan with its top raised at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A dark blue 1942 Crosley CB42 Liberty Sedan, the first Crosley with a steel roof, at a car show in the United States in July 2015. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A red and white open Crosley, described by its photographer as a 1948 model, at the New London to New Brighton Antique Car Run, Minnesota, in August 2012. Photo: Greg Gjerdingen, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A blue and white pre-war Crosley with red wheels at the Eyes on Design show, Grosse Pointe Shores, Michigan, in June 2017. Photo: Hugo-90, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  11. The rear of the Lane Motor Museum’s white 1939 Crosley convertible sedan in Nashville in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A 1940 Crosley convertible sedan with a peach top on display in the United States, photographed by January 2006. Photo: Two Hawk’s Eye, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The rear of a dark blue 1942 Crosley CB42 Liberty Sedan at a car show in the United States in July 2015. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. The rear of a red and white open Crosley, described by its photographer as a 1948 model, at the New London to New Brighton Antique Car Run, Minnesota, in August 2012. Photo: Greg Gjerdingen, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A cream Crosley Hotshot in racing number 19, captioned by its photographer as the car that won the first Sebring race in 1950, on display in the United States in March 2019. Photo: Richardvining, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A yellow 1939–⁠40 Crosley convertible coupé behind stanchions at the AACA Museum, Hershey, Pennsylvania, in December 2010. Photo: Klaus Nahr, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A white Crosley station wagon beside a Nash Metropolitan at the Red Barn car show, Gilmore Car Museum, Michigan, in August 2005. Photo: Joe Ross, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A blue pre-war Crosley convertible sedan with a black top on museum display in the United States in October 2012. Photo: Anackire, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  19. A blue 1949 Crosley station wagon at the Automobile Driving Museum, El Segundo, California, in May 2018. Photo: Daderot, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A green 1950 Crosley CD pick-up at a car show in the United States in July 2015. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A red 1950 Crosley CD sedan at Das Awkscht Fescht, Macungie, Pennsylvania, in August 2015. Photo: Christopher Ziemnowicz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A teal 1950 Crosley CD station wagon at the Central Texas Museum of Automotive History, Rosanky, in July 2007. Photo: Larry D. Moore, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A cream 1951 Crosley CD Super Station Wagon on Long Island, New York, in October 2019. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A red 1951 Crosley pick-up equipped as a miniature fire truck at the IAA, Frankfurt, in September 2019. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  25. A red 1951 Crosley Super Sedan Deluxe with its bonnet raised at Motor Muster, Greenfield Village, Dearborn, in June 2015. Photo: F. D. Richards, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  26. A green 1950 Crosley CD Four Super sedan at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in March 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A green 1950 Crosley CD Four Super sedan at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2018. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. The rear of a red 1950 Crosley CD sedan at Das Awkscht Fescht, Macungie, Pennsylvania, in August 2015. Photo: Christopher Ziemnowicz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. The rear of a turquoise 1951 Crosley station wagon at a car show in the United States in July 2015. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A teal Crosley CD station wagon on museum display in Auburn, Indiana, in September 2013. Photo: Lebubu93, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A green 1950 Crosley CD Four Super sedan seen head-on at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in March 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A green 1950 Crosley CD Four Super sedan with its information card at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in August 2015. Photo: Zairon, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. The Crosley runabout lettered for Ike and Mamie Eisenhower in the farm garage at the Eisenhower National Historic Site, Gettysburg, in August 2022. Photo: Mary O’Neill, National Park Service, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A blue Crosley CD sedan and a red Super Sports side by side at the Automobiles of the World museum, Moscow, in December 2025. Photo: Sergey A. Demidov, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. Red post-war Crosley sedan and station wagon in the Crosley line-up at the Eyes on Design show, Grosse Pointe Shores, Michigan, in June 2017. Photo: Hugo-90, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  36. The rear of a blue 1949 Crosley station wagon at the Automobile Driving Museum, El Segundo, California, in May 2018. Photo: Daderot, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A blue 1949 Crosley station wagon seen head-on at the Automobile Driving Museum, El Segundo, California, in May 2018. Photo: Daderot, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A rusty Crosley CD sedan awaiting restoration in a workshop in the United States in June 2006. Photo: Hank Chapot, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A green 1946 Crosley CC sedan among other cars in a European museum. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  40. A turquoise Crosley CC sedan with red wheels at Autoworld, Brussels, in February 2023. Photo: Stratoswift, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. An unrestored green 1948 Crosley CC station wagon at Autos East, Madison County, Virginia, in July 2008. Photo: Bill McChesney, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A cream 1948 Crosley CC station wagon on museum display in the United States in October 2019. Photo: Wagon Master Johnson, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A grey 1948 Crosley CC Four station wagon at the Gilmore Car Museum, Hickory Corners, Michigan, in August 2020. Photo: aaronx, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  44. A silver 1946 Crosley CC Four sedan towing a drop-tank trailer at the Greenwich Concours d’Elegance, Connecticut, in June 2024. Photo: Charles, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A turquoise Crosley CC sedan in profile at Autoworld, Brussels, in August 2021. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  46. A grey 1948 Crosley CC Four station wagon in profile at the Gilmore Car Museum, Hickory Corners, Michigan, in August 2020. Photo: aaronx, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  47. A red Crosley CC sedan parked in a Brooklyn street, New York, in October 2008. Photo: Team Dustizeff, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. The rear of a silver 1946 Crosley CC Four sedan at the Greenwich Concours d’Elegance, Connecticut, in June 2024. Photo: Charles, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. The rear of a grey 1948 Crosley CC station wagon at the Gilmore Car Museum, Hickory Corners, Michigan, in May 2024. Photo: aaronx, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  50. The tailgate of a cream 1948 Crosley CC station wagon on museum display in the United States in October 2019. Photo: Wagon Master Johnson, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A grey 1948 Crosley CC station wagon seen from the front at the Gilmore Car Museum, Hickory Corners, Michigan, in May 2024. Photo: aaronx, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  52. A yellow 1948 Crosley CC station wagon with its bonnet raised at a car show in Ohio in June 2023. Photo: Captainpisslord, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A cream 1948 Crosley CC Four station wagon in a glass case at the Ohio History Center, Columbus, in June 2022. Photo: DogsRNice, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A red 1949 Crosley Hotshot at the Stockyard Days car show, New Brighton, Minnesota, in August 2011. Photo: Greg Gjerdingen, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. A red 1949 Crosley Hotshot at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in July 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. A dark blue 1950 Crosley Hotshot roadster at a car show in the United States in July 2015. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. An orange 1950 Crosley Hotshot behind stanchions on museum display in the United States in March 2022. Photo: Tim Evanson, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  58. An orange 1950 Crosley Hotshot from the left front on museum display in the United States in March 2022. Photo: Tim Evanson, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  59. A red 1950 Crosley Hotshot with its top raised at Das Awkscht Fescht, Macungie, Pennsylvania, in August 2021. Photo: Christopher Ziemnowicz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  60. A yellow 1950 Crosley Hotshot at Lime Rock Park, Connecticut, in September 2022. Photo: Charles, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. A cream 1951 Crosley Hotshot at the Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan, in August 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. A cream 1951 Crosley Hotshot with its bonnet raised at the Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan, in February 2016. Photo: Joe Ross, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  63. The rear of a red 1949 Crosley Hotshot at the Stockyard Days car show, New Brighton, Minnesota, in August 2011. Photo: Greg Gjerdingen, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. The rear of a red 1950 Crosley Hotshot at Das Awkscht Fescht, Macungie, Pennsylvania, in August 2021. Photo: Christopher Ziemnowicz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  65. The rear of a cream 1951 Crosley Hotshot at the Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan, in February 2016. Photo: Joe Ross, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  66. The tail of a red 1949 Crosley Hotshot at the Stockyard Days car show, New Brighton, Minnesota, in August 2011. Photo: Greg Gjerdingen, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  67. A red 1950 Crosley Hotshot seen head-on at Das Awkscht Fescht, Macungie, Pennsylvania, in August 2021. Photo: Christopher Ziemnowicz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  68. The tail of an orange 1950 Crosley Hotshot on museum display in the United States in March 2022. Photo: Tim Evanson, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  69. A mint-green 1950 Crosley Super Sports at the Cincinnati Concours d’Elegance, Ault Park, Ohio, in June 2025. Photo: Crosleyhotshot, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  70. A mint-green 1950 Crosley Super Sports at Pinecroft, Powel Crosley’s estate in Cincinnati, Ohio, in November 2025. Photo: Crosleyhotshot, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  71. A cream 1951 Crosley Super Sports at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  72. A red 1952 Crosley Super Sports with its top raised at the AACA Fall Meet, Hershey, Pennsylvania, in October 2019. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  73. A cream Crosley Super Sports at the AACA Eastern Region Fall Meet, Hershey, Pennsylvania, in October 2009. Photo: JOHN LLOYD, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  74. The rear of a white 1951 Crosley Super Sports, with the doors that set it apart from the Hotshot, at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  75. The rear of a red 1952 Crosley Super Sports at the Zephyrhills Winter Autofest, Florida, in February 2014. Photo: Michel Curi, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  76. A cream 1951 Crosley Super Sports seen head-on on museum display in the United States in September 2012. Photo: dozier.donald, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  77. A red Crosley Super Sports seen head-on at the Automobiles of the World museum, Moscow, in December 2025. Photo: Sergey A. Demidov, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  78. A bare Crosley CoBra copper-brazed sheet-steel engine block and cam cover in the United States in November 2006. Photo: Jeremy Mikesell, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  79. A complete Crosley CoBra engine on a display stand in the United States in November 2006. Photo: Jeremy Mikesell, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  80. A supercharged Crosley-based racing four on a museum stand in the United States, in a photograph dated January 2000. Photo: Hugo-90, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  81. The chassis and beam front axle of a 1942 Crosley CB42 Liberty Sedan at a car show in the United States in July 2015. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  82. A weathered hubcap lettered CROSLEY on an unrestored 1948 CC station wagon at Autos East, Madison County, Virginia, in July 2008. Photo: bsabarnowl, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  83. The dashboard of a 1949 Crosley station wagon at the Automobile Driving Museum, El Segundo, California, in May 2018. Photo: Daderot, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  84. The cast-iron overhead-camshaft four of a 1951 Crosley Super Sedan Deluxe at Motor Muster, Greenfield Village, Dearborn, in June 2015. Photo: F. D. Richards, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  85. A red 1952 Crosley Super Station Wagon with its bonnet raised at Lime Rock Park, Connecticut, in September 2022. Photo: Charles, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  86. A red Crosley CD sedan with its bonnet raised at the Orphan Car Show, Ypsilanti, Michigan, in June 2007. Photo: JOHN LLOYD, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  87. A red Crosley pick-up fire truck with its bonnet raised at the AACA Eastern Region Fall Meet, Hershey, Pennsylvania, in October 2009. Photo: JOHN LLOYD, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  88. The Crosley crest on the nose of a 1949 station wagon at the Automobile Driving Museum, El Segundo, California, in May 2018. Photo: Daderot, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  89. The chrome bird mascot of a green 1950 Crosley CD Four Super at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in March 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  90. The dashboard of a red 1950 Crosley Hotshot at Das Awkscht Fescht, Macungie, Pennsylvania, in August 2021. Photo: Christopher Ziemnowicz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  91. The dashboard and floor controls of an orange 1950 Crosley Hotshot on museum display in the United States in March 2022. Photo: Tim Evanson, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  92. The overhead-camshaft four set well back in a 1951 Crosley Hotshot at the Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan, in February 2016. Photo: Joe Ross, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  93. The doorless cockpit side of a red 1950 Crosley Hotshot at Das Awkscht Fescht, Macungie, Pennsylvania, in August 2021. Photo: Christopher Ziemnowicz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  94. The Crosley crest on the nose of an orange 1950 Hotshot on museum display in the United States in March 2022. Photo: Tim Evanson, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  95. The Hotshot script on the flank of an orange 1950 Crosley Hotshot on museum display in the United States in March 2022. Photo: Tim Evanson, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  96. A gold 1948 Crosley station wagon dressed as a ‘Tiki Taxi’ at the LeMay Family Collection open house, Washington, in August 2011. Photo: JOHN LLOYD, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  97. A red midget racing car powered by a Crosley CoBra engine on museum display in the United States in September 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  98. A Crosley CT-3 Pup air-portable military runabout of 1943 at the Eyes on Design show, Grosse Pointe Shores, Michigan, in June 2017. Photo: JOHN LLOYD, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  99. An orange Crosley Hotshot racer stored on a shelf at the LeMay Family Collection, Washington, in August 2011. Photo: JOHN LLOYD, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  100. A pre-war Crosley convertible in bare metal, mid-restoration, at the Unfinished Nationals car show in Elma, Washington, in August 2009. Photo: Hugo-90, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  101. A red 1932 American Austin coupé at the Old Car Festival in Greenfield Village, Dearborn, Michigan, in September 2013. Photo: F. D. Richards from Clinton, MI, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  102. A red Crosley Farm-O-Road at the Orphan Car Show in Ypsilanti, Michigan, in 2007. Photo: John Lloyd, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  103. A red King Midget Model III with a white top, parked in Leavenworth, Washington, in 2009. Photo: joaquin uy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  104. The Martin Stationette at the Lane Motor Museum in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Crosley Motors, read in full with its infobox. Used as a lead; it cites Banks in Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History (2007), Popular Science and Hemmings. en.wikipedia.org
  2. Jan Eyerman, “Of Super Sports & Cobras”, parts 1 and 2, Crosley Automobile Club Quarterly, December 1976 and March 1977, read in full. www.crosleyautoclub.com
  3. Crosley Automobile Club, “Details on Pre-War Models 1939–⁠1942”, read in full. www.crosleyautoclub.com
  4. Lane Motor Museum, “Crosley Convertible Sedan, 1939” and “Crosley Hotshot (Crosmobile), 1949”, collection pages, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  5. RM Sotheby’s, catalogue of RM Auctions’ California sale, 2013, lot 828, 1939 Crosley 1A Convertible, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  6. Consumer Guide, “Crosley: Forgotten Car Brands”, read in full. blog.consumerguide.com
  7. Martin Auto Museum, “1939 Crosley Convertible”, read in full. www.martinautomuseum.org
  8. Crosley Automobile Club, “Details on CC Models 1946–⁠1948”, read in full. www.crosleyautoclub.com
  9. Crosley Automobile Club, “Crosley Firsts”, read in full. www.crosleyautoclub.com
  10. Crosley Automobile Club, “Statistics”, with the Wards Automobile Yearbook 1953 table and the Crosley Owner’s Club Bulletin, read in full. www.crosleyautoclub.com
  11. Crosley Automobile Club, “Details on CD Models 1949–⁠1952”, introduction read. www.crosleyautoclub.com
  12. Crosley Automobile Club, “Details on Hotshot & Super Sports”, read in full. www.crosleyautoclub.com
  13. Crosley Automobile Club, “Forgotten History: The First Sebring Race on 12/31/1950”, from accounts by Barry Seel and Louis Rugani, read in full. www.crosleyautoclub.com
  14. Crosley Automobile Club, “Crosleys in the Movies & TV Shows”, read in part. www.crosleyautoclub.com
  15. Crosley Automobile Club, home page, read. www.crosleyautoclub.com

Cub Commuter: a Taiwanese three-wheeler for America, 1982

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A blue 1975 Badal three-wheeler in the Gedee Car Museum. Photo: Rainer Halama, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A 1981 Suzuki CV-1 in the Louwman Museum, from the front quarter. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1982 Cub Commuter”, archived copy of 1 October 2005, read in full. web.archive.org
  2. Lane Motor Museum, “Cub Commuter – 1982”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  3. Bike-urious, “Serial #1 – 1982 Cub Commuter Microcar Project”, read in full. bike-urious.com
  4. Hooniverse, “Craigslist find: TWO 1982 Cub Commuter microcars!”, read in full with its comments. www.hooniverse.com

Cyclecars elsewhere: 24 makers in 11 countries

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A grey 1925 Bjering with its hood up at the Norsk Teknisk Museum, Oslo, Norway, in November 2014. Photo: Bjoertvedt, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Bjering of 1919 on a snowy Norwegian street, runners fitted in place of its front wheels and chains on its rear tyres, about 1920. Photo: Norsk Teknisk Museum, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Maroon Schasche single-seat racing cyclecar of 1928, built for the 1929 cyclecar record, with its exposed Saroléa engine, from the front quarter. Photo: Frankseeger, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Cyklonetka cyclecar prototype of 1939 in Poland, with its makers and onlookers standing behind it. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Maroon Schasche racing cyclecar of 1928 from behind, its pointed tail between the narrow-track rear wheels. Photo: Frankseeger, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A 1925 Bjering head-on on its front skis at the Norsk Teknisk Museum, Oslo, Norway, in November 2014. Photo: Bjoertvedt, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A Bjering winter car in a snow-scene display at the Norsk Teknisk Museum, Oslo, Norway. Photo: Norsk Teknisk Museum, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Maroon Schasche racing cyclecar of 1928 seen from above on paving, its narrow body tapering to a pointed tail behind the cockpit. Photo: Frank Seeger, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Blue Amilcar CC roadster of 1921–⁠22 from the front quarter at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim, Germany, in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. 1913 Scripps-Booth JB Rocket in the Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan, in September 2024. Photo: Warren LeMay, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  11. Red David cyclecar No. 17 on show in Barcelona, Spain, before the Barcelona–Sitges rally in March 2012. Photo: Jordi Payà, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. Cream 1922 Koco two-seater at the Autostadt, Wolfsburg, Germany, in June 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. O-We-Go tandem cyclecar of 1914 in orange, lettered OWEGO behind a chain in a museum. Photo: Aaron Headly, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A red Fram-King-Fulda at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Cyclecar: the 1912 FICM classes and the list of makers by country, read. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  2. “A Canadian Cyclecar Announced”, Motor Age, 4 December 1913, snippet only. archive.org
  3. Cyclecar directory, entry “C.B.C., Canadian Baby Car Co., Montreal”, Motor Age, 15 January 1914, entry read. archive.org
  4. Norwegian Wikipedia, Bjering, summary read. Used as a lead. no.wikipedia.org
  5. German Wikipedia, Grofri, summary read. Used as a lead; it cites Linz and Schrader (2008) and Gilles Fournier, Amilcar (1994). de.wikipedia.org
  6. English Wikipedia, Amilcar, read: the licences to Pluto, Grofri and Amilcar Italiana. en.wikipedia.org
  7. German Wikipedia, Pluto Automobilfabrik, summary read, for the Amilcar licences. de.wikipedia.org
  8. German Wikipedia, Schasche-Cyclecar, summary read. Used as a lead; it cites the Allgemeine Automobil-Zeitung of 1 April 1929, Seper, Krackowizer and Brusatti, Österreichische Kraftfahrzeuge, and W. M. Buchta in Austro Classic. de.wikipedia.org
  9. English Wikipedia, Cyklonetka, summary read. Used as a lead; flagged by Wikipedia as poorly sourced. en.wikipedia.org

Cyklon Cyklonette: Berlin’s front-drive tricar, 1902–⁠1923

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A 1904 Cyklon Cyklonette showing its engine on the front wheel at the Deutsches Museum Verkehrszentrum, Munich, Germany, in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Georg Knobloch of Radeberg and a lady seated in their 1904 Cyklon Cyklonette, Saxony, Germany, about 1904. Photo: Unknown photographer, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The Dutch actor Louis Bouwmeester Sr. and his daughter on holiday in a Cyklonette, G‑5214, in the Netherlands in 1916. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Two Phänomobil delivery vans of the grocer Arvid Nordqvist in Stockholm, Sweden, about 1913. Photo: Tekniska museet, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A dark green 1921 Phänomobil Zn 12 PS coupé at the Museum für sächsische Fahrzeuge, Chemnitz, Germany, in February 2013. Photo: Brücke-Osteuropa, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A black 1904 Cyklon Cyklonette with its mesh body and tiller steering at the Deutsches Museum Verkehrszentrum, Munich, Germany. Photo: Mattes, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A green Phänomobil tourer with a driver mannequin at the Verkehrsmuseum Dresden, Germany, in June 2012. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A green 1924 Phänomobil Mobil V tourer with a tan hood at the Verkehrsmuseum Dresden, Germany, in March 2016. Photo: NoRud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A green Phänomobil tourer in profile at the Verkehrsmuseum Dresden, Germany, in June 2012. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A green Phänomobil beside a penny-farthing at the Motorrad- und Technikmuseum, Großschönau, Germany, in June 2022. Photo: RoesslerP, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A 1904 Cyklon Cyklonette seen from above, its tiller over the front engine unit, at the Deutsches Museum Verkehrszentrum, Munich, Germany. Photo: Mattes, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. The raised ‘CYKLON’ name on the engine casing of a 1904 Cyklon Cyklonette at the Deutsches Museum Verkehrszentrum, Munich, Germany, in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The steering column and leather seats of a Phänomobil tourer with its mannequin driver at the Verkehrsmuseum Dresden, Germany, in March 2011. Photo: LutzBruno, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. The front engine and wheel unit of a Phänomobil tourer at the Verkehrsmuseum Dresden, Germany, in June 2012. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. The engine, fans and chain drive on the front wheel of a 1924 Phänomobil Mobil V at the Verkehrsmuseum Dresden, Germany, in March 2016. Photo: NoRud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. The engine-and-front-wheel unit of a 1912 Phänomobil van at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in July 2014. Photo: bertknot, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. The four-cylinder engine and fans of a 1921 Phänomobil Zn at the Museum für sächsische Fahrzeuge, Chemnitz, Germany, in February 2013. Photo: Kolossos, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. The front wheel, headlamp and engine unit of a 1924 Phänomobil Mobil V at the Verkehrsmuseum Dresden, Germany, in March 2016. Photo: NoRud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The Phänomen-Werke Gustav Hiller maker’s plate of a 1921 Phänomobil Zn 12 PS at the Museum für sächsische Fahrzeuge, Chemnitz, Germany, in February 2013. Photo: Michael Wolf, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. An unrestored 1912 Phänomobil delivery van with its engine and fans over the front wheel at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in March 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. An unrestored green 1912 Phänomobil delivery van from the rear three-quarter at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in March 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. The Amsterdam photographer P. B. Kramer beside his Cyklonette, A‑1671, with a child aboard, Netherlands, about 1918. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A Phänomobil three-wheeled cab in a Paris street, France, in 1920. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A family touring in a Phänomobil on a country road in Sweden in 1913. Photo: Tekniska museet, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A 1908 advertisement for the Phänomobil two-seater and delivery van in the Russian magazine Avtomobil. Photo: Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A crowd around a Phänomobil van advertising Centralbadet glycerine soap in Stockholm, Sweden, about 1913. Photo: Tekniska museet, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A Phänomobil van of the Centralbadet laundry in a snowy street in Stockholm, Sweden, about 1913. Photo: Tekniska museet, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A long cortège of Phänomobils driving through Stockholm, Sweden, in 1913. Photo: Axel Malmström (Tekniska museet), CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A Phänomobil tourer with skis in place of its rear wheels in the snow in Sweden, about 1913. Photo: Tekniska museet, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. Phänomobil vans of Rejnholds bakery outside the shop in Stockholm, Sweden, about 1913. Photo: Sven Åsberg (Tekniska museet), CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A Phänomobil two-seater with its driver in Stockholm, Sweden, about 1913. Photo: Tekniska museet, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A Phänomobil mail van of the Swedish Post Office with its crown emblem in Stockholm, Sweden, about 1913. Photo: Axel Malmström (Tekniska museet), CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. Thunn at the wheel of a Phänomobil on the ‘Tour de France’ automobile event, France, on 26 February 1912. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A Phänomobil delivery van of the Viskafors galosh company in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1913. Photo: Axel Malmström (Tekniska museet), CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A blue 1898 Léon Bollée tricar with red-spoked wheels at the Musée automobile de Vendée, France, in September 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A 1910 AC Sociable, AC 1910, on the Sunbeam Motor Cycle Club Pioneer Run from Epsom to Brighton, England, in March 2011. Photo: Rob, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. Black Goliath Pionier coupé with a red stripe at the Borgward meeting in Andernach in September 2007. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. Blue-grey Tempo A 400 three-wheeled pick-up at Jonsdorf, Saxony, in August 2015. Photo: Rainerhaufe, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Cyklon Maschinenfabrik, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Schrader, Deutsche Autos 1885–⁠1920, Oswald, Tragatsch, Omnia (7 January 1911), the Berliner Tageblatt (1905) and the Deutsches Museum’s Archiv-Info (2009). de.wikipedia.org
  2. Stahls Automotive Foundation, “1904 Cyklon Cyklonette Trike”, museum description, read in full. www.stahlsauto.com
  3. English Wikipedia, Cyklon, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites de la Rive Box, The Complete Encyclopedia of Antique Cars (2003). en.wikipedia.org
  4. English Wikipedia, Cyklonetka, read only to tell the unrelated Polish car apart. en.wikipedia.org
  5. German Wikipedia, Phänomobil, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Schrader and Oswald. de.wikipedia.org

Dacia 500 Lăstun: Romania’s only microcar

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A blue Dacia 500 Lăstun in Romania, 2018. Photo: Simiprof, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The dashboard of a Dacia 500 Lăstun. Photo: Simiprof, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A red 1994 VAZ-1111 Oka, wet with rain, in 2020. Photo: gleb, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A white 1973 Fiat 126 of the first series on a woodland verge in England in 2009. Photo: Tony Harrison, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A red and black 2001 Smart City-Coupé passion (450) ‘Softouch’ in Leamington Spa, England, in January 2020. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Alin-Alexandru Ionescu, “Dacia Lăstun. Ideea. Rebutul.”, Autocritica, 26 April 2021, from interviews with the INMT engineer Paul Pascu and from Autoturism. www.autocritica.ro
  2. Cristian Delcea, “Povestea Lăstunului, singurul autoturism interzis de Protecția Consumatorilor”, Adevărul, 30 March 2013. adevarul.ro
  3. Romanian Wikipedia, Dacia 500 Lăstun, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Autoturism (February and April 1989) and Jurnalul Național (2004). ro.wikipedia.org
  4. German Wikipedia, Dacia 500, read in full. Used as a lead; its literature includes Wolfgang Blaube in Oldtimer Markt 3/2022. de.wikipedia.org
  5. English Wikipedia, Dacia Lăstun, read in full. Used as a lead only; it cites Autogreen.ro (2009) for 6,532. en.wikipedia.org

Daihatsu Fellow Max: the 40 PS peak of the 360 cc kei car

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A white 1971 Daihatsu Fellow Max saloon with quad headlamps on display in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A white Daihatsu Fellow Max Hardtop GSL with a black vinyl roof at a meeting in Japan in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A lime-green 1973 Daihatsu Fellow Max four-door Deluxe carrying rally number 88 at a classic car festival in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A white 1979 Daihatsu Max Cuore 550, the Fellow Max’s successor, at Japan Classic Sunday, Gemert, in 2019. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A yellow Daihatsu Cuore of the first Mira generation (L55, 1980–⁠85) in Chile in 2010. Photo: order_242, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A cream Daihatsu Fellow Max Custom two-door in a car park in 2014. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The white 1974 Daihatsu Fellow Max, sold in New Zealand as the 360X, from the front in 2013. Photo: Riley, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The white Daihatsu Fellow Max two-door in profile against a fence in New Zealand in 2013. Photo: Riley, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A white 1974 Daihatsu Fellow Max, the export 360X, parked in a New Zealand street in 2013. Photo: Riley, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. The cream two-door Fellow Max Custom from behind in 2014. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A dark brown Fellow Max four-door, sold abroad as the Daihatsu 360, in Semarapura, Bali, in 2015. Photo: Sabung.hamster, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A blue 1975–⁠76 Daihatsu Fellow Max four-door on Daihatsu’s historic display at the Bologna Motor Show in 2007. Photo: Luc106, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The four-door Fellow Max from the front left at the Bologna Motor Show in 2007. Photo: Luc106, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. The olive 1975 Fellow Max four-door Custom from the front in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A lime-green Daihatsu Fellow Max four-door Deluxe on the grass at a meeting in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A lime-green 1973 Daihatsu Fellow Max four-door Deluxe from behind at a festival in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A Daihatsu Fellow Max four-door, sold for export as the Daihatsu 360, from behind in Semarapura, Bali, in 2015. Photo: Sabung.hamster, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A Daihatsu Fellow Max four-door from behind at the Bologna Motor Show in 2007. Photo: Luc106, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. An olive 1975 Daihatsu Fellow Max four-door Custom from behind, on display in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A lime-green Daihatsu Fellow Max four-door Deluxe from behind at a meeting in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A pale blue 1974 Daihatsu Fellow Max Hardtop on display in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A grey Daihatsu Fellow Max Hardtop with yellow fog lamps at a meeting in 2009. Photo: Ypy31, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A blue 1973 Daihatsu Fellow Max Hardtop GL in the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. The blue 1972 Fellow Max Hardtop TL with its quad headlamps at the 2014 meeting. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A white Daihatsu Fellow Max Hardtop GSL from behind at a meeting in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A blue 1972 Daihatsu Fellow Max Hardtop TL from behind at a meeting in 2014. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. An orange Daihatsu Fellow Max Hardtop SL head-on at Daihatsu Humobility World, Ikeda, in 2025. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. The grille, Daihatsu emblem and fog lamp of the orange Hardtop SL in 2025. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A derelict yellow Daihatsu 360X, the New Zealand name for the Fellow Max, in a Christchurch yard in 2012. Photo: Riley, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. The white Fellow Super Deluxe from the front at Daihatsu Humobility World in 2025. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A very early 1967 Suzuki Fronte 360 Deluxe, with the thicker first-year mouldings, at Suzuki Plaza, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. The Honda Collection Hall’s red N360 from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A white 1970 Subaru R‑2 from the front at a meeting in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A pale green first-generation Mitsubishi Minica Deluxe at a meeting in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A red 1979 Suzuki Alto at Suzuki Plaza, the Suzuki History Museum in Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Japanese Wikipedia, ダイハツ・フェロー (second generation, L38), read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Daihatsu Fellow Max, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  3. Motor Fan, “Daihatsu’s strongest 40 PS sports model, the Fellow MAX SS, debuted in 1970 at ¥398,000” (in Japanese), read in full. motor-fan.jp
  4. webCG, “No. 285: the Alto Turbo RS has a history: tracing Suzuki’s high-performance kei cars (part 1)” (in Japanese), read in full. www.webcg.net
  5. Japanese Wikipedia, スズキ・フロンテ, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  6. Motor Fan, “The Subaru R‑2, successor to the famous Subaru 360…” (in Japanese), 2025, read in full. motor-fan.jp
  7. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan (JSAE), Japanese Automotive Technology 330 Landmarks: Daihatsu Mira Cuore (in Japanese), read in full. It draws on Daihatsu’s Cuore new-model manual of 9 June 1980. www.jsae.or.jp
  8. English Wikipedia, Daihatsu Mira, the L55 and L70 sections read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  9. Japanese Wikipedia, ダイハツ・ミラ, the first and second generations read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  10. English Wikipedia, Daihatsu Leeza, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  11. Japanese Wikipedia, ダイハツ・リーザ, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  12. Japanese Wikipedia, ダイハツ・リーザスパイダー, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  13. GAZOO Meishakan (Toyota), “1988 Daihatsu Leeza Y” (in Japanese), read in the copy archived on 2 July 2002. web.archive.org

Daihatsu Fellow: Daihatsu’s first kei car, 1966–⁠70

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The white Fellow Super Deluxe from the front at Daihatsu Humobility World in 2025. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A 1970 Daihatsu Fellow Pickup (L37P) in red, white and blue National Color TV livery, in 2021. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A black 1967 Daihatsu Fellow Van (L37V) from behind, photographed in 2015. Photo: Muyo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The yellow Fellow Buggy from the front at Daihatsu Humobility World in 2025. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A white 1969–⁠70 Daihatsu Fellow Custom, the late facelift, at a classic meeting in Japan in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A grey 1967 Daihatsu Fellow Deluxe (L37S) in the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A red 1967 Daihatsu Fellow Super Deluxe (L37SU) in the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A white Daihatsu Fellow Custom from behind at a meeting in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A white Daihatsu Fellow Super Deluxe from behind at Daihatsu Humobility World, Ikeda, in 2025. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A white 1967 Daihatsu Fellow in the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A yellow and white Fellow Buggy on display in a shopping centre in 2017. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A red and white 1970 Daihatsu Fellow Buggy at a classic meeting in Japan in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A yellow Daihatsu Fellow Buggy from behind at a shopping-centre display in 2017. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A yellow Daihatsu Fellow Buggy from behind, showing its roll bar and Buggy badge, at Daihatsu Humobility World in 2025. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. The cockpit of a red 1970 Daihatsu Fellow Buggy in 2013: steering wheel, painted dashboard and seats. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A 1970 Daihatsu Fellow Buggy in orange and white with its canvas top, in the Toyota Automobile Museum’s beach display in 2008. Photo: Mytho88, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s Fellow Buggy from behind in 2008. Photo: Mytho88, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A white 1971 Daihatsu Fellow Max saloon with quad headlamps on display in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A pale green first-generation Daihatsu Hijet light van at the Daihatsu 60th-anniversary display, Osaka Auto Messe, Japan, in February 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A 1957 Daihatsu Midget DKA at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2018. Photo: Rikita, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. The Honda Collection Hall’s red N360 from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Japanese Wikipedia, ダイハツ・フェロー, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  2. Motor Fan, “Daihatsu’s strongest 40 PS sports model, the Fellow MAX SS, debuted in 1970 at ¥398,000” (in Japanese), read in full. motor-fan.jp
  3. English Wikipedia, Daihatsu Fellow Max, which covers the Fellow too, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  4. webCG, “No. 285: the Alto Turbo RS has a history: tracing Suzuki’s high-performance kei cars (part 1)” (in Japanese), read in full. www.webcg.net

Daihatsu Hijet: the kei truck with Japan’s oldest kei name

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A pale green first-generation Daihatsu Hijet light van at the Daihatsu 60th-anniversary display, Osaka Auto Messe, Japan, in February 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A first-generation Daihatsu Hijet L35 truck with a canvas tilt in a street in Ishinomaki, Japan, in the early 1960s. Photo: Yasuhiko Ito, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A pale blue Daihatsu Hijet Cab S35P truck, the first cab-over Hijet, at Osaka Auto Messe, Japan, in February 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A yellow fourth-generation Daihatsu Hijet S38V van in profile in a museum in Japan in March 2025. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Every generation of the Daihatsu Hijet lined up at the Daihatsu 60th-anniversary display, Osaka Auto Messe, Japan, in February 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A pale blue 1963 Daihatsu L35 Hijet pick-up at the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, Japan, in November 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A cream 1964 Daihatsu L35 Hijet pick-up at the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, Japan, in November 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A pale blue Daihatsu Hijet L35 pick-up, 19-64, at the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, Japan, in October 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A white third-generation Daihatsu Hijet S37P truck with red seats at Osaka Auto Messe, Japan, in February 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A cream 1963 Daihatsu Hijet Light Van with whitewall tyres from the rear three-quarter at the Toyota Automobile Museum Classic Car Festival, Japan, in April 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A pale green first-generation Daihatsu Hijet light van from the rear three-quarter at Osaka Auto Messe, Japan, in February 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A cream 1963 Daihatsu Hijet Light Van at the Toyota Automobile Museum Classic Car Festival, Japan, in April 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A cream 1979 Daihatsu 55 Wide van with a bull bar on a street in Sydney, Australia, in January 2014. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A red 1982 Daihatsu 55 Wide Cargo van with a roof rack in Chile in May 2012. Photo: RL GNZLZ, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A blue 1977–⁠78 Daihatsu Hijet 55 Wide truck decaying in a yard on Corfu, Greece, in August 2004. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A cream Daihatsu Hijet 55 Wide S60P truck at Osaka Auto Messe, Japan, in February 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A pale blue Daihatsu Hijet Cab S35 truck with a canvas tilt at the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, Japan, in May 2010. Photo: Yones, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A pale blue Daihatsu Hijet Cab S35P truck on a museum floor in Japan in March 2025. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A pale blue Daihatsu Hijet Cab van at a classic car meeting in Japan in November 2015. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A pale blue Daihatsu Hijet Cab S35P truck showing its dropside bed in a museum in Japan in March 2025. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A pale blue Daihatsu Hijet Cab van from the rear three-quarter at a classic car meeting in Japan in November 2015. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A white Daihatsu Hijet S38P truck of 1974–⁠79 at a classic car meeting in Japan in April 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A white fourth-generation Daihatsu Hijet S38P truck at the Just My Taste meeting, Tarui, Gifu, Japan, in April 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A yellow fourth-generation Daihatsu Hijet S38V van in a museum in Japan in March 2025. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A white Daihatsu Hijet S38P truck of 1974–⁠79 from the rear three-quarter at a classic car meeting in Japan in April 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A yellow fourth-generation Daihatsu Hijet S38V van head-on at Osaka Auto Messe, Japan, in February 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. The cab of a fourth-generation Daihatsu Hijet S38V van, with tan seats and a steering wheel, in a museum in Japan in March 2025. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. The ‘Daihatsu 55 Wide’ badge on the nose of a cream 1979 van in Sydney, Australia, in January 2014. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. The red and chrome Daihatsu badge on the grille of a first-generation Daihatsu Hijet light van at Osaka Auto Messe, Japan, in February 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A rusty blue Daihatsu Hijet S40P Super Deluxe truck decorated for a festival in Yamagata, Gifu, Japan, in October 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A brown and white 1981 Daihatsu 55 Wide minibus on the market place in Uetersen, Germany, in July 2011. Photo: Huhu Uet, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A red 1981 Daihatsu 55 Wide high-roof van in Chile in April 2009. Photo: order_242, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A blue 1983 Daihatsu 850 Cab pick-up, the export Hijet, with wooden stake sides in Chile in May 2011. Photo: order_242, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A red 1983 Daihatsu Hijet Jumbo truck with its extended cab at an indoor event in Japan in May 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A red Daihatsu Hijet S38 converted to a songthaew share taxi in Hat Yai, Thailand, in February 2011. Photo: grolli77 (Marcus), CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A 1957 Daihatsu Midget DKA at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2018. Photo: Rikita, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. The Suzuki museum’s Carry FB from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. An olive 1970 Subaru K55 Sambar truck at the Showa Era Lifestyle Museum, Kitanagoya, Japan, in March 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. The Honda Collection Hall’s 1963 T360 at Twin Ring Motegi in 2010. Photo: baku13, CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A dark green Ape 50 pick-up in an Italian piazza, 2010. Photo: Andrew Childs, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  41. A yellow Deutsche Bundespost Goggomobil TL Transporter with its sliding door open, Heusenstamm, 2011. Photo: Urmelbeauftragter, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Daihatsu Motor Co., ハイゼット60周年 (Hijet 60th anniversary), the history by generation with specifications and an essay by Hideaki Kataoka, read in full. www.daihatsu.com
  2. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 日本の自動車技術330選 (330 landmarks of Japanese automotive technology), no. 3-17, ダイハツハイゼットL-35 (1960), read in full. It cites Jidōsha Gijutsu vol. 15 no. 3 (1961), pp. 139–141. www.jsae.or.jp
  3. Car Watch (Impress), news report on the Hijet’s 60th anniversary, 2 November 2020, read in full. car.watch.impress.co.jp
  4. English Wikipedia, Daihatsu Hijet, read in a plain-text copy through the seventh generation. en.wikipedia.org
  5. Best Car Web, 「ダイハツ ハイゼット60周年 軽トラの王者は何が凄いのか」, 2020, read through a summary. bestcarweb.jp

Daihatsu Midget II: the one-seat kei truck

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A black single-seat Daihatsu Midget II Pick, imported to the United States, with its spare wheel on the nose, in October 2011. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  2. The cab of a single-seat Daihatsu Midget II Pick, with its steering wheel, simple dashboard and seat, in October 2011. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  3. A white Daihatsu Midget II Cargo van with its spare-wheel cover on the nose in Japan in December 2007. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A teal Daihatsu Midget II Pick with a box body in England in July 2011. Photo: Mick from Northamptonshire, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A dark blue Daihatsu Midget II Pick with its spare wheel on the nose on a promenade in Paphos, Cyprus, in September 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  6. A turquoise 1996 Daihatsu Midget II Pick in Groningen, Netherlands, in March 2015. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  7. A turquoise 1997 Daihatsu Midget II Pick from the rear three-quarter, showing its tiny bed, at a classic show in Japan in October 2025. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. An orange Daihatsu Midget II Cargo R type (V-K100C) from the rear three-quarter in Japan in July 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A turquoise Daihatsu Midget II Pick with a roll bar in a harbour car park in Japan in June 2008. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A black single-seat Daihatsu Midget II Pick from the rear three-quarter, showing its drop-side bed, in the United States in October 2011. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  11. A yellow Daihatsu Midget II Pick Custom (V-K100P) from directly behind on a street in Japan in July 2024. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A turquoise 1997 Daihatsu Midget II Pick at a classic show in Japan in October 2025, its spare wheel on the nose. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A Daihatsu Midget II electric racer, number 1, in the ‘Challenge EV Midget II’ event at Oiso, Japan, in June 2004. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A teal Daihatsu Midget II Pick from the front three-quarter in the Cyprus Historic & Classic Motor Museum, Limassol, in September 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A teal Daihatsu Midget II Pick in the Cyprus Historic & Classic Motor Museum, Limassol, in September 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A cream Daihatsu Midget II Cargo nose-on, its spare wheel on the bonnet, in October 2010. Photo: Maarten Heerlien, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A Daihatsu Midget II Cargo in a Blue Impulse aerobatic-team wrap at a show in Japan in October 2025. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. An orange Daihatsu Midget II Cargo R type (V-K100C) with a roof box in a car park in Japan in July 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A lilac 1997 Daihatsu Midget II Pick D type with the Sésam Tech ‘Déjà H’ body kit in Japan in December 2021. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A 1957 Daihatsu Midget DKA at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2018. Photo: Rikita, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A pale green first-generation Daihatsu Hijet light van at the Daihatsu 60th-anniversary display, Osaka Auto Messe, Japan, in February 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. The Suzuki museum’s Carry FB from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A black and white Goupil G4 drop-side at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, Germany, in September 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Japanese Wikipedia, ダイハツ・ミゼットII, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Daihatsu Midget, the section on the second generation. en.wikipedia.org
  3. Daihatsu U-CATCH, “モデルヒストリー: ミゼットII”, the maker’s model history. u-catch.daihatsu.co.jp
  4. motor-fan.jp, article 215381, on the launch, read in summary. motor-fan.jp
  5. Kuruma News, “約58万円! ダイハツ製の「“ひとり乗り”軽トラ」…MIDGET II”, read in summary. kuruma-news.jp

Daihatsu Midget: the kei truck behind the tuk-tuk

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A 1957 Daihatsu Midget DKA at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2018. Photo: Rikita, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The handlebars, twist grip and speedometer of the Toyota museum’s Midget DKA in 2026. Photo: Oq10pass, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A pale green Midget MP5 on a turntable at the Japan Mobility Show, Tokyo, in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Three Daihatsu Midgets leading a line of Subaru 360s under the festival arch at Himeji in 2010. Photo: Corpse Reviver, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A frog-headed tuk-tuk at Trang, Thailand, in 2024, built on a Midget MP5. Photo: Dominic Nelson, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A pale green 1957 Midget DKA on display beside a cut-out delivery-man figure in 2025. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A 1963 Midget MP4 in a museum hall in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The Toyota museum’s Midget DKA from the right side in 2026, a period photograph mural behind. Photo: Oq10pass, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A pale green Daihatsu Midget DKA from the rear three-quarter in 2025, its bed loaded with Midget cartons. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. The Midget DKA from the rear three-quarter at the Toyota Automobile Museum in 2026, showing its pickup bed. Photo: Oq10pass, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A Daihatsu Midget DKII from the rear three-quarter at a meeting in 2024, with its open bed and yellow canvas cab. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A turquoise Midget MP at the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A Midget MPA, the left-hand-drive Okinawa model, at the Kyoto Railway Museum in 2016. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A bar-handle Midget DS and a wheel-steered MP5 side by side at the 2024 meeting. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A pale green 1959 Midget DSA on Daihatsu’s display at the Japan Mobility Show, Tokyo, in 2025. Photo: SuFlyer, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A 1959 Daihatsu Midget DSA from the rear three-quarter in 2022. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A blue Daihatsu Midget DSA from the rear three-quarter at a meeting in 2024, its open bed behind the cab. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A green and yellow Midget DSA at the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, with an engine on a stand beside it, in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A blue and yellow Midget beside a green DSA at the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A Daihatsu Midget MP5 from low down at the Osaka Motor Show in 2017, showing its single front wheel and chrome bumper. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A pale green Daihatsu Midget MP5 at the Osaka Motor Show in 2017. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A pale green Midget MP5 at an outdoor classic meeting in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A pale green Midget MP5 in front of a Shōwa-era backdrop at the Japan Mobility Show in 2023. Photo: SuFlyer, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A Daihatsu Midget MP5 pickup in profile at the Osaka Motor Show in 2017. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A Daihatsu Midget MP5 from the rear three-quarter at the Japan Mobility Show, Tokyo, in 2025, showing its tailgate and bed. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A Midget MP5 seen head-on on a display stand marked 1957 in 2023. Photo: RuinDig/Yuki Uchida, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A Midget MP5 at the Japanese Famous Car Museum, Fukuoka, in 2026. Photo: 攻殼機動隊員, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A Midget MP5 in a Shōwa-era shop tableau at the Showa Era Lifestyle Museum, Kitanagoya, in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. Three frog-headed Midget tuk-tuks waiting outside Trang railway station in 2024. Photo: Dominic Nelson, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. Inside the cab of a blue Daihatsu Midget DSA at a meeting in 2024: handlebars, seat and chequer-plate floor. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. The cab of a green Daihatsu Midget DSA at the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in 2023: handlebars, brown seat and canvas side curtains. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. The cab of a 1963 Midget MP4: steering wheel, column gear lever and bench seat. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. The cockpit of a Daihatsu Midget DSA at the Japan Mobility Show, Tokyo, in 2025. Photo: SuFlyer, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. The single headlamp and Daihatsu Midget badge on the nose of the Toyota museum’s DKA. Photo: Iwao, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A chrome-rimmed headlamp set into the wing of a Daihatsu Midget MP5 at the Osaka Motor Show in 2017. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. The cab door and windows of a Daihatsu Midget MP5 at the Showa Era Lifestyle Museum, Kitanagoya, in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. An orange 1967 Midget converted into a Bemo share-taxi, the Indonesian public-transport version, photographed in 2016. Photo: Thank You (25 Millions ) views, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A Daihatsu Midget DKII at an outdoor meeting in 2024. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A pale grey 1959 Daihatsu Midget DSA in front of glass doors in 2022. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A blue Midget DSA with signwriting at the Himeji castle festival in 2012. Photo: Corpse Reviver, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A blue Midget DSA with its information board at an outdoor classic meeting in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A Midget MP panel van beside a red post box at an open-air museum village in Hyōgo in 2007. Photo: Digstream, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. An orange and white 1962 Mazda K360 in the Mazda Classic museum, Augsburg, Germany, in 2017. Photo: Bergfalke2, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A pale green first-generation Daihatsu Hijet light van at the Daihatsu 60th-anniversary display, Osaka Auto Messe, Japan, in February 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A black single-seat Daihatsu Midget II Pick, imported to the United States, with its spare wheel on the nose, in October 2011. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  46. A dark green Ape 50 pick-up in an Italian piazza, 2010. Photo: Andrew Childs, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  47. The Suzuki museum’s Carry FB from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A green 1935 Mazda-Go Type TCS at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, in September 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Japanese Wikipedia, Daihatsu Midget, read in full on 7 October 2026. It cites 360cc kei-jidōsha no subete (2013), pp. 12–13, Nostalgic Hero (August 1991) and JSAE’s 1996 interview with Ōsuga Jirō, former vice-president of Daihatsu. ja.wikipedia.org
  2. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan (JSAE), Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology, item 3-13, “Daihatsu Midget DKA”, with specifications from Daihatsu’s 1962 service manual, read in full. www.jsae.or.jp
  3. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1967 Daihatsu Trimobile”, read in full from the copy archived about 2015. www.microcarmuseum.com
  4. Lane Motor Museum, “Daihatsu Trimobile – 1969”, text by Bob May III, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  5. English Wikipedia, Daihatsu Midget, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Bernd-Wilfried Kießler, Daihatsu Automobile: Erfahrung für die Zukunft (Südwest, 1992), p. 30. en.wikipedia.org
  6. Daihatsu Motor Co., “History: Main Products, from 1907”, read in full. www.daihatsu.com
  7. Toyota Automobile Museum, collection record 114, “Daihatsu Midget Model DKA”, read in full. toyota-automobile-museum.jp
  8. Japan Automotive Hall of Fame, list of Historic Cars (Daihatsu Midget, 2007), list read. www.jahfa.jp

Darmont: the French Morgan three-wheeler, 1919–⁠1939

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Blue 1927 Darmont Spécial DS No. 31 at Autoworld, Brussels, in February 2014. Photo: Sandra Fauconnier, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Front of the 1921 Darmont Type Sport, with its V-twin, headlamps and sliding-pillar suspension, at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Darmont at the wheel of racing Morgan No. 71 at the Gaillon hill-climb, Normandy, France, in October 1921. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Blue Darmont Spécial No. 207 in profile at a rally in July 2018. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Morgans of Darmont, Casse and Sandford lined up before a hangar for the Paris–Nice cyclecar trial in 1921. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Blue 1927 Darmont 7 CV cyclecar from the front quarter at the Musée de la Moto et du Vélo, Amnéville, France, in August 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Yellow and blue 1935 Darmont Aéroluxe with its false grille at a show in July 2018. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Blue Darmont with rounded radiator cowl at a rally in July 2018. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Polished-aluminium Darmont-Morgan DS of 1931 from the front quarter at the Musée Automobile de Vendée, France, in September 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. Blue Darmont-Morgan Spécial at a summer car show in July 2016. Photo: Guillaume Vachey, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. Red 1927 Darmont Spécial with its placard at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. White 1936 Darmont Spécial with a helmeted driver at a rally in July 2018. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. Blue Darmont Spécial from the left front quarter, showing its V-twin, at a rally in July 2018. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. Blue 1927 Darmont Spécial DS beside its museum label, photographed in August 2024. Photo: Olinone, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. Red Darmont V-Junior at the Bonhams sale in Paris in February 2016. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. Blue 1927 Darmont 7 CV cyclecar in profile at the Musée de la Moto et du Vélo, Amnéville, France, in August 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. Blue 1927 Darmont Spécial DS No. 31 from the side at Autoworld, Brussels, in May 2011. Photo: Thomas Quine, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. Blue 1927 Darmont Spécial in profile at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. Rear of the red Darmont V-Junior, with its spare wheel and luggage trunk, at the Bonhams sale in Paris in February 2016. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. Red Darmont three-wheeler head-on at the Barcelona–Sitges rally, Barcelona, Spain, in March 2023. Photo: Любава Малышева, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. Polished-aluminium Darmont-Morgan DS of 1931 head-on at the Musée Automobile de Vendée, France, in September 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. Front of a Darmont Étoile de France of 1936, its exposed V-twin between the front wheels, at Époqu’Auto, Lyon, in November 2016. Photo: Macassar, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. Red 1927 Darmont Spécial head-on at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. 1935 Darmont Aéroluxe on the road at a rally in July 2018. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. Blue Darmont three-wheeler driven at a rally in July 2018. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. Blue 1927 Darmont Spécial DS from the front at Autoworld, Brussels, in December 2018. Photo: Miguel Discart, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. Red 1923 Darmont with black wings driven at a rally in July 2018. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. 1921 Darmont Type Sport from the front quarter at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. Red 1921 Darmont Type Sport with its placard at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. Red 1922 Darmont-Morgan with exposed V-twin in a museum, photographed in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. Dashboard and wooden steering wheel of the Darmont V-Junior at the Bonhams sale in Paris in February 2016. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. V-twin and front suspension of the blue 1927 Darmont 7 CV at the Musée de la Moto et du Vélo, Amnéville, France, in August 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. V-twin engine of a blue 1927 Darmont Spécial DS, with its card, photographed in August 2024. Photo: Olinone, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. Radiator cowl with its Darmont Spécial badge on the 1927 Spécial DS at Autoworld, Brussels, in May 2011. Photo: Thomas Quine, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. Marcel Dhôme’s 500 cc Darmont-Morgan climbing past village houses at the Gaillon hill-climb, Normandy, France, in September 1927. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. Marcel Dhôme’s 1,000 cc Darmont-Morgan on the Gometz hill-climb, France, in October 1930. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. Darmont driving a Morgan three-wheeler over the cobbles in the UMF endurance trial at Marly-le-Roi, France, in April 1921. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. Marcel Dhôme’s supercharged 750 cc Darmont, winner of its cyclecar class, at Montlhéry, France, in October 1932. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. Darmont and Franquebalme of the Morgan team on the grass at the UMF endurance trial, Marly-le-Roi, France, in April 1921. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. Marcel Dhôme in his Darmont Spécial among officials at the UMF French championship, Montlhéry, France, in September 1928. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. Darmont beside his pointed-tail racing three-wheeler No. 1 at the Grand Prix de France, Montlhéry, in October 1928. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. Marcel Dhôme in Darmont racing car No. 5 at Montlhéry, France, in October 1931. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. Green 1935 Morgan Super Sports AKD 455 at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, England, in April 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. Grey 1913 Violet-Bogey Type A torpedo from the front quarter at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in March 2026. Photo: Andy Dingley, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A yellow 1913 Bédélia BD2 at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in May 2022. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. Red Coventry-Victor Midget three-wheeler of 1933 at the Arvika Fordonsmuseum, Sweden, in July 2019. Photo: Herranderssvensson, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Darmont, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  2. German Wikipedia, Darmont, summary read. Used as a lead; it cites Wood (2005), Linz and Schrader (2008) and Georgano. de.wikipedia.org
  3. W. Boddy, “The vintage years of the Morgan 3-wheeler”, Motor Sport, June, July and August 1965, read in full for the Morgan page. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  4. teamdan.com, race-results archive, 1920 and 1921, archived copies read in full for the racing and rallying page. www.teamdan.com
  5. German Wikipedia, D’Yrsan, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Linz and Schrader (2008), Georgano and the Allgemeine Automobil-Zeitung of 1924. de.wikipedia.org
  6. English Wikipedia, D’Yrsan, read in full. Used as a lead; it draws on the same books. en.wikipedia.org
  7. French Wikipedia, D’Yrsan, read in full; its one reference is a dead website. fr.wikipedia.org
  8. GTÜ Oldtimerservice, “D’Yrsan”, read in full in an archived copy of 2016. web.archive.org
  9. Autopasión 1/18, “Historia D’Yrsan (1923–⁠1928)”, an enthusiast’s site, read in summary. www.autopasion18.com
  10. English Wikipedia, 1929 24 Hours of Le Mans, the D’Yrsan passages read. Used as a lead; it cites Spurring, Le Mans 1923–⁠29 (2015), and Clarke (1998). en.wikipedia.org

Datsun Type 11: the first Datsun, 1932

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A 1932 Datsun Type 11 phaeton from the front quarter in the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, Japan, in February 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A 1933 Datsun Type 12 phaeton in the Nissan Heritage Collection, Zama, Japan, in September 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The leaping-hare radiator mascot of a Datsun Type 14 at the Tokyo Motor Show, Japan, in November 2013. Photo: Morio, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A yellow Datsun Type 14 roadster at the Tokyo Motor Show, Japan, in November 2013. Photo: Morio, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A 1932 Datsun Type 11 phaeton from the front three-quarter with its hood up on its plinth in the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, Japan, in September 2015. Photo: HKT3012, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A 1932 Datsun Type 11 phaeton from behind, its spare wheel on the tail, in the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, Japan, in March 2024. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The radiator and twin headlamps of a 1932 Datsun Type 11 phaeton seen head-on in the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, Japan, in October 2014. Photo: Iwao from Tokyo, Japan, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A maroon 1935 Datsun Type 14 roadster from the front quarter on display in Japan in October 2011. Photo: Iwao from Tokyo, Japan, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A grey 1935 Datsun Type 14 saloon from the front quarter at the Nissan Global Headquarters Gallery, Yokohama, Japan, in June 2016. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A maroon 1935 Datsun Type 14 roadster from behind on display in Japan in October 2011. Photo: Iwao from Tokyo, Japan, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A yellow Datsun Type 14 roadster from behind, with its spare wheel, at the Nissan Global Headquarters Gallery, Yokohama, Japan, in August 2009. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A yellow Datsun Type 14 roadster from behind at the Tokyo Motor Show, Japan, in November 2013. Photo: Morio, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A grey 1935 Datsun Type 14 saloon from behind at the Nissan Global Headquarters Gallery, Yokohama, Japan, in June 2016. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A green 1938 Datsun Type 17 phaeton from behind at an outdoor meeting in Japan in September 2014. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A blue 1938 Datsun Type 17 phaeton from behind, its spare wheel on the tail, photographed in June 2024. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A 1938 Datsun Type 17 roadster from behind, showing its rounded tail, in the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in November 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A brown Datsun Type 17 saloon from behind in the Fukuyama Auto & Clock Museum, Japan, in September 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. The red leather seats of a 1932 Datsun Type 11 phaeton in the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, Japan, in March 2026. Photo: Oq10pass, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. Inside a black 1936 Datsun Type 15 saloon in the Fukuyama Auto & Clock Museum, Japan, in September 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. Inside a green 1938 Datsun Type 17 phaeton at an outdoor meeting in Japan in September 2014. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. The steering wheel and dashboard of a 1932 Datsun Type 11 phaeton in the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, Japan, in March 2026. Photo: Oq10pass, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. The dashboard of a yellow Datsun Type 14 roadster at the Nissan Global Headquarters Gallery, Yokohama, Japan, in August 2009. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. The 722 cc side-valve four-cylinder engine of a 1939 Datsun Type 17 in the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, photographed in August 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. The running-board step and chassis under a 1932 Datsun Type 11 phaeton in the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, Japan, in March 2026. Photo: Oq10pass, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A pressed-steel wheel with its Datsun hub cap on a 1932 Datsun Type 11 phaeton in the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, Japan, in March 2026. Photo: Oq10pass, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A blue 1938 Datsun Type 17 phaeton with its hood folded, photographed in June 2024. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A green 1938 Datsun Type 17 phaeton with its hood up at an outdoor meeting in Japan in September 2014. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A blue and yellow 1938 Datsun Type 17 roadster in the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in November 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A black 1938 Datsun Type 17 saloon in the Nissan Heritage Collection, Zama, Japan, in September 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A brown 1938 Datsun Type 17T truck in the Nissan Heritage Collection, Zama, Japan, in September 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A yellow 1935 Datsun Type 14 phaeton with its hood folded at the Nissan Global Headquarters Gallery, Yokohama, Japan, in June 2016. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A yellow 1935 Datsun Type 14 roadster at the Nissan Global Headquarters Gallery, Yokohama, Japan, in June 2024. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A green 1935 Datsun Type 14 truck in the Nissan Heritage Collection, Zama, Japan, in September 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A 1935 Datsun Type 14T rebuilt as a two-door fastback saloon in the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in November 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A silver and red Datsun Type 15 phaeton with its hood folded, photographed in May 2015. Photo: ilikewaffles11, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A grey 1936 Datsun Type 15 phaeton in the Nissan Heritage Collection, Zama, Japan, in September 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A red Datsun Type 15 roadster in the Nissan Engine Museum, Yokohama, Japan, in September 2015. Photo: Mclarensenna, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A black 1936 Datsun Type 15 saloon in the Fukuyama Auto & Clock Museum, Japan, in September 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A blue 1937 Datsun Type 16 coupé in the Nissan Heritage Collection, Zama, Japan, in September 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A red 1937 Datsun Type 16 fastback coupé in the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in November 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A red Datsun Type 16 roadster in the Nissan Engine Museum, Yokohama, Japan, in August 2025. Photo: ブルーノ・プラス, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A black 1937 Datsun Type 16 saloon in the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, Japan, in February 2012. Photo: Iwao from Tokyo, Japan, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A blue 1927 Austin Seven Chummy tourer with its hood up at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, West Sussex, in July 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. Blue BMW 3/15 DA-2 saloon on display at the Sakai City Historic Car Collection, Japan, in October 2013. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A red 1932 American Austin coupé at the Old Car Festival in Greenfield Village, Dearborn, Michigan, in September 2013. Photo: F. D. Richards from Clinton, MI, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A maroon and cream 1936 Ohta OC phaeton at the Classic Car Festival in Kiryū, Gunma, in November 2014. Photo: NEXT-EXIT, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Datsun Type 11. en.wikipedia.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Datsun Type 15. en.wikipedia.org
  3. English Wikipedia, Datsun Type 14, which quotes the National Motor Museum. en.wikipedia.org
  4. German Wikipedia, Datsun. de.wikipedia.org
  5. Japanese Wikipedia, ダットサン (Datsun), read through a summary. ja.wikipedia.org
  6. Japanese Wikipedia, ダット自動車製造 (DAT Jidōsha Seizō), read through a summary. ja.wikipedia.org
  7. car-me.jp, article 15933, on the Datsun Types 10 to 12, in Japanese. car-me.jp
  8. Wilhelm Lutjeharms, “Oldest in South Africa: 1932 Datsun Type 11”, CAR (South Africa), 13 January 2019, read in full. www.carmag.co.za
  9. Nissan Motor Co., heritage history of the 1930s, in Japanese. www.nissan-global.com
  10. National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, museum blog, May 2016, on its Datsun Type 14, read in full. www.beaulieu.co.uk
  11. Dennis Simanaitis, “Sir Herbert’s Global Offspring”, Simanaitis Says, 1 November 2012. It cites Chris Harvey, Austin Seven (1985), and R. J. Wyatt, The Austin Seven (1972). simanaitissays.com
  12. English Wikipedia, William R. Gorham. It cites David Halberstam, The Reckoning (1986). en.wikipedia.org

David cyclecar: Spain’s cyclecar from Barcelona, 1913–⁠1923

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Red David cyclecar No. 17 on show in Barcelona, Spain, before the Barcelona–Sitges rally in March 2012. Photo: Jordi Payà, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Red and yellow enamel DAVID badge on the radiator of a 1917 David cyclecar, photographed in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The Edificio David of 1931 on Carrer d’Aribau, Barcelona, Spain, built by the David company after its cyclecar years, photographed in December 2022. Photo: Pere López Brosa, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Former works of the David cyclecar company, the Fábrica Nacional de Cyclecars David, on Carrer de Pallars, Barcelona. Photo: Xavier Badia Castellà, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A cream and brown 1955 David Torpedo 2S from the front at the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition in 2013, its engine unit over the single front wheel. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A grey 1925 Bjering with its hood up at the Norsk Teknisk Museum, Oslo, Norway, in November 2014. Photo: Bjoertvedt, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Grey 1913 Violet-Bogey Type A torpedo from the front quarter at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in March 2026. Photo: Andy Dingley, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Josep Astudillo, “David (1913–⁠1959)”, Autopasion18, read in full (Spanish). www.autopasion18.com
  2. Catalan Wikipedia, David (empresa), read in full. Used as a lead; it cites the RACC’s La història de l’automobilisme a Catalunya, El Periódico of 21 October 2014, La Vanguardia of 22 January 1991, losorigenes.net and the MUHBA. ca.wikipedia.org
  3. David, S.A., “Historia del Edificio David y sus Autos”, the company’s history, read in full (Spanish). www.davidsa.com
  4. Embouteillage, “David”, losorigenes.net, 2007, read in full in an archived copy of 2016 (Spanish). web.archive.org
  5. MUHBA (Museu d’Història de Barcelona), L’enginy de postguerra. Microcotxes de Barcelona, 2012, p. 17, the David section read (Catalan). www.bcn.cat
  6. English Wikipedia, David (company), read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org

David Torpedo 2S: Barcelona’s 1950s three-wheeler

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A cream and brown 1955 David Torpedo 2S from the front at the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition in 2013, its engine unit over the single front wheel. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A white David Torpedo 2S with its hood up, Alcobendas, Madrid, in 2004. Photo: Error, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A David on show in the Edifici David, Barcelona, for the firm’s centenary in 2014. Photo: Kippelboy, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A cream and brown 1955 David, second series, in the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition, 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A green and red David, dated 1954, in the Salvador Claret collection, Sils. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. The red DAVID badge on the green bonnet of a 1954 David in the Salvador Claret collection, Sils, in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Red David cyclecar No. 17 on show in Barcelona, Spain, before the Barcelona–Sitges rally in March 2012. Photo: Jordi Payà, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. An open Biscúter at a car show in Aguadulce, Almería, in 2019. Photo: Schumi4ever, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A white 1955 Kapi Jip 2CV, Kapi’s jeep-style microcar, in Barcelona, 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A white PTV 250 with doors and a black hood, on display in a museum in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. David, S.A., “Historia del Edificio David y sus Autos”, company history, read through a summary of the page. www.davidsa.com
  2. Albert Cubeles and Joan Roca, L’enginy de postguerra. Microcotxes de Barcelona, Museu d’Història de Barcelona (MUHBA), 2012, pp. 14 and 17. Read in full, in Catalan. www.bcn.cat
  3. Toni Solans, “David”, La web de los microcoches (grupo7.com), read in full. grupo7.com
  4. Spanish Wikipedia, David (automóvil), read in full; its text reproduces grupo7.com. es.wikipedia.org
  5. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1957 David”, tour page, read in full from the archived copy. www.microcarmuseum.com

Delsaux Modulo: a licence-free car from the Nord

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red and grey Erad Junior, a model of 1988 or later, at the Association Lorraine des Amateurs d’Automobiles in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A beige and brown 1978 SEAB Flipper I in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A turquoise Arola 20, one of the last four-wheeled Arolas of the early 1980s, on a Dutch pavement in 2010. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A red Minicat in a museum line-up in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A white Mini Comtesse with its MC emblem at Rétromobile in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A red open Tomcar in the ALAAC collection in Lorraine in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Établissements N. Delsaux, read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader, Georgano and René Bellu’s Automobilia Salon issues of 1979–⁠1982. de.wikipedia.org

Dinarg D‑200: Argentina’s glass-fibre microcar

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red Dinarg D‑200 at a car show in Rosario, Argentina, in 2015. Photo: AGARRAMESTA, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A pale green Dinarg D‑200 at an outdoor gathering, with onlookers beside it. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A 1953 Fuldamobil N‑2 with its hammered-aluminium body, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A grey 1955 bubble-window Isetta 250 at the Isetta Club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A yellow 1957 Romi-Isetta, with the Iso engine, in Brazil in 2012. Photo: JasonVogel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A turquoise Gurgel BR-800 parked on a street in Brazil in 2007. Photo: Frenz 69, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Spanish Wikipedia, Dinarg D‑200, revision of 24 September 2026, read in full; it cites Coche Argentino and Autitos Rosarinos. es.wikipedia.org
  2. Autitos Rosarinos, “Dinarg”, archived copy of 2013, read in full; from Autos de Época (2002) and Parabrisas. web.archive.org
  3. German Wikipedia, Dinámica Industrial Argentina, revision of 11 February 2025, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Linz and Schrader’s Internationale Automobil-Enzyklopädie (2008) and Georgano’s Beaulieu Encyclopedia (2001). de.wikipedia.org
  4. Small Cars Club, “Dinarg D‑200 microcar from Argentina”, read in full. smallcarsclub.com
  5. Francisco Álvarez, Coche Argentino, “Dinámica Industrial Argentina S.A. (Córdoba) – Dinarg D 200”, data sheet updated 18 May 2009, archived copy, read in full; from period brochures, manuals and Parabrisas no. 32, July 1963. web.archive.org
  6. Francisco Álvarez, Coche Argentino, “De Carlo – Metalmecánica S.A.I.C.”, updated 18 May 2009, archived copy, read in full. web.archive.org
  7. German Wikipedia, Metalmecánica, read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader (2008) and Georgano (2001). de.wikipedia.org
  8. Autitos Rosarinos, “De Carlo Minicar”, archived copy of 2007, read in full. web.archive.org
  9. English Wikipedia, Isetta, the section on De Carlo in Argentina, read. Used as a lead; it cites Coche Argentino. en.wikipedia.org
  10. Francisco Álvarez, Coche Argentino, “Rol-Mar”, updated 3 September 2016, archived copy, read in full; from the collectors Mario Kristal, Bocha Balboni and Marcelo Aspis. web.archive.org
  11. German Wikipedia, Rol-Mar, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites d’Auto, Allcarindex and Coche Argentino. de.wikipedia.org
  12. Small Cars Club, “Chasqui”, read in full. smallcarsclub.com

Edith: a Melbourne microcar of the 1950s

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A yellow Goggomobil Dart from the front three-quarter at the German Auto Fest, Earlwood, New South Wales, in 2015. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The Zeta Runabout and the green Zeta Sports side by side in the National Motor Museum, Birdwood, in 2008. Photo: Peripitus, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A yellow 1956 Bond Minicar Mark C De Luxe Tourer, JTK 277, at Keynsham in 2011. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. cybermotorcycle.com, “Edith Microcar 1955”, with a transcription of The Argus (Melbourne), Wednesday 9 March 1955, from Trove; read in full. cybermotorcycle.com
  2. English Wikipedia, List of microcars by country of origin: A, the Edith row, citing G. N. Georgano (ed.), Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars (Ebury Press, 1982); row read, the book not seen. en.wikipedia.org
  3. University of Melbourne Archives, Laurence J. Hartnett papers, “Small Car Industry Australia 1936–⁠1981”; catalogue entry only, the file not consulted. archives.library.unimelb.edu.au

Electra King: Long Beach’s electric runabout, 1961–⁠81

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A yellow CitiCar SV-48 in bright sunshine beside a stone building in 2014. Photo: Eric Kilby, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  2. AMC Amitron electric city-car prototype of 1967 in American Motors’ publicity photograph, a model leaning on its roof. Photo: American Motors Corporation, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A red King Midget Model III with a white top, parked in Leavenworth, Washington, in 2009. Photo: joaquin uy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The Martin Stationette at the Lane Motor Museum in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Electra King, revision of 12 September 2026, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites John Gunnell’s Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946–⁠1975 (2002). de.wikipedia.org
  2. Econogics, “Items of Historical Interest in the Development and Commercialization of EVs – B”, with material from W. Zablosky, the B & Z and Electra King entries read. www.econogics.com
  3. Small Cars Club, “B&Z Electra King”, read in full. smallcarsclub.com
  4. Jason Torchinsky, “B&Z Electra King: The Jalopnik Classic Review”, Jalopnik, 13 July 2012, read in full. jalopnik.com
  5. Mal Pearson, “The Electra-King: ‘King of the Electrics’”, The Makes That Didn’t Make It, 2021, read in full. www.makesthatdidntmakeit.com
  6. English Wikipedia, Autoette, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites the Long Beach Post (2018) and MTDM (2021). en.wikipedia.org
  7. English Wikipedia, List of microcars by country of origin: U, the relevant rows read. A lead only. en.wikipedia.org
  8. Vintage Golf Cart Parts, “Electric Shopper History”, by the curator of the Historic Electric Vehicle Foundation, read in full. vintagegolfcartparts.com
  9. Vintage Golf Cart Parts, “Taylor-Dunn History”, read in full. vintagegolfcartparts.com
  10. English Wikipedia, Taylor-Dunn, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites the Los Angeles Times (1992). en.wikipedia.org
  11. RM Sotheby’s, catalogue of RM Auctions’ sale of the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 600, 1961 Taylor-Dunn Trident, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  12. German Wikipedia, Electro Master, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Gunnell (2002), Linz and Schrader (2008) and Georgano’s Beaulieu Encyclopedia (2001). de.wikipedia.org
  13. The Makes That Didn’t Make It, “An EV Oddity”, on the Kelsen Sports Rider, August 2026, read in full. www.makesthatdidntmakeit.com

ElectraMeccanica Solo: the one-seat electric trike

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red ElectraMeccanica Solo at an electric-vehicle show in June 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A white ElectraMeccanica Solo in smallev.com livery at a kerb in Vancouver, Canada, in November 2016. Photo: Jennaemv, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. An orange ElectraMeccanica Solo parked by a meter in California, United States, in September 2020. Photo: Chris Yarzab, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  4. The single-seat cockpit of an ElectraMeccanica Solo through its open door in February 2022. Photo: DestinationFearFan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A red prototype ElectraMeccanica Solo given to the mechanics programmes of the British Columbia Institute of Technology, in April 2024. Photo: Emma0mb, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A black ElectraMeccanica Solo with its door open on the maker’s display stand in February 2022. Photo: DestinationFearFan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A dark blue 2022 ElectraMeccanica Solo with a blue pinstripe in a car park in December 2022. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A red ElectraMeccanica Solo in a car park in the United States in March 2023. Photo: Bill Abbott, CC BY 4.0, via Flickr.
  9. A white ElectraMeccanica Solo in profile on a display stand in August 2022. Photo: DestinationFearFan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A black ElectraMeccanica Solo from the rear three-quarter with its rear hatch open in February 2022. Photo: DestinationFearFan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. Two white ElectraMeccanica Solos at Everything Electric Canada, Vancouver, Canada, in September 2024. Photo: GoToVan, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. An orange 2000 Corbin Sparrow ‘Jelly Bean’ from the front three-quarter at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. An orange and black production Arcimoto FUV rental car on the waterfront at Key West, Florida, United States, in June 2021. Photo: Sharon Hahn Darlin, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A green Toyota i-Road being driven in Grenoble, France, in September 2014. Photo: Maskrosen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A yellow Commuter Cars Tango T600 at the California Automobile Museum, Sacramento, United States, in April 2022. Photo: DestinationFearFan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, ElectraMeccanica Solo. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  2. “Three-wheeler from Canada”, electrive, 2 October 2015. www.electrive.com
  3. English Wikipedia, Myers Motors NmG. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  4. “Tiny trike hits US as Electra Meccanica delivers Solo”, electrive, 14 May 2018. www.electrive.com
  5. “Electra Meccanica starts Solo production in China”, electrive, 26 August 2020. www.electrive.com
  6. “Electra Meccanica launches first deliveries of the ‘Solo’”, electrive, 12 October 2021. www.electrive.com
  7. “ElectraMeccanica now at home in North America”, electrive, 15 December 2022. www.electrive.com
  8. “Xos will merge with ElectraMeccanica”, electrive, 16 January 2024. www.electrive.com

Enfield 8000: the electricity boards’ city car, 1973–⁠76

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A yellow 1975 Enfield 8000 on a stand at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2023. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A white 1974 Enfield 8000 in the livery of the South African utility Eskom at the James Hall Museum of Transport, Johannesburg, in 2008. Photo: NJR ZA, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The rear of a 1975 Enfield 8000, HTC 223N, at the NEC in 2023, with its charging lead plugged in. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. An Enfield 8000 in the Industrial Museum of Ermoupoli, Syros, Greece, where Enfields were built, in 2022. Photo: Jean Housen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A yellow 1975 Enfield 8000 with sponsor stickers behind a rope at the Festival of the Unexceptional in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. An orange Enfield 8000 on Portuguese plates head-on in the Museu da Electricidade (MAAT), Lisbon, in 2018. Photo: Alexander Svensson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A beige 1976 Enfield 8000, LYV 185P, in the Ipswich Transport Museum in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The orange Enfield 8000 in the Lisbon electricity museum (Central Tejo) in 2016. Photo: Alejandro, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. An Enfield 8000 inside a ring of cones at the Industrial Museum of Ermoupoli, Syros, Greece, in 2017. Photo: Leeturtle, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. An open Enfield with Olympic Airways staff by an airliner in the 1970s. Photo: Enfield Automotive archive, Constantine Adraktas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. The open beach version of the Enfield beside a yacht in the 1970s. Photo: Enfield Automotive archive, Constantine Adraktas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. An Enfield 8000 on the pavé test track at MIRA in the 1970s. Photo: Enfield Automotive archive, Constantine Adraktas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A red Enfield 8000 outside 10 Downing Street in the 1970s. Photo: Enfield Automotive archive, Constantine Adraktas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. An Enfield 8000 outside Farm House in Farm Street, Mayfair, in the 1970s. Photo: Enfield Automotive archive, Constantine Adraktas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A yellow Enfield 8000 in Hyde Park, London, in the 1970s. Photo: Enfield Automotive archive, Constantine Adraktas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. An earlier Enfield E8000 at the entrance of the London Hilton, Park Lane, in the 1970s. Photo: Enfield Automotive archive, Constantine Adraktas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. An Enfield 8000 parked in Mount Street, Mayfair, in the 1970s. Photo: Enfield Automotive archive, Constantine Adraktas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. An Enfield 8000 beside a Porsche 356, publicising its wind-tunnel test, in the 1970s. Photo: Enfield Automotive archive, Constantine Adraktas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A yellow Scottish Aviation Scamp pre-production car, DTD 141E, on blocks beneath aircraft at the National Museum of Flight, East Fortune, in 2008. Photo: DeFacto, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. An orange 1974 Zagato Zele 2000 at the Classic Motor Show at the NEC, Birmingham, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A yellow CitiCar SV-48 in bright sunshine beside a stone building in 2014. Photo: Eric Kilby, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  22. A Sinclair C5 on grass at the Nottingham Motor Show in 2026. Photo: Aethonatic, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Enfield 8000, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Autocar of 21 February 1976, Island Echo, Syros Agenda and Michalis Stavropoulos’s documentary A Tale of Two Isles (2014). en.wikipedia.org
  2. Lancaster Insurance, “The pioneer electric car – the Enfield 8000”, 28 September 2022, read in full; it quotes Autocar and The Guardian. www.lancasterinsurance.co.uk
  3. Warren Whitmore, “Secret Isle of Wight: The Enfield 8000”, Island Echo, 24 July 2022, read in full; it draws on Andy Bull’s Secret Isle of Wight. www.islandecho.co.uk
  4. Jonny Smith, “Enfield 8000: A History Lesson”, Flux Capacitor website, an owner’s history with original technical data, read in full. www.flux-capacitor.co.uk

Erad: a garage owner’s licence-free car factory

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red and grey Erad Junior, a model of 1988 or later, at the Association Lorraine des Amateurs d’Automobiles in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. An Erad Midget, the firm’s scaled-down MG replica, in the Emirates National Auto Museum, Abu Dhabi, in 2012. Photo: Abdulla Al Muhairi, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. An Erad Spacia from the front in 2019, its Twingo-like nose dented. Photo: Guillaume Vachey, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A white Erad Spacia in a car park in 2019, erad moulded on its tailgate. Photo: Guillaume Vachey, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A turquoise Arola 20, one of the last four-wheeled Arolas of the early 1980s, on a Dutch pavement in 2010. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. The Lane Motor Museum’s 1980 Ligier JS4 from the left front in 2024, with G. Rendu lettering on its door. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A blue 2006 Aixam A751 Super Luxe at Preston, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A gold JDM Abaca in profile in a French street in 2008. Photo: Kamel15, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Automobiles ERAD, citing Les Échos and a SECMA history page. en.wikipedia.org
  2. German Wikipedia, Automobiles Erad, citing Linz and Schrader, Georgano and René Bellu’s Automobilia Salon issues. de.wikipedia.org
  3. Journal de l’Automobile, “La Secma fait ses gammes”, mid-2000s. journalauto.com

Europe’s small electric microcar makers since 1990

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A white 2013 Mia electric parked in a village street in Lunteren, Netherlands, in February 2014. Photo: Niels, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  2. A red Hotzenblitz with the later ABS body, in Germany in July 2008. Photo: J. Hammerschmidt, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A Cree SAM three-wheeler being test-driven with two people aboard on a country lane in June 2009. Photo: Martin from Tyrol, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  4. The central driving seat and dashboard of a Mia electric in Lunteren, Netherlands, in February 2014. Photo: Niels, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  5. The trolley battery of a Silence S04 being pulled out at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in February 2024. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A red Hotzenblitz with the GRP body, run open with its fabric doors and top removed, in Germany in June 2011. Photo: F. Rethagen, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The Kilow La Bagnole on its stand at the Paris Motor Show, France, in October 2024. Photo: Y.Leclercq, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A black 2014 Mia electric at a school event in Veenendaal, Netherlands, in June 2015. Photo: Niels, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  9. A turquoise and white Mobilivolt car-share Mia electric in Angoulême, France, in February 2015. Photo: Remi Jouan, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. The Squad Solar City Car from the front three-quarter at Fully Charged Live, Amsterdam, Netherlands, in May 2022. Photo: Jan Ainali, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A white Mia electric van in profile, showing its sliding door, in Lunteren, Netherlands, in February 2014. Photo: Niels, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  12. A white Mia U van in profile, showing its sliding door, in Saclay, France, in August 2013. Photo: Lionel Allorge, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The Squad Solar City Car in profile at Fully Charged Live, Amsterdam, Netherlands, in May 2022. Photo: Jan Ainali, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A Mia electric in a colourful art livery in Colmar, France, in June 2014. Photo: Ralf Roletschek, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A white Mia U van from the rear three-quarter in Saclay, France, in August 2013. Photo: Lionel Allorge, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. The Squad Solar City Car with its solar-panel roof at Fully Charged Live, Amsterdam, Netherlands, in May 2022. Photo: Jan Ainali, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A yellow Town Life Ginevra parked in Todi, Umbria, Italy, in 2007. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A white car-share Mia electric in ‘régionlib’ livery at a charging post in Niort, France, in July 2013. Photo: Dalambr, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A white Mia electric charging at a street post in Nice, France, in August 2012. Photo: Kevin.B, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A red Hotzenblitz at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, Germany, in September 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. The dark ‘Miaparis’ special edition of the Mia at the Paris Motor Show, France, in September 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A blue Town Life Ginevra in the Ferruccio Lamborghini Museum, Italy, in June 2022. Photo: TKOIII, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A silver Town Life Ginevra with its bonnet open in the Ferruccio Lamborghini Museum, Italy, in June 2022. Photo: TKOIII, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. Two black Estrima Birò quadricycles parked in a city street in August 2019. Photo: crash71100, CC0 1.0, via Flickr.
  25. A black Estrima Birò parked by a doorway in Ostuni, Italy, in August 2023. Photo: Corvettec6r, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. An Estrima Birò parked at the car museum in Trenčín, Slovakia, in October 2012. Photo: Jan Polák, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A red and black Estrima Birò head-on with its driver, photographed in June 2025. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A white and black Silence S04 at the Automesse Ludwigsburg, Germany, in September 2024. Photo: Alexander-93, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A red Silence S04 on show in Barcelona, Spain, in April 2022. Photo: Herodotptlomeu, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A white and black Silence S04 in profile, with Silence scooters behind, in Germany in September 2025. Photo: DonRolfo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A grey Silence S04 parked by a canal in Amsterdam, Netherlands, in August 2025. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. Three Silence S04s parked along the Keizersgracht, Amsterdam, Netherlands, in August 2025. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. An Enjoy car-sharing XEV Yoyo in Rome, Italy, in July 2023. Photo: CAPTAIN RAJU, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A lime-green XEV Yoyo in an underground car park in October 2022. Photo: JustAnotherCarDesigner, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A silver and lime XEV Yoyo parked in Montevideo, Uruguay, in February 2025. Photo: NaBUru38, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A grey XEV Yoyo at IAA Mobility, Munich, Germany, in September 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A white XEV Yoyo at IAA Mobility, Munich, Germany, in September 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. The dashboard, steering wheel and seats of a Hotzenblitz with doors, photographed in April 2007. Photo: Thomas doerfer, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. The cabin and simple dashboard of a Kilow La Bagnole at the Paris Motor Show, France, in October 2024. Photo: Y.Leclercq, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. The steering wheel, dashboard and seats of a Silence S04 at the Automesse Ludwigsburg, Germany, in September 2024. Photo: Alexander-93, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. The dashboard and steering wheel of an XEV Yoyo, photographed in October 2022. Photo: JustAnotherCarDesigner, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. The under-floor battery tray of a Hotzenblitz refitted with lithium cells, photographed in February 2009. Photo: F. Rethagen, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. The removable trolley battery in its bay behind the door of a Silence S04, photographed in September 2025. Photo: DonRolfo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A red Hotzenblitz (GRP body) with its pull-out boot drawer open, in Germany in May 2013. Photo: J. Hammerschmidt, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. The Heuliez Friendly concept, forerunner of the Mia, with its sliding door open at the Paris Motor Show in October 2008. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  46. A white Mia L ‘miAmore’, the long version, with orange wheels in Saint-Émilion, France, in May 2013. Photo: JLPC, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. White Town Life Helektra electric car, number 21, lettered Vehículo Eléctrico, parked in Valencia, Spain, in 2008. Photo: Ferbr1, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. The XEV Yoyo Pro at IAA Mobility, Munich, Germany, in September 2023. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A yellow closed-top CityEl parked on a cobbled pavement against a grey house wall in January 2022. Photo: crash71100, CC0 1.0, via Flickr.
  50. A red Twike 3 Active parked under a tree on a country lane in May 2007. Photo: Franko30, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A green 2010 Pure Mobility Buddy at Classic Remise, Düsseldorf, Germany. Photo: Detectandpreserve, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A blue 2000 Ford TH!NK City (A266) at the Hebden Bridge Vintage Weekend, England, in August 2022. Photo: DieselFordMondeo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A red 2013 Renault Twizy 80 on grass in December 2021. Photo: PabloLinoCalleBoulicaud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A grey 2021 Citroën Ami with orange wheel inserts in Valbonne, France, in October 2021. Photo: John K, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Hotzenblitz, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Town Life, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  3. English Wikipedia, Cree SAM, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  4. English Wikipedia, Estrima Birò, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  5. English Wikipedia, Mia electric, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  6. French Wikipedia, Mia electric, read in full. fr.wikipedia.org
  7. English Wikipedia, Uniti (automobile), read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  8. Electrive, “Uniti files for insolvency”, 11 April 2022, read in full. www.electrive.com
  9. The Local (Sweden), “Hyped Swedish car start-up passed off Chinese EV as new model Zero”, 29 January 2022, read in summary. www.thelocal.se
  10. English Wikipedia, XEV Yoyo, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  11. English Wikipedia, Silence S04, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  12. English Wikipedia, Kilow La Bagnole, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  13. English Wikipedia, Squad Solar, read in full. en.wikipedia.org

Fairthorpe Atom: Don Bennett’s first car, 1954–⁠1957

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red 1958 Berkeley SE328 at a rally, 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A 1958 Opperman Unicar T in light blue, in the Williams Microcars collection in 2024. Photo: Guards951, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The 1956 Gordon, JDY 95, from the front quarter in a museum. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Fairthorpe Cars, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Robson, A–Z British Cars 1945–⁠1980 (2006), and Sedgwick, A–Z of Cars 1945–⁠1970 (1993). en.wikipedia.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Don Bennett, read (the relevant sections). en.wikipedia.org
  3. Fairthorpe Sports Car Club, “Fairthorpe Limited – The vision of Air Vice Marshall Donald (Pathfinder) Bennett”, read in full. www.fairthorpescc.com
  4. Grace’s Guide, “Fairthorpe”, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  5. R. Jones, “Fairthorpe Wagonette”, Old Classic Car, read in full. www.oldclassiccar.co.uk
  6. German Wikipedia, Fairthorpe, read in full; it cites Hole, A–Z of Kit Cars (2012), and Chapman, The Worst Cars Ever Sold (2011). de.wikipedia.org
  7. Unique Cars and Parts (Australia), “Fairthorpe”, seen only as a search summary; the page could not be opened. uniquecarsandparts.com.au
  8. English Wikipedia, Russon, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Tony Marshall, Microcars (Sutton, 1999). en.wikipedia.org
  9. German Wikipedia, Russon Cars, read in full; it cites Culshaw and Horrobin. de.wikipedia.org
  10. Classic & Sports Car, A–Z of classics, “Russon Minicar”, read in full. www.classicandsportscar.com

Fend Flitzer: the tricycle that became the Messerschmitt

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A 1950 Fend Flitzer 101 coupé on display in a museum in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A Fend Flitzer roadster at a show in 2015, showing the open single-seat cockpit and the drilled tail panel. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A 1950 Fend Flitzer 101 from behind at the ErfinderZeiten Auto- und Uhrenmuseum, Schramberg in 2015, showing its drilled tail and single rear wheel. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The 1950 Fend Flitzer 101 at the ErfinderZeiten Auto- und Uhrenmuseum, Schramberg in 2015, seen low from the front three-quarter. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A Fend Flitzer roadster in profile in 2015, with its drilled tail panel and the single rear wheel tucked beneath it. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A Fend Flitzer 101 head-on at the ErfinderZeiten Auto- und Uhrenmuseum, Schramberg in 2015, its museum plate giving 1950, 98 cc, 4.5 PS and 154 built. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A Fend Flitzer roadster seen head-on at a show in 2015, its two front wheels in pods either side of the pointed nose. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The spear-shaped FEND FLITZER 101 badge on the nose of a Fend Flitzer, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A turquoise and white Messerschmitt KR175 at the Oldtimer show in Moscow in 2013. Photo: Svetlov Artem, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A turquoise 1960 KR200 with whitewall tyres at an Australian show in 2014. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A pale yellow 1959 FMR Tg500 with its Plexiglas canopy at Sherborne Castle, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  12. A pale blue 1976 AC Model 70, NPN 924P, on the grass at a show in 2010. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Stadtarchiv Rosenheim, “Fritz Fend und sein ‘Flitzer’”, from Rosenheim 2000. Eine Stadt im 20. Jahrhundert (2000), read in full. www.stadtarchiv.de
  2. German Wikipedia, Fritz Fend, read in full; it cites the Große Bayerische Biographische Enzyklopädie (2012), p. 502. de.wikipedia.org
  3. Bill Cawthon, “Fritz Fend’s Marvelous Micro-cars”, Promotex Online, March 2004, written with the Messerschmitt Owners’ Club’s help; a secondary hobby column, read in full. web.archive.org
  4. English Wikipedia, Fritz Fend, read in full; used as a lead. It cites Automobile Quarterly 11 (2), 1973. en.wikipedia.org
  5. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1950 Fend Flitzer 101”, tour page, archived, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  6. German Wikipedia, Fend Flitzer, read in full. It draws on Rosellen, Deutsche Kleinwagen (1991), and Thyssen-Bornemissza, Lexikon der vergessenen Automarken. de.wikipedia.org
  7. museum-digital Baden-Württemberg, “Fend-Flitzer 101”, ErfinderZeiten Auto- und Uhrenmuseum, Schramberg, object record. bawue.museum-digital.de
  8. Haus der Geschichte, Museumsmagazin 2/2003, “Fritz Fend und seine Flitzer”, archived; only fragments read. www.museumsmagazin.com
  9. George Herald (South Africa), “Fend Flitzer”, 11 July 2017; drawn from Wikipedia and the Weiner museum, not independent. www.georgeherald.com

Ferves Ranger: a Fiat 500-engined jeep, 1966–⁠1971

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A yellow 1967 Ferves Ranger from the front left at Chorleywood in 2016, showing its open four-seat cabin. Photo: PSParrot, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A yellow Ferves Ranger in profile in Paris in 2011, showing its short wheelbase and tall tyres. Photo: Lionel Allorge, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A yellow 1967 Ferves Ranger at a show in Chorleywood in 2016, its spare wheel strapped to the tail. Photo: PSParrot, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A yellow Ferves Ranger 4x4 with its soft top from the front at a display in the Veer Mall, Yekaterinburg, in 2022. Photo: Wild Child, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A green Ferves Ranger 4x4 from the front at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2009, its windscreen upright and roll bar fitted. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A beige Ferves Ranger with its hood up in a cobbled street in 2011. Photo: Santner, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. An orange Ferves Ranger on a stand at Rétromobile, Paris, in 2024. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  8. A yellow Ferves Ranger parked in a Paris street in 2011. Photo: Lionel Allorge, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A green Ferves Ranger 4x4 at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A yellow Ferves Ranger 4x4 with its soft top up at the Veer Mall display in Yekaterinburg in 2022. Photo: Wild Child, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A beige Ferves Ranger from behind at Rétromobile, Paris, in 2024, its engine lid louvres and rear bumper bar on show. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  12. A beige Ferves Ranger on a dealer’s stand at Rétromobile in Paris in 2024. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  13. An orange Ferves Ranger taking part in a classic-car rally in Italy. Photo: Pietro798 at Italian Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A red Ferves Ranger with its soft top up, parked in Via dei Cappellari, Rome, in 2000. Photo: BKP, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. An orange Ferves Ranger with its hood up, for sale at Retro Classics in Stuttgart in 2020. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. The Ferves badge with its rampant bull on a yellow 1967 Ferves Ranger at Chorleywood in 2016. Photo: PSParrot, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. The louvred engine lid and triangular Ferves badge of a Ferves Ranger in Paris in 2011. Photo: Lionel Allorge, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 N with fixed side windows from the front in Bristol in 2017, its show card on the windscreen. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A red US-specification Ghia Jolly with a striped canopy at Ypsilanti, Michigan, in 2007. Photo: JOHN LLOYD from Concrete, Washington, United States, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A pale blue 1967 Fiat 500 Moretti Coupé at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A blue Vignale Gamine from the front in Sorrento, Italy, in 2021, its vertical grille and round headlamps in chrome. Photo: Викидим, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Italian Wikipedia, Ferves Ranger, read in full; it draws on the original brochure and lists Dizionario delle Auto 1970 and Quattroruote, November 1968. it.wikipedia.org
  2. RM Sotheby’s, Monterey, 2019, “1967 Ferves Ranger”, read in summary. rmsothebys.com
  3. German Wikipedia, Ferves, read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader, Die Internationale Automobil-Enzyklopädie, and Georgano’s Beaulieu Encyclopedia. de.wikipedia.org

Fiat 126: the 500’s heir and Poland’s Maluch, 1972–⁠2000

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A white 1973 Fiat 126 of the first series on a woodland verge in England in 2009. Photo: Tony Harrison, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A green Fiat 126 beside a yellow Fiat Nuova 500, the car it replaced, at Brands Hatch in 2021. Photo: 35mmMan, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A yellow Polski Fiat 126p on a wet street in Havana, Cuba, in 2015. Photo: Antonio Schubert, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Polski Fiat 126p cars on the assembly line at FSM, Bielsko-Biała, in the 1970s. Photo: Lech Zielaskowski (Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The last 126p built, a yellow car of 2000, when it was officially the Maluch, at the Wena Motoring Museum, Oława, in 2024. Photo: Yurek88, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A white early Fiat 126 with a sunroof at the Warsaw Motor Show in 2015. Photo: Jakub “Flyz1” Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A red 1973 Fiat 126 of the first series in a farmyard in Italy. Photo: Camilla Giribardi, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A white first-series Fiat 126 of 1972 at the Markè-Retrò meeting in Cesena, Italy, in 2007. Photo: Luc106, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A white 1973 Fiat 126 in profile in 2009. Photo: Tony Harrison, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. The 126p Cabrio from the rear three-quarter with its hood up, Kraków, 2010. Photo: Dawid783, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. The white 1973 Fiat 126 from the rear three-quarter in 2009, showing the louvred engine lid. Photo: Tony Harrison, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. The Polski Fiat 126p NP-650 prototype from the rear three-quarter on cobbles in 2015. Photo: Dawid Skwarczeński, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The yellow Fiat 126 Personal 4 from the rear three-quarter in 2014. Photo: Niels de Wit, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A black Fiat 126 Bambino with beige bumpers at the Polish Fiat Museum, Warsaw, in 2019. Photo: strowger, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A black Fiat 126 in a race-preparation firm’s livery at Autosport International, NEC, Birmingham, in 2011. Photo: Tony Harrison, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A red 1973 Polski Fiat 126p on a woodland track near Bydgoszcz in 2020. Photo: P-szat, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A light blue 1974 Polski Fiat 126p at the Classic Moto Show, Kraków, in 2013. Photo: Dawid783, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A red early Polski Fiat 126p with auxiliary lamps at the Classic Moto Show, Kraków, in 2013. Photo: Dawid783, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A pale blue Polski Fiat 126p in front of a weathered wall in Cuba in 2017. Photo: Ezarate, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. An orange Fiat 126 parked below a classical façade in Riga, Latvia. Photo: L-BBE, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A blue-grey Fiat 126 FSM from behind in 2010, with its ‘126 FSM’ badge. Photo: Corvettec6r, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A white Polski Fiat 126p with a Cuban plate in Cuba in 2007. Photo: Silar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. Polski Fiat 126p cars in the Museum of the Polski Fiat 126p, Bielsko-Biała, in 2025. Photo: Kamil Czaiński, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. The front seats and dashboard of a 1973 Fiat 126 through its open door in the United Kingdom in 2009. Photo: Tony Harrison, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. The dashboard of a 1973 Fiat 126 in the United Kingdom in 2009: thin two-spoke wheel, single round instrument and padded dash roll. Photo: Tony Harrison, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. The dashboard and checked seat of the Polski Fiat 126p NP-650 prototype in 2016. Photo: Anwar2, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. The steering wheel and instrument of a second-series Fiat 126 in 2021. Photo: Eduzzino5, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. The 594 cc air-cooled vertical twin in the tail of a 1973 Fiat 126 in the United Kingdom in 2008. Photo: Tony Harrison, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. The front-mounted engine of the Polski Fiat 126p NP-650 prototype in 2016. Photo: Anwar2, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. The front luggage compartment of a 1973 Fiat 126 in the United Kingdom in 2009, with its spare wheel. Photo: Tony Harrison, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. The ‘126 BIS – made by FSM’ badge on a red Fiat 126 Bis, photographed in 2010. Photo: Corvettec6r, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A red Polski Fiat 126p Cabrio in the Museum of Municipal Engineering, Kraków, in 2010. Photo: Dawid783, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A red 1988 Fiat 126 Bis convertible at Capesthorne Hall, Cheshire, in 2014. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A red Fiat 126 Bis parked in a street in 2010. Photo: Corvettec6r, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A white Fiat 126 Bis on display in a shopping centre in Poland in 2013. Photo: Dawid Skwarczeński, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A red Fiat 126 Bis in Germany in 2006, showing the hatchback that the Bis introduced. Photo: Marc Breuer, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A silver Fiat 126 Cabrio ‘Pop 2000’ with its hood down at a meeting in Germany in 2011. Photo: KarleHorn, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A blue-grey Polish-built Fiat 126 with black plastic bumpers parked in a street in 2010. Photo: Corvettec6r, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. The cockpit of the LPT amphibian at Szczecin, with its 126p steering wheel. Photo: Kapitel, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. The LPT, a six-wheeled amphibian built from Polski Fiat 126p parts, at the Museum of Technology and Transport, Szczecin, in 2010. Photo: Kerim44, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. The orange Polski Fiat 126p NP-650 front-drive prototype at Bosmal, Bielsko-Biała, in 2016. Photo: Jakub “Flyz1” Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A yellow 1978 Fiat 126 Personal 4 with black plastic bumpers in the Netherlands in 2014. Photo: Niels de Wit, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. Polski Fiat 126p cars racing at Tor Poznań, Poland, on 15 June 1980. Photo: Stiopa, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. Polski Fiat 126p Bombel, a pick-up prototype lettered BOMBEL, at the Poznań International Fair, Poland, in June 1974. Photo: Unknown photographer, Młody Technik (1974), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. Crowd round one of the first Polski Fiat 126p cars, still on temporary plate PPR 951, in Poland in 1973. Photo: Stiopa, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. Painted Polski Fiat 126p bodies on the trim line at FSM in the 1970s. Photo: Lech Zielaskowski (Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. Workers checking a finished Polski Fiat 126p at FSM in the 1970s. Photo: Lech Zielaskowski (Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A new Polski Fiat 126p moving along the overhead conveyor at FSM in the 1970s. Photo: Lech Zielaskowski (Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. Workers fitting a Polski Fiat 126p on the overhead line at FSM in the 1970s. Photo: Lech Zielaskowski (Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 N with fixed side windows from the front in Bristol in 2017, its show card on the windscreen. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A pale blue Steyr-Puch 500 D with rear-hinged doors and cream wheels, in a courtyard in 2005. Photo: Ghostwriter9151, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A red 1969 Fiat 500 Giardiniera at a show in 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A blue Mikrus MR-300 on the quay at Szafarnia, Gdańsk, in 2012. Photo: Artur Andrzej, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A red 1994 VAZ-1111 Oka, wet with rain, in 2020. Photo: gleb, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. A blue Dacia 500 Lăstun in Romania, 2018. Photo: Simiprof, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Polish Wikipedia, Fiat 126, read in full on 7 October 2026. It cites Zdzisław Podbielski, Polski Fiat 126p, czyli Maluch (2011); Marek Kuc, Samochody ze Śląska 1971–⁠2018 (2019); Włodzimierz Bukowski, Samochody PRL-u (2018); Aleksander Sowa, Fiat 126 Mały Wielki Samochód (2008); and Szelichowski, Sto lat polskiej motoryzacji (2003). pl.wikipedia.org
  2. Italian Wikipedia, Fiat 126, read in full. It cites l’Unità (1972–⁠77), La Repubblica (1986–⁠2000), the Quattroruote road test of February 1973 and Alessandro Sannia, Il grande libro delle piccole Fiat (2008). it.wikipedia.org
  3. English Wikipedia, Fiat 126, read in full. It cites auto motor und sport 24/1977, Autocar of 23 January 2020, Reuters of 31 January 2017, Deutsche Welle of 11 August 2016 and Polityka (2004). en.wikipedia.org
  4. W.B., “The Fiat 126”, road test, Motor Sport, January 1974, p. 44. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  5. Steyr-Puch-Freunde Oberkärnten, “Puch Kleinwagen: Puch 126”, the Austrian club’s page, read in full. www.steyrpuch.at
  6. The Fiat 126 Club (UK), “Fiat 126 Key Dates Time Line”, read in full from the copy archived on 23 January 2022. web.archive.org

Fiat 500 Giardiniera: the flat-engined 500 estate, 1960–⁠77

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red 1969 Fiat 500 Giardiniera at a show in 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The flat-twin engine under the load floor of a Fiat 500 Giardiniera, opened up during a road test in Wales on 1 February 1961. Photo: Geoff Charles (National Library of Wales), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A right-hand-drive Fiat 500 Giardiniera with its side-hinged rear door open during a road test in Wales on 1 February 1961. Photo: Geoff Charles (National Library of Wales), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A navy 1968 Autobianchi Giardiniera, VLY 767G, on the lawn at Salon Privé, England, in September 2021. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. An Autobianchi Giardiniera van in ANAS Roma road-service livery with a roof beacon at a show in June 2026. Photo: Versante790, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A sky-blue 1960 Fiat 500 Giardiniera at a classic car show in Australia in February 2017. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A red 1963 Fiat 500 Giardiniera at a club meeting in Steyl, Netherlands, in June 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A navy 1966 Fiat 500 Giardiniera with its roof open at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, England, in November 2015. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A red 1967 Fiat 500 Giardiniera, D660 UGT, in the car park at the Goodwood Revival, England, in September 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A white 1969 Fiat 500 Giardiniera at the AC Mülheim-Kärlich meeting, Germany, in June 2019. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A light blue 1970 Fiat 500 Giardiniera at a show in Sherborne, Dorset, in 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A navy right-hand-drive 1970 Fiat 500 Giardiniera, BPF 174H, at the Classic Car Day in Faversham, England, in May 2008. Photo: allen watkin, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A pale blue 1971 Fiat 500 Giardiniera, ADE 139J, at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, England, in November 2019. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A dark blue 1972 Autobianchi Giardiniera in a Florence street in 2011. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A red Fiat 500 Giardiniera at the Fiat Club meeting in Poděbrady, Czech Republic, in April 2017. Photo: Stribrohorak, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A mint-green Fiat 500 Giardiniera from the front in Italy in 2011, beside parked scooters and bicycles. Photo: photobeppus, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A cream Fiat 500 Giardiniera in a pizzeria’s livery in Wülfrath, Germany, in 2018. Photo: Im Fokus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A grey right-hand-drive Fiat 500 Giardiniera, RUL 777E, at the Goodwood Breakfast Club, England, in October 2009. Photo: Supermac1961, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A lime-green Fiat 500 Giardiniera at Beuel Classics, Bonn, Germany, in March 2015. Photo: Axel Kirch, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A white 1965 Fiat 500 Giardiniera with ‘Luxus’ badging at Konz, Germany, in July 2016. Photo: Berthold Werner, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A mustard-yellow Fiat 500 Giardiniera at Classics at the Castle, England, in July 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. An olive-green Giardiniera parked in Prato, Italy, in March 2012. Photo: Massimilianogalardi, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A beige Fiat 500 Giardiniera parked in Prato, Italy, in June 2011. Photo: Massimilianogalardi, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A red Fiat 500 Giardiniera with a cream roof parked in a German street in September 2013. Photo: Rudolf Stricker, Attribution (Wikimedia Commons), via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A beige Fiat 500 Giardiniera at Techno-Classica, Essen, Germany, in March 2018. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A navy Fiat 500 Giardiniera on Heilbronner Straße in Berlin-Schöneberg, Germany, in May 2020. Photo: Babewyn, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A grey Fiat 500 Giardiniera at the Goodwood Breakfast Club, England, in June 2010. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A dark blue Fiat 500 Giardiniera parked under trees in France in June 2009. Photo: Barry Lewis, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. An orange Giardiniera in profile on the rue de Bellechasse, Paris, France, in March 2024. Photo: Ibex73, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A cream Fiat 500 Giardiniera in pizzeria livery in profile in Wülfrath, Germany, in 2018, showing its long estate body and side vent. Photo: Im Fokus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A red 1963 Fiat 500 Giardiniera from the rear three-quarter at a club meeting in Steyl, Netherlands, in June 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A pale blue 1970 Fiat 500 Giardiniera with its roof rolled back at Classics at the Castle, England, in July 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A beige 1974 Giardiniera, CYL-34, from the rear three-quarter in Lahti, Finland, in May 2010. Photo: Gwafton, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A lime-green Fiat 500 Giardiniera from the rear three-quarter at Beuel Classics, Bonn, Germany, in March 2015. Photo: Axel Kirch, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A white 1965 Fiat 500 Giardiniera with ‘Luxus’ badging from the rear three-quarter at Konz, Germany, in July 2016. Photo: Berthold Werner, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A mustard-yellow Fiat 500 Giardiniera from the rear three-quarter at Classics at the Castle, England, in July 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A mint-green Fiat 500 Giardiniera in an Italian street in 2011. Photo: photobeppus, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A cream Fiat 500 Giardiniera from behind in Wülfrath, Germany, in 2018, with the side-hinged rear door of the estate. Photo: Im Fokus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. The tail of a red Fiat 500 Giardiniera with its script badge at the Fiat Club meeting in Poděbrady, Czech Republic, in April 2017. Photo: Stribrohorak, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A white 1969 Fiat 500 Giardiniera head-on beside a hedge in Germany in June 2017. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A turquoise Fiat 500 Giardiniera lapping Circuit Zandvoort, Netherlands, at the National Oldtimer Festival in September 2009. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A mint-green 1966 Fiat 500 Giardiniera at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, Germany. Photo: Wleiter, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A teal 1972 Fiat 500 Giardiniera at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, Tennessee, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. An orange Giardiniera on the rue de Bellechasse, Paris, France, in March 2024. Photo: Ibex73, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A dusty navy 1972 Autobianchi Giardiniera in everyday use in Montecchio, Umbria, Italy, in July 2007. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A white 1974 Autobianchi Giardiniera with a roof rack in Amelia, Umbria, Italy, in July 2007. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A weathered white 1976 Autobianchi Giardiniera on a gravel car park in Gubbio, Umbria, Italy, in July 2011. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A white 1977 Autobianchi Giardiniera with tricolore stripes, from the last year of production. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A navy Autobianchi Giardiniera with its roof open parked in Italy in April 2011. Photo: Thomas doerfer, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A red late Giardiniera with its driver at a classic car meeting in Germany in September 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A dusty navy 1972 Autobianchi Giardiniera from the rear three-quarter in Montecchio, Umbria, Italy, in July 2007. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A white 1974 Autobianchi Giardiniera with a roof rack from the rear three-quarter in Amelia, Umbria, Italy, in July 2007. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A weathered white 1976 Autobianchi Giardiniera from the rear three-quarter in Gubbio, Umbria, Italy, in July 2011. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A navy 1972 Autobianchi Giardiniera from the rear three-quarter in a street in Florence, Italy, in July 2011. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. A navy Autobianchi Giardiniera from the rear three-quarter, parked in Italy in April 2011. Photo: Thomas doerfer, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. A Fiat 500 Giardiniera in Carabinieri livery with its door open at a classic car show in April 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. A white 1968 Fiat 500 van with a chequered bonnet at a classic car meeting in May 2013. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. A cream Fiat 500 Giardiniera with signwriting at the Oldtimerfestival in Zoetermeer, Netherlands, in May 2012. Photo: FaceMePLS, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. A white Fiat 500 Giardiniera with a period roof tent pitched on top, Germany, June 2011. Photo: EPei, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  60. An ochre Fiat 500 Giardiniera on a mountain road in the Dolomites, Italy, in 1972. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. Welsh journalists road-test a new right-hand-drive Fiat 500 Giardiniera on a muddy lane in Wales on 1 February 1961. Photo: Geoff Charles (National Library of Wales), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. A 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 N with fixed side windows from the front in Bristol in 2017, its show card on the windscreen. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  63. A red Bianchina Trasformabile at the Hershey car show, Pennsylvania, in 2009. Photo: JOHN LLOYD from Concrete, Washington, United States, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. A cream and black 1936 Fiat 500 A at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, in May 2026. Photo: Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  65. A white 1973 Fiat 126 of the first series on a woodland verge in England in 2009. Photo: Tony Harrison, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  66. A yellow Deutsche Bundespost Goggomobil TL Transporter with its sliding door open, Heusenstamm, 2011. Photo: Urmelbeauftragter, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  67. An olive Steyr-Puch Haflinger 700 AP with a cream canvas tilt, AJM 678A, at the Haflinger meeting in IJmuiden, Netherlands, in April 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Italian Wikipedia, Fiat Nuova 500, the Giardiniera and Autobianchi sections and the production table, read in full. it.wikipedia.org
  2. Christian Bouchat, “Fifty years since the launch of the Fiat 500 (Part II)”, automania.be, 19 June 2007, read in full in the archived copy. web.archive.org
  3. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1961 Fiat 500 K Giardiniera”, tour page, read in full in the archived copy of 2015. www.microcarmuseum.com
  4. Italian Wikipedia, Caratteristiche tecniche della Fiat Nuova 500, the Giardiniera column, whose figures it credits to fiat500mylove.it. it.wikipedia.org
  5. RM Auctions, Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 324, “1961 Fiat 500 K Giardiniera”. rmsothebys.com
  6. Fiat 500 Club Italia, “Modelli”, the club’s series chronology, archived 25 June 2007. web.archive.org

Fiat 500 Jolly: Ghia’s wicker-seated beach car

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red US-specification Ghia Jolly with a striped canopy at Ypsilanti, Michigan, in 2007. Photo: JOHN LLOYD from Concrete, Washington, United States, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The wicker seats and floor of an orange 1961 Fiat 500 Jolly at Classic Park, Boxtel, in 2014, with the Jolly script on its flank. Photo: Niels de Wit from Lunteren, The Netherlands, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A white 1961 Fiat 500 Jolly with US-market headlamps at the Greenwich concours, Connecticut, in 2013. Photo: Vetatur Fumare, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A pale blue 1971 Jolly built on the Fiat 500 Giardiniera estate, on show in France in 2019. Photo: Alexandre Prevot from Nancy, France, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A coral 1959 Fiat 500 Jolly with a striped canopy at the Woodward Dream Cruise, Michigan, in 2019. Photo: Mustang Joe, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Red Fiat 500 Jolly, the Island Jolly of 1966, with a fringed striped canopy and wicker-style seats, at the TWA Hotel, New York, in August 2019. Photo: w_lemay, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A red 1966 Fiat 500 Jolly with a striped fringed canopy, indoors in 2021. Photo: Charles from Port Chester, New York, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. An orange 1961 Fiat 500 Jolly with a blue canopy at Classic Park in Boxtel, Netherlands, in 2014. Photo: Niels de Wit from Lunteren, The Netherlands, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A white 1961 Fiat 500 Jolly from the front right at Greenwich, Connecticut, in 2013, showing its cut-down sides and wicker seats. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A blue Fiat 500 Jolly by Ghia in profile at the NEC, Birmingham, in 2011, a picnic hamper strapped behind its wicker seats. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. Red Fiat 500 Jolly, the Island Jolly of 1966, from the rear quarter with its JOLLYDAY plate, at the TWA Hotel, New York, in August 2019. Photo: w_lemay, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A white 1961 Fiat 500 Jolly from behind at Greenwich, Connecticut, in 2013, its Nuova 500 engine lid and tail lamps unchanged. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A blue Ghia Jolly at the NEC Classic Motor Show in Birmingham in 2011. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A pink Fiat 500 Jolly at Techno-Classica in Essen in 2025. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. An orange Jolly racing at the Bahamas Speed Week in Nassau in 2011. Photo: jeremyparr, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A pale blue Fiat 500 Jolly at the NEC Classic Motor Show in Birmingham in 2022. Photo: Phil Parker from Leamington Spa, UK, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A pink Fiat 500 Jolly at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile in Turin in 2020. Photo: Zairon, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 N with fixed side windows from the front in Bristol in 2017, its show card on the windscreen. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A blue Vignale Gamine from the front in Sorrento, Italy, in 2021, its vertical grille and round headlamps in chrome. Photo: Викидим, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A yellow 1967 Ferves Ranger from the front left at Chorleywood in 2016, showing its open four-seat cabin. Photo: PSParrot, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A pale blue 1967 Fiat 500 Moretti Coupé at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1962 Fiat 500 Jolly”, tour page, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  2. Lancaster Insurance, “The Ideal Summer Car – The Fiat 500 Jolly”, 22 July 2026, read in summary; a general-interest article. www.lancasterinsurance.co.uk
  3. Italian Wikipedia, Ghia 500 Jolly, read in full; its technical box is credited to ruoteclassiche.it. it.wikipedia.org
  4. English Wikipedia, Fiat 500, Jolly section, citing Donald Osborne, “1961 Fiat Jolly 500”, Sports Car Market, September 2005. en.wikipedia.org
  5. RM Sotheby’s, Amelia Island, 2021, lot 165, “1959 Fiat 500 Jolly by Ghia”, read in summary. rmsothebys.com
  6. RM Auctions, Auburn Fall, 2013, lot 5105, “1961 Fiat 500 Jolly”, read in summary. rmsothebys.com
  7. Italian Wikipedia, Fiat Nuova 500, table of derivatives, read in full. it.wikipedia.org

Fiat 500 Topolino: Italy’s first people’s car, 1936–⁠55

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A cream and black 1936 Fiat 500 A at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, in May 2026. Photo: Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A 1937 Fiat 500 A trasformabile with its full-length roof rolled back at the Bristol Italian AutoMoto Festival in April 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Raffaello Guzman climbs out of his Fiat 500, entry No. 29, at the 1937 Mille Miglia. Photo: Foto Locchi, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Italian radio’s Fiat 500 C estate, lettered ‘radio italiana’, at the Helsinki Olympic Games in July 1952. Photo: Volker von Bonin / Helsinki City Museum, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A Fiat 500 A with its door open on a country road in Hungary in 1939. Photo: Fortepan, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. The blue Simca 5 Gordini No. 48 of the 1937 Le Mans 24 Hours at the Musée des 24 Heures du Mans in September 2024. Photo: Olinone, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A Fiat 500 C among cars in a Fiat dealer’s workshop in De Pijp, Amsterdam, in May 1955. Photo: Ben van Meerendonk / AHF, collectie IISG, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A cream 1936 Fiat 500 A with red wheels at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A restored 1936 Fiat 500 A at the Fiat 120th anniversary exhibition, Troja Palace, Prague, in September 2019. Photo: Stribrohorak, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A red and black 1936 Fiat 500 A at the National Polytechnic Museum, Sofia, in March 2017. Photo: Georgy Palpurin ShareBulgaria team, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A yellow and black 1936 Fiat 500 A saloon at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in November 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A maroon and black 1937 Fiat 500 A at a car show in England in October 2009. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A red and black 1937 Fiat 500 A trasformabile at the Bristol Italian AutoMoto Festival in April 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A maroon and black 1937 Fiat 500 A on a show field in England in July 2008. Photo: Supermac1961, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. An off-white 1939 Fiat 500 A parked in Poreč, Croatia, in January 2011. Photo: Dušan Kocmut, CC BY-SA 2.5 si, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A maroon and black Fiat 500 A shown as a 1943 car at Museum Angkut, Batu, East Java, in October 2017. Photo: Crisco 1492, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A maroon Fiat 500 A at the classic car meeting in Bauma, Switzerland, in July 2019. Photo: SchmalspurDVZO, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A lime-green Fiat 500 A at a car-hire yard in Maleme, Crete, in September 2010. Photo: Beemwej, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A red and black Fiat 500 A at the Meeting of Italian Cars in Poděbrady, Czech Republic, in April 2017. Photo: Stribrohorak, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A cream and black Fiat 500 Furgoncino with the wing-mounted headlamps of the A and B, at a car show in May 2010. Photo: nakhon100, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A maroon and black Fiat 500 A under an aircraft wing at the Malta Aviation Museum, Ta’ Qali, in February 2012. Photo: Tony Hisgett, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A cream Fiat 500 Topolino with wing-mounted headlamps at the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in October 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A black Fiat 500 Topolino, thought by its photographer to be a 1950 500 B, in Hisaya-ōdōri Park, Nagoya, in 2022. Photo: KKPCW（Kyu3）, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A mint-green Fiat 500 A in profile at the Bremen Classic Motorshow in January 2020. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A black Fiat 500 A with red wheels in profile in Schaffhausen, Switzerland, in September 2020. Photo: Sandra Becker 01, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A red and black Fiat 500 A with its rear-hinged door open at the National Polytechnic Museum, Sofia, in March 2017. Photo: Antonio Georgiev, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. The rear of a yellow and black 1936 Fiat 500 A saloon at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in November 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. An unrestored blue 1937 Fiat 500 A after 40 years in a garage, at Rangiora, New Zealand, in January 2017. Photo: Riley, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A red and black 1937 Fiat 500 A trasformabile with its roof folded back at a car show in England in July 2008. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. The rear of a green and black 1938 Fiat 500 A with its roof rolled back at the Băneasa period car show, Bucharest, in May 2012. Photo: Alexandru Panoiu, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. The rear of a red and black Fiat 500 A at the Meeting of Italian Cars in Poděbrady, Czech Republic, in April 2017. Photo: Stribrohorak, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A green 1939 Fiat 500 A trasformabile with its roof closed at Bergen aan Zee, Netherlands, in April 2013. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A green and black 1938 Fiat 500 A driving at the Băneasa period car show, Bucharest, in May 2012. Photo: Alexandru Panoiu, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A red Fiat 500 Zagato Panoramica driving at a classic rally in Japan in October 2008. Photo: Take. I., CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. The Shuttleworth Collection’s blue 1937 Fiat 500 A at Old Warden in November 2011. Photo: Roland Turner, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A blue and black Fiat 500 A at the Gedee Car Museum, Coimbatore, India, in a photograph uploaded in November 2025. Photo: Rainer Halama, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A Fiat 500 A beside a Fiat 500 C at a car meeting in March 2010, the A with separate headlamps, the C with faired-in lamps. Photo: David Perez, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A light blue Fiat 500 C beside a red Fiat 500 A at the classic car meeting in Bauma, Switzerland, in July 2019. Photo: SchmalspurDVZO, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A black Fiat 500 A with red wheels seen head-on in Schaffhausen, Switzerland, in September 2020. Photo: Sandra Becker 01, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A red 1948 Fiat 500 B at a club meeting in Steyl, Netherlands, in June 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A yellow 1948 Fiat 500 B at the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in November 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A green 1949 Fiat 500 B with rally number 109 at InterClassics, Brussels, in November 2024. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A grey Fiat 500 B with its bonnet open at the Acqui Terme motorcycle and parts fair, Italy, in October 2008. Photo: photobeppus, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A green Fiat 500 B trasformabile in Remich, Luxembourg, in May 2009. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A red 1948 Fiat 500 B in profile at a club meeting in Steyl, Netherlands, in June 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A green Fiat 500 B trasformabile with its roof folded back in Remich, Luxembourg, in May 2009. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A green and black 1949 Fiat 500 B in the ZeitHaus, Autostadt, Wolfsburg, in June 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A dark blue 1949 Fiat 500 C with pale blue wheels at the Salamanca Motor Museum, Spain, in April 2008. Photo: Hugh Llewelyn, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A two-tone green 1950 Fiat 500 C at Shannon’s Eastern Creek Classic, Sydney, in August 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A pale green 1952 Fiat 500 C at CARnivale, Parramatta Park, New South Wales, in January 2016. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A green 1953 Fiat 500 C at Frauenfeld, Switzerland, in August 2021. Photo: JoachimKohler-HB, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A red and black Fiat 500 C at Classic Remise, Berlin, in July 2025. Photo: Andrzej Otrębski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A silver Fiat 500 C at Classic Days, Düsseldorf, in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A red and black 1949 Fiat 500 C, its headlamps faired into the wings, in Hoofddorp, Netherlands, in September 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. A dark green Fiat 500 C trasformabile in Radda in Chianti, Tuscany, in July 2011. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. A faded pale green Fiat 500 C with yellow wheels against a shuttered shopfront in Rome in June 2011. Photo: Jean-Pierre Dalbéra, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. A green 1950 Fiat 500 C pick-up at the Desert Classic, La Quinta, California, in February 2011. Photo: Rex Gray, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. A dark green 1952 Fiat 500 C with a black fabric roof at Floriander, Haarlemmermeer, Netherlands, in September 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. A blue 1952 Fiat 500 C in profile at Floriander, Haarlemmermeer, Netherlands, in September 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  60. A green 1953 Fiat 500 C in profile at Frauenfeld, Switzerland, in August 2021. Photo: JoachimKohler-HB, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. The rear of a two-tone green 1950 Fiat 500 C at Shannon’s Eastern Creek Classic, Sydney, in August 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. The rear of a blue 1952 Fiat 500 C at Floriander, Haarlemmermeer, Netherlands, in September 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  63. A maroon 1954 Fiat 500 C trasformabile with its roof open and luggage on the rack at the Bristol Italian AutoMoto Festival in April 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. A grey 1955 Fiat 500 C trasformabile with luggage on its tail rack at Tingstäde, Gotland, in August 2022. Photo: Bene Riobó, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  65. A brown Fiat 500 C with luggage on its tail rack at the classic car meeting in Bauma, Switzerland, in July 2019. Photo: SchmalspurDVZO, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  66. The rear of a dark green Fiat 500 C trasformabile on a wet street in Radda in Chianti, Tuscany, in July 2011. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  67. A yellow 1951 Fiat 500 C at the Manjusha Car Museum, Dharmasthala, Karnataka, in November 2025. Photo: Gpkp, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  68. A navy 1954 Fiat 500 C at the Haynes International Motor Museum, Sparkford, in 2017. Photo: Hugh Llewelyn, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  69. A black 1954 Fiat 500 C at the Swiss Museum of Transport, Lucerne, in December 2019. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  70. A grey 1954 Fiat 500 C Belvedere at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in March 2018. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  71. A green Fiat 500 C Belvedere at the Bonhams sale, Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2015. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  72. A grey and cream Fiat 500 C Belvedere at Dalhem, Gotland, in August 2023. Photo: Bene Riobó, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  73. A dark green Fiat 500 C Belvedere police car, Polizia 700 TS, in Rome in October 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  74. A weathered blue Fiat 500 C Belvedere, missing its grille, on a building site in October 2009. Photo: Joost J. Bakker, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  75. A grey Fiat 500 C Giardiniera with wooden sides at a club meeting in July 2016. Photo: Printy4927, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  76. A navy and grey Fiat 500 C Belvedere in profile in Remich, Luxembourg, in May 2009. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  77. A pale green Fiat 500 C Belvedere with a roof rack at the Kurpfalz-Klassik, Technik Museum Sinsheim, in May 2009. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  78. A grey 1950 Fiat 500 C Giardiniera with wooden sides at a club meeting in July 2016. Photo: Printy4927, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  79. A two-tone green Fiat 500 C estate outside a trattoria in Via della Lungaretta, Rome, in October 2011. Photo: Jean-Pol GRANDMONT, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  80. A brown Fiat 500 C Giardiniera in profile at the Kurpfalz-Klassik, Technik Museum Sinsheim, in May 2009. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  81. The rear of a green Fiat 500 C Belvedere at the Bonhams sale, Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2015. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  82. A pale green Fiat 500 C Belvedere at Techno-Classica, Essen, in April 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  83. The rear of a grey and cream Fiat 500 C Belvedere at Dalhem, Gotland, in August 2023. Photo: Bene Riobó, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  84. The rear of a grey Fiat 500 C Belvedere at a car show in Japan in July 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  85. The rear door of a pale green Fiat 500 C Belvedere at Techno-Classica, Essen, in April 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  86. A dark green Fiat 500 C Belvedere police car, Polizia 700 TS, seen head-on in Rome in October 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  87. A pale green Fiat 500 C Belvedere seen head-on at the Technik Museum Sinsheim in May 2009. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  88. A 1951 Fiat 500 C Belvedere running in the 2018 Mille Miglia in Brescia in May 2018. Photo: Wolfgang Moroder, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  89. A grey and cream Fiat 500 C Belvedere on a country road at Gothem, Gotland, in August 2025. Photo: Bene Riobó, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  90. A grey 1953 Fiat 500 C Furgoncino van at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in July 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  91. A dark green 1950 Fiat 500 C Furgoncino at InterClassics, Brussels, in November 2024. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  92. A black Fiat 500 C Furgoncino with a roof rack in a Turin street in November 2009. Photo: Joost J. Bakker, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  93. A green Fiat 500 C Furgoncino of the Centro Latte Rapallo dairy in Rapallo, Italy, in October 2008. Photo: Davide Papalini, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  94. The cockpit of a 1937 Fiat 500 A trasformabile, seen over its rolled-back roof, at the Bristol Italian AutoMoto Festival in April 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  95. The cabin of a Fiat 500 C Belvedere at the Technik Museum Sinsheim in May 2009. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  96. The dashboard of a 1937 Fiat 500 A at a car show in England in July 2008. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  97. The dashboard and bench seat of a 1936 Fiat 500 A at the National Polytechnic Museum, Sofia, in March 2017. Photo: Antonio Georgiev, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  98. The unrestored blue 1937 Fiat 500 A with its bonnet open at Rangiora, New Zealand, in January 2017. Photo: Riley, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  99. The engine bay of a Fiat 500 Topolino with its bonnet raised, in Italy in November 2019. Photo: Threecharlie, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  100. The engine bay of a Fiat 500 C Belvedere at a car show in Japan in July 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  101. The flank and door of a red and black 1936 Fiat 500 A at the National Polytechnic Museum, Sofia, in March 2017. Photo: Georgy Palpurin ShareBulgaria team, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  102. The tall grille of a 1937 Fiat 500 A at the Bristol Italian AutoMoto Festival in April 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  103. The ‘Topolino 500B’ script on the grille of a 1948 Fiat 500 B at Steyl, Netherlands, in June 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  104. The four-cylinder engine of a Fiat 500 Topolino seen from above, in Italy in November 2019. Photo: Threecharlie, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  105. The overhead-valve four-cylinder engine of a Fiat 500 B at Acqui Terme, Italy, in October 2008. Photo: photobeppus, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  106. The cabin of a 1949 Fiat 500 C in Hoofddorp, Netherlands, in September 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  107. The dashboard of a 1949 Fiat 500 C registered in Alberta, Canada, in July 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  108. The dashboard of a 1949 Fiat 500 C at the oldtimer meeting in Vallendar, Germany, in July 2007. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  109. The engine bay of a 1949 Fiat 500 C registered in Alberta, Canada, in July 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  110. The engine of a 1949 Fiat 500 C, with its radiator behind it, at Vallendar, Germany, in July 2007. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  111. The engine bay of a 1949 Fiat 500 C in Hoofddorp, Netherlands, in September 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  112. The spare wheel stowed in the tail of a 1949 Fiat 500 C registered in Alberta, Canada, in July 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  113. The fuel and oil gauge on the dashboard of a 1949 Fiat 500 C in Hoofddorp, Netherlands, in September 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  114. A pale blue 1949 Fiat 500 barchetta bodied by Carrozzeria Colli at the Museo Nicolis, Villafranca di Verona, in September 2018. Photo: Facquis, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  115. An orange Bertone-bodied barchetta on the Fiat 500 A chassis at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, in April 2015. Photo: Rahil Rupawala, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  116. A camouflaged Fiat 500 A with Red Cross markings, used in the Second World War, at the Mémorial de Caen in November 2023. Photo: Loxyger, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  117. A red Fiat 500 B Zagato Panoramica at the Coppa di Tokyo, Japan, in November 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  118. A 1954 Fiat 500 C Giardiniera-Belvedere photographed by J.W.C. Postel in the Netherlands in 1972. Photo: J.W.C. Postel / Erfgoed Leiden en Omstreken, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  119. A navy Fiat 500 C trasformabile with its roof open at the classic car meeting in Bauma, Switzerland, in July 2019. Photo: SchmalspurDVZO, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  120. A cream and black Fiat 500 C trasformabile with its roof closed, photographed in April 2013. Photo: Zulmabm, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  121. A yellow Topolino-bodied drag racer at the MSRA Back to the 50’s show, State Fairgrounds, St Paul, Minnesota, in June 2013. Photo: Greg Gjerdingen, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  122. A red 1948 Fiat 500 B barchetta at a Ferrari event in Italy in September 2019. Photo: PaolaDB, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  123. The rear of a red and black 1953 NSU-Fiat 500 at the oldtimer meeting in Konz, Germany, in July 2016. Photo: Berthold Werner, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  124. A cream NSU-Fiat 500 C with yellow wheels at a car show in Germany in May 2016. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  125. An olive NSU-Fiat 500 C estate at the Automuseum Engstingen, Germany, in September 2019. Photo: Lindemann97, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  126. A green 1952 NSU-Fiat 500 C Belvedere with its bonnet raised at the Auto & Uhrenwelt, Schramberg, in November 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  127. A green 1952 NSU-Fiat 500 C Belvedere in profile at the Auto & Uhrenwelt, Schramberg, in November 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  128. A red NSU-Fiat 500 C at the oldtimer meeting in Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz, Germany, in June 2019. Photo: DALIBRI, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  129. The NSU/FIAT badge on the nose of a cream NSU-Fiat 500 C at a car show in Germany in May 2016. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  130. The dashboard of an NSU-Fiat 500 Weinsberg spider at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, in September 2022. Photo: Wikisympathisant, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  131. A silver NSU-Fiat 500 Weinsberg spider at the Autotron, Rosmalen, Netherlands, in August 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  132. The rear of a cream NSU-Fiat 500 Spyder at Tjolöholm Classic Motor, Sweden, in May 2024. Photo: Herranderssvensson, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  133. The rear of a white NSU-Fiat 500 Weinsberg spider in June 2007. Photo: Aconcagua, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  134. A white NSU-Fiat 500 Weinsberg spider in June 2007. Photo: Aconcagua, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  135. A green NSU-Fiat 500 spider with its hood up at the UMMC Museum of Military and Automotive Technology, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia, in June 2021. Photo: Vyacheslav Bukharov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  136. A red 1939 NSU-Fiat Topolino-Weinsberg roadster at the Fiat 120th anniversary exhibition, Troja Palace, Prague, in September 2019. Photo: Stribrohorak, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  137. A blue 1948 Simca-Gordini Type 5 single-seater at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  138. A navy 1936 Simca 5 seen head-on in France in April 2018. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  139. A navy 1936 Simca 5 on grass in France in April 2018. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  140. A maroon 1937 Simca 5 at the Domaine de la Petite Couère, Châtelais, France, in June 2024. Photo: Fab5669, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  141. A restored 1937 Simca-Fiat 5 at the Fiat 120th anniversary exhibition, Troja Palace, Prague, in September 2019. Photo: Stribrohorak, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  142. A cream and navy 1939 Simca 5 at a car show in Poland in August 2026. Photo: Zbigniew Czernik, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  143. The rear of a cream and navy 1939 Simca 5 with its roof rolled back at a car show in Poland in August 2026. Photo: Zbigniew Czernik, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  144. A grey French Army Simca 5 in a 1940 diorama at the Musée des Blindés, Saumur, in September 2021. Photo: Totorvdr59, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  145. The rear of a grey French Army Simca 5 at the Musée des Blindés, Saumur, in September 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  146. The engine bay of a blue Simca 5 in Pays de la Loire, France, in May 2022. Photo: Llann Wé², CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  147. A green 1939 Simca 5 fourgonnette lettered for the Auberge du Port, Vire-sur-Lot, at Turvey, England, in May 2016. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  148. A brown Simca 5 découvrable in June 2012. Photo: Arnaud 25, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  149. The blue Simca 5 Gordini No. 48 from the 1937 Le Mans 24 Hours at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2015. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  150. A red Simca 5 shown in Meursault, Côte-d’Or, for the 50th anniversary of the film La Grande Vadrouille in September 2016. Photo: François de Dijon, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  151. A red Simca 5 in profile in Meursault, Côte-d’Or, at the 50th anniversary of La Grande Vadrouille in September 2016. Photo: François de Dijon, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  152. A red and black Simca 5 at the Meeting of Italian Cars in Poděbrady, Czech Republic, in April 2017. Photo: Stribrohorak, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  153. The rear of a red and black Simca 5 at the Meeting of Italian Cars in Poděbrady, Czech Republic, in April 2017. Photo: Stribrohorak, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  154. The rear of a red Simca 5 with a luggage grid on its tail in July 2010. Photo: Joost J. Bakker, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  155. A brown Simca 5 découvrable with its roof rolled back in June 2012. Photo: Arnaud 25, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  156. A black Simca 5 at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in April 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  157. The rear of a black Simca 5 at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in April 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  158. A brown Simca 5 van at the Collection L’Aventure Automobile, Poissy, in October 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  159. A white Simca 5 with race number 2 at the Meeting of Italian Cars in Poděbrady, Czech Republic, in April 2017. Photo: Stribrohorak, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  160. The rear of a white Simca 5 at the Meeting of Italian Cars in Poděbrady, Czech Republic, in April 2017. Photo: Stribrohorak, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  161. Two children beside a parked Fiat 500 A in Hungary in 1940. Photo: Fortepan, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  162. A new Fiat 500 A on the cobbles after an accident, its rear wheel off, in Hungary in 1936. Photo: Fortepan, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  163. A Fiat 500 B with its roof open at the RAI motor show, Amsterdam, in May 1948. Photo: Snikkers / Anefo, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  164. A Fiat 500 C Furgoncino outside the Zeldenrust dairy on the Rechtboomsloot, Amsterdam, in May 1954. Photo: Willem van de Poll / Nationaal Archief, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  165. A wheel being changed on a Fiat 500 C during the KNAC ladies’ rally at Zeist, Netherlands, on 20 May 1950. Photo: Jack de Nijs / Anefo, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  166. Maria Teresa de Filippis at the wheel of her Fiat 500, No. 8, the class winner at the Salerno–Cava de’ Tirreni hillclimb in June 1948. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  167. Entry No. 16, a Fiat 500, on the coast road at Calafuria near Livorno in the 1938 Mille Miglia. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  168. A 1938 NSU-built Fiat 500 A spider photographed by J.W.C. Postel in the Netherlands in 1972. Photo: J.W.C. Postel / Erfgoed Leiden en Omstreken, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  169. Elio and Ugo Zagato with Fiat-based Zagato cars outside the Carrozzeria Zagato works in Milan in 1947. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  170. Two new Fiat 500 Cs high on a car transporter in Turin in about 1950. Photo: US Economic Cooperation Administration (National Archives), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  171. A 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 N with fixed side windows from the front in Bristol in 2017, its show card on the windscreen. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  172. A red 1969 Fiat 500 Giardiniera at a show in 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  173. A black and red Standard Superior at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in December 2019. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  174. White Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet of 1925 before the German Pavilion on the Expo grounds, Hanover, in September 2013. Photo: Hmg210, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Fiat 500 “Topolino”, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  2. German Wikipedia, Fiat 500 Topolino, read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  3. Italian Wikipedia, Fiat 500 “Topolino”, read in full with its infobox. Used as a lead; its bibliography includes Dante Giacosa’s memoir (1979) and Alessandro Sannia (2008). it.wikipedia.org
  4. Lane Motor Museum, “Fiat 500 Coupé ‘Topolino’, 1936”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  5. Ken Zino, “Eightieth Anniversary of the Fiat 500 ‘Topolino’”, AutoInformed, June 2016, read in full. autoinformed.com
  6. Italpress, “Torino celebra i primi 90 anni della Fiat 500 ‘Topolino’”, June 2026, a report of Fiat’s Heritage Hub event, read in full. www.italpress.com
  7. German Wikipedia, Simca 5, read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  8. French Wikipedia, Simca 5, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites René Bellu, Toutes les Simca, and the Le Mans museum. fr.wikipedia.org
  9. German Wikipedia, NSU-Fiat, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Werner Oswald, Deutsche Autos. de.wikipedia.org
  10. The Shuttleworth Collection, “Fiat 500 ‘Topolino’”, collection page, read in full. www.shuttleworth.org
  11. National Automobile Museum of Tasmania, “1936 Fiat Topolino”, read in full. namt.com.au
  12. Artcurial, Rétromobile sale, Paris, 2014, lot 315, 1939 Fiat 500 A Topolino coupé découvrable, read in full. www.artcurial.com

Fiat Nuova 500: Italy’s small car, 1957–⁠1975

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 N with fixed side windows from the front in Bristol in 2017, its show card on the windscreen. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 N in profile in Bristol in 2017, showing its fixed side windows and long fabric roof. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A 1958 Nuova 500 N with its engine lid open at the NEC Classic Motor Show in 2024. Photo: Anders Bot, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The running-in sticker on the dashboard of a Fiat Nuova 500 at Estoril, Portugal, in 2018, giving the speed limit for each gear. Photo: _morgado, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A cream Fiat Nuova 500 climbing the Test Hill at Brooklands in 2010. Photo: Tony Harrison from Farnborough, UK, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A 1966 Fiat 500 F beside its 2008 descendant at the Lane Motor Museum in 2009. Photo: dave_7 from Lethbridge, Canada, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A cream 1958 Fiat Nuova 500 at the Shanghai Auto Museum in 2023. Photo: JamesYoung8167, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A white Fiat Nuova 500 with 500 L-style bumper guards at the Motorama show in 2017. Photo: Joe deSousa, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A dark blue 1971 Fiat 500 parked in Washington, D.C., in 2011. Photo: IFCAR, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A light blue Fiat Nuova 500 parked in a Montreal street in 2010. Photo: abdallahh from Montréal, Canada, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A red Fiat Nuova 500 in Stuttgart in 2025. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A red Fiat Nuova 500 with a club rally plate at Newbury in 2009. Photo: allen watkin from London, UK, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A white 1972 Fiat 500 R, the last version, at a rally in Stratford-upon-Avon in 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A white 1973 Fiat 500 R at a classic-car show in Hudson, Quebec, in 2013. Photo: Bull-Doser, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A 1958 Fiat Nuova 500 in profile at the Shanghai Automobile Museum in 2023, its long fabric roof closed. Photo: JamesYoung8167, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A blue Fiat Nuova 500 in profile at the Classic and Sports Car Show in 2016. Photo: 35mmMan, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A red 1966 Fiat Bambina, the New Zealand-assembled 500, in Christchurch in 2012. Photo: Riley from Christchurch, New Zealand, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A 1958 Fiat Nuova 500 from behind at the Shanghai Automobile Museum in 2023, showing its early louvred engine lid. Photo: JamesYoung8167, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A pale blue 1959 Fiat Nuova 500 Trasformabile Normale at the AutoRAI show in Amsterdam in 2011. Photo: Rutger van der Maar from Leiden, The Netherlands, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A yellow 1960 Fiat Nuova 500 at an outdoor show in Chile in 2013. Photo: order_242 from Chile, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A white 1971 Fiat 500 in a La Spezia street in 2013. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A red Fiat Nuova 500 from the rear left in Stuttgart in 2025. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A very early 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 with fixed side windows, at a gathering in Bristol in 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A blue Fiat Nuova 500 from straight behind at Estoril in 2018. Photo: _morgado, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A restored black Fiat Nuova 500 head-on in an Italian car park. Photo: Renzo Ferrante from Italy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A turquoise Fiat Nuova 500 head-on at the Automobiles of the World museum, with tubular bumper guards. Photo: Sergey A. Demidov, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A worn-out Fiat Nuova 500 turned into a chicken house at a French garden centre in the 1990s. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A red Fiat Nuova 500 dressed as a wedding car, with a hamper on its engine lid, in Passau in 2020. Photo: Donald Judge, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A turquoise Fiat Nuova 500 on a plinth at the Automobiles of the World museum, Moscow, in 2025. Photo: Sergey A. Demidov, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A red Fiat Nuova 500 parked before the Chiesa di Santa Lucia in Ferrara in 2020. Photo: Lungoleno, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A white Fiat Nuova 500 at the Gedee Car Museum, Coimbatore, India, in 2025. Photo: Rainer Halama, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A cream 1964 Fiat 500 D at a classic-car meeting in 2025. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A grey 1964 Fiat Nuova 500 at the Minnesota State Fairgrounds in 2012. Photo: Greg Gjerdingen from Willmar, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A red 1963 Fiat 500 D at a classic-car meeting in 2025. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A grey Fiat 500 in profile at Goodwood in 2011. Photo: Louis Rix, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A cream 1962 Fiat 500 D in a museum in Japan in 2015. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A cream 1961 Fiat 500 D at a vintage-car concours in Bangkok in 2025. Photo: Coolalabright, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A red 1962 Fiat 500 D under a model of Turin’s Mole Antonelliana at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile in 2015. Photo: Rahil Rupawala, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A grey Fiat 500 D at the Lane Motor Museum in Nashville in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A mint-green 500 F parked under trees in Berlin in 2009. Photo: Jochen Teufel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A red 1966 Fiat 500 F from behind in Whitnash, England, in 2021. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A cream 1967 Fiat 500 F at the NEC Classic Motor Show in Birmingham in 2018. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A yellow 500 F with alloy wheels in a Tokyo car park in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A pale blue Fiat 500 with 500 L bumper overriders at a show in 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A cream 1969 Fiat 500 L in Pontremoli, Italy, in 2013. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A black 1971 Fiat 500 L with a luggage rack on its engine lid, at a British show in 2023. Photo: DieselFordMondeo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A black 1973 Fiat 500 L parked in Warwick in 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. An ochre Fiat 500 L at a classic-car meeting in 2014. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. The body-coloured dashboard of a Fiat 500, with its single speedometer and slim wheel. Photo: Joshin Yamada, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. The dashboard of a 1971 Fiat 500 with a cream wheel, at Rheinbach Classics in 2007. Photo: Eckhard Henkel, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. The painted dashboard and white steering wheel of a red 500 F at Rheinbach Classics in 2007. Photo: Eckhard Henkel, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. The engine bay of a 1968 Fiat 500, at a show in Grimsthorpe in 2021. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. The Fiat 500’s air-cooled twin seen from above in 2010. Photo: Timitrius, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. The twin-cylinder engine of an ochre Fiat 500, with its cooling shroud and air filter, in Poland in 2021. Photo: Krzysztof.A.Kubicki, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. A 1958 Fiat Nuova 500 N at the NEC Classic Motor Show in 2024, its front lid raised over the spare-wheel well. Photo: Anders Bot, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. The nuova 500 script on the engine lid of an early 500 F. Photo: Corvettec6r, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. The door lettering of a Polizia di Stato Fiat Nuova 500 in Italy in 2011, with the 113 emergency-number roundel. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. A dusty pale blue 1966 Fiat Bambina waiting in a shed in New Zealand in 2015. Photo: Riley from Christchurch, New Zealand, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. Weathered white Fiat Nuova 500 of 1961 with a red flank stripe in 500 Sport style, parked in New Zealand in January 2012. Photo: Riley from Christchurch, New Zealand, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  60. A Polizia di Stato Fiat Nuova 500 from the front left in Italy in 2011, with its POLIZIA plate. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. A Fiat Nuova 500 in Polizia di Stato livery on show in Italy in 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. White Fiat Nuova 500 Sport with its red stripe at a classic-car meeting in Yonezawa, Japan, in October 2008. Photo: contri, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  63. Flat under-floor engine of the Fiat 500 Giardiniera estate, rear door open, during a road test in Wales in the 1960s. Photo: Geoff Charles, National Library of Wales, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. Fiat 500 Giardiniera estate, XDM 236, stopped on a muddy lane during a road test in Wales in the 1960s, its driver’s door open. Photo: Geoff Charles, National Library of Wales, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  65. Fiat Nuova 500 nose-down in a roadside ditch after an accident in Hungary, 1971, onlookers on the verge. Photo: FOTO:FORTEPAN / Urbán Tamás, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  66. Fiat Nuova 500 saloon with rear-hinged doors on show at the Budapest International Fair, Hungary, in 1960. Photo: FOTO:FORTEPAN / Erky-Nagy Tibor, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  67. Fiat Nuova 500 D, STD-X 868, among students outside Kiel University, Germany, in May 1965. Photo: Friedrich Magnussen, Stadtarchiv Kiel, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  68. Fiat Nuova 500 bodies on the assembly line at the Fiat assembly works, Otahuhu, Auckland, New Zealand, in December 1966. Photo: Archives New Zealand, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  69. Fiat Nuova 500 rounding the square before the Arch of Augustus in Rimini, Italy, in 1972, a second 500 beyond. Photo: FOTO:FORTEPAN / Romák Éva, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  70. Fiat Nuova 500s among the cars packing Piazza Colonna, Rome, in 1969, the Column of Marcus Aurelius behind. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  71. A cream and black 1936 Fiat 500 A at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, in May 2026. Photo: Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  72. A red 1969 Fiat 500 Giardiniera at a show in 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  73. A red Bianchina Trasformabile at the Hershey car show, Pennsylvania, in 2009. Photo: JOHN LLOYD from Concrete, Washington, United States, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  74. A white Fiat Abarth 595 with a red stripe at Brands Hatch in 2021. Photo: 35mmMan, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  75. A pale blue Steyr-Puch 500 D with rear-hinged doors and cream wheels, in a courtyard in 2005. Photo: Ghostwriter9151, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  76. A white 1973 Fiat 126 of the first series on a woodland verge in England in 2009. Photo: Tony Harrison, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Italian Wikipedia, Fiat Nuova 500, read in full on 7 October 2026. It cites Alessandro Sannia, Il grande libro delle piccole Fiat (Nada, 2008), Autosprint 1975 no. 32, Il Sole of 3 July 1957, La Civetta 7/1998, Corriere della Sera of 18 September 2023 and the Fiat 500 Club Italia. it.wikipedia.org
  2. Italian Wikipedia, Caratteristiche tecniche della Fiat Nuova 500, read in full; specifications and prices series by series. it.wikipedia.org
  3. English Wikipedia, Fiat 500, read in full. It cites Fiat: Tutti i modelli del Novecento, Autocar of 17 April 1969, La Stampa of 25 August 1968 and Webster, Assembly: New Zealand Car Production 1921–⁠98. en.wikipedia.org
  4. German Wikipedia, Fiat Nuova 500, read in full; technical table, German price and Kraftfahrzeugtechnik articles. de.wikipedia.org
  5. Christian Bouchat, “Fifty years since the launch of the Fiat 500 (Part II)”, automania.be, 19 June 2007, read in full from the archived copy. web.archive.org
  6. Fiat 500 Club Italia, “Modelli”, the club’s series chronology, archived 25 June 2007. web.archive.org
  7. Arte al Día, “The Museum of Modern Art Acquires an Original-Condition 1968 Fiat 500”, 5 July 2017, relaying the MoMA and Fiat announcement. www.artealdia.com
  8. Dexigner and other reports of MoMA’s 2019 exhibition The Value of Good Design, seen in summary, not read in full. www.dexigner.com
  9. Stellantis North America, press document on the Fiat 500’s history, seen only as a search excerpt. media.stellantisnorthamerica.com
  10. Italian Wikipedia, Dante Giacosa, read in part. it.wikipedia.org
  11. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1961 Fiat 500 K Giardiniera”, tour page, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  12. German Wikipedia, NSU/Fiat Weinsberg 500, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  13. English Wikipedia, NSU/Fiat Weinsberg 500, read in full; it cites Werner Oswald, Deutsche Autos 1945–⁠1990, vol. 4 (Motorbuch, 2001). en.wikipedia.org
  14. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1960 NSU/Fiat Weinsberg 500 Limousette”, tour page (2007), read in full from the archived copy. web.archive.org
  15. Günther Molter, “12 Stunden von Hockenheim”, auto motor und sport 12/1958 (7 June 1958), with results; read in full. archive.org
  16. Motor Sport, September 1958, “Matters of Moment”, on the Liège–Brescia–Liège rally. www.motorsportmagazine.com

Flying Feather: Tomiya’s featherweight kei car, 1955

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A grey 1955 Flying Feather with its hood up at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2008. Photo: Mytho88, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The cockpit of the white Flying Feather at the Motorcar Museum of Japan, seen through the door in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The white Flying Feather from behind at the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2023, showing the louvred tail over its rear engine. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The white Flying Feather in its row of cars at the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The grey Flying Feather seen head-on at the Toyota Automobile Museum in 2013. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s grey Flying Feather from the right front three-quarter in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s Fuji Cabin 5A from the left front three-quarter in 2025. Photo: Coolalabright, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The 1955 Suzulight SS saloon in the Suzuki History Museum, Hamamatsu, in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. The surviving 1950s Auto Sandal FS with its folding hood, displayed in Japan in 2010. Photo: Muyo, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1958 Subaru 360 from the left front three-quarter in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Japanese Wikipedia, Suminoe Seisakusho Flying Feather, read in full on 7 October 2026. It cites Gazoo, the Japan Automobile Museum and Response. ja.wikipedia.org
  2. Japan Automotive Hall of Fame, “2025 Historic Car: SUMINOE Flying Feather”, the selection committee’s citation and specification table, read in full. www.jahfa.jp
  3. Toyota Automobile Museum, collection record 76, “Flying Feather”, read in full. toyota-automobile-museum.jp
  4. Japanese Wikipedia, Tomiya Ryūichi, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  5. Iwatate Kikuo, “Japanese Midget Motor Vehicles Post WW II, 11: Four Wheelers 3”, kiwat.com (2001–⁠03), read in full from the archived copy. web.archive.org
  6. Takemiya Saburō, report on the Flying Feathers at Nostalgic 2days 2022, Response, 22–23 February 2022, read in full. response.jp

FMR Tg500: the four-wheeled Messerschmitt “Tiger”

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A pale yellow 1959 FMR Tg500 with its Plexiglas canopy at Sherborne Castle, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  2. A red 1959 FMR Tg500 Roadster at Speyer in 2012, seen from above and behind, showing its narrow fuselage between the four wheels. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The cockpit of a red FMR Tg500 Roadster at a car show in the United Kingdom in 2019, with its aircraft-style handlebar steering. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  4. An FMR Tg500, no. 2, leads two saloons round a bend at Zandvoort on Whit Monday, 18 May 1959. Photo: Harry Pot / Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Two FMR Tg500s racing through the Südkehre at the Nürburgring in August 1976. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A cream FMR Tg500 at De Cocksdorp on Texel, the Netherlands, in 2015. Photo: Rob Stoeltje, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A blue FMR Tg500 parked in a street in Middelburg, the Netherlands, in 2024. Photo: Mikalagrand, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A cream 1960 FMR Tg500 with rally plate 22 at the Goodwood Revival in 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. The red FMR Tg500 88 DTO from the front at a British car show. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  10. Salmon and black FMR Tg500 with its clear canopy, XLJ registration, on cobbles in February 2009. Photo: everyfoto.com, CC BY 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. Tg500 no. 88 from behind, canopy open, at the Nürburgring in 2011. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A red FMR Tg500, race no. 88, in the paddock of the Nürburgring Oldtimer Grand Prix, 2011. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A silver 1958 FMR Tg500, shown as the ‘Renntiger’, at the Auto & Uhrenwelt Schramberg, 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A white FMR Tg500 modified for historic racing, 2004. Photo: TG500, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. The white 1959 FMR Tg500 with Liège rally plates at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A blue and white FMR Tg500 at the Cobble Beach Concours d’Elegance, Ontario, in 2014. Photo: Tino Rossini, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A white 1959 FMR Tg500 in rally trim at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, in November 2018. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  18. A turquoise FMR Tg500 at a rally on the seafront at Felixstowe, Suffolk, in 2010. Photo: HHA124L, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A red FMR Tg500 with canopy at a British car show, from the rear quarter. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  20. The yellow 1959 Tg500 from behind at Sherborne Castle, 2019, showing its rear-mounted spare wheel and engine louvres. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  21. The silver Tg500 from behind at Schramberg, 2015, showing its tail louvres and spare wheel. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A white 1960 FMR Tg500 at the Lime Rock vintage races, Connecticut, in 2003. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. Yellow FMR Tg500 Cabriolet with its black hood up and a spare wheel on the tail, from the rear quarter on cobbles in February 2009. Photo: everyfoto.com, CC BY 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. The pale blue FMR Tg500 2632 D at a car show. Photo: Jon’s pics, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. The silver Tg500 ‘Renntiger’ head-on at Schramberg, 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A yellow and black FMR Tg500 head-on in the Automobiles of the World museum, Moscow, 2025. Photo: Sergey A. Demidov, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A pale blue FMR Tg500 on the road at Merstham, Surrey, in November 2007. Photo: Allen Watkin, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A cream and black 1959 FMR Tg500 on a show stand in 2025. Photo: Alexandre Prevot, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  29. Two FMR Tg500s among the bubble cars at the National MicroCar Rally, Somerset, in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  30. The French-registered Tg500 Kabrio with its hood up at the National MicroCar Rally, Somerset, 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  31. A red FMR Tg500 Kabrio with its hood folded at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen in 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A maroon and cream FMR Tg500 Cabriolet with its hood up, 2025. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A white FMR Tg500 Cabriolet with a suitcase on its rack, 2011. Photo: OlliFoolish, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. The turquoise Tg500 Kabrio from behind, Somerset, 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  35. The red Tg500 Roadster from the front at Henstridge, Somerset, 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  36. A yellow FMR Tg500 Roadster towing its matching trailer, 2011. Photo: Robotriot, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A red 1959 FMR Tg500 Roadster with its tonneau in place at the Wings and Wheels show, Henstridge, Somerset, in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  38. The orange racing Tg500 roadster in profile at Schramberg, 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. The yellow Tg500’s matching luggage trailer, 2011. Photo: Robotriot, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. The racing Tg500 ‘Tiger’ head-on at Schramberg, 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A red 1959 FMR Tg500 with its black hood up in the Technik Museum Speyer, Germany, in 2012. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. An orange 1958 FMR Tg500 roadster in racing trim, no. 5, at the Auto & Uhrenwelt Schramberg, Germany, in 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. The Fichtel & Sachs twin and rear suspension of a racing Tg500, body tilted up, at the Nürburgring Oldtimer Grand Prix in 2011. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. The red 1959 Tg500 head-on in the Technik Museum Speyer, 2012. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A turquoise 1960 KR200 with whitewall tyres at an Australian show in 2014. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A turquoise and white Messerschmitt KR175 at the Oldtimer show in Moscow in 2013. Photo: Svetlov Artem, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A 1950 Fend Flitzer 101 coupé on display in a museum in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 N with fixed side windows from the front in Bristol in 2017, its show card on the windscreen. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A pale blue Goggomobil saloon at a meeting in Wingst, 2019. Photo: © Ra Boe / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A green and white 1958 Zündapp Janus at the Deutsches Automuseum Langenburg in 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. “Der umgetaufte Tiger: FMR Tg 500”, test report, auto motor und sport 11/1958 (May 1958), pp. 22–23, unsigned. Read in full. archive.org
  2. “Der Fend Tiger”, news item, auto motor und sport 2/1958 (January 1958). archive.org
  3. Geneva Salon report, small cars, auto motor und sport 7/1958. archive.org
  4. Price list, auto motor und sport 15/1958. archive.org
  5. Small-car data table, auto motor und sport 21/1958. archive.org
  6. Motorsport column (the Wolfsfeld hillclimb), auto motor und sport 25/1958. archive.org
  7. Motorsport column (the homologation note), auto motor und sport 26/1958. archive.org
  8. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, tour pages “1958 F. M. R Tg-500” and “1959 F. M. R. Tg-500”, read via the Internet Archive (2015). www.microcarmuseum.com
  9. RM Auctions, The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia, 2013, lot 603, “1958 F.M.R. Tg 500 ‘Tiger’”. rmsothebys.com
  10. Report on RM Auctions’ sale of the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia, 15–16 February 2013. www.supercars.net
  11. RM Auctions, New York – Art of the Automobile, 2013, lot 132, 1960 Tg 500, chassis 21027. rmsothebys.com
  12. RM Sotheby’s, The Elkhart Collection, 2020, lot 2191, 1960 Tg 500, chassis 21054. rmsothebys.com
  13. RM Sotheby’s, Amelia Island, 2021, lot 150, 1958 Tg 500, chassis 20555. rmsothebys.com
  14. Bonhams, Quail Lodge Auction, Carmel, 14 August 2015, lot 106, 1959 TG500, chassis 20892, citing the FMR TG500 Archive. cars.bonhams.com
  15. Bonhams, Goodwood Revival, 14 September 2013, lot 250, 1960 Tg500 Cabriolet, chassis 21035. cars.bonhams.com
  16. Bonhams, Goodwood Revival, 13 September 2025, lot 136, 1960 Tg500 Cabriolet, chassis 21065 (the Eduard Ernst car). cars.bonhams.com
  17. Messerschmitt Owners’ Club (UK), model list, “FMR TG500 ‘Tiger’ (1958)”. messerschmitt.co.uk
  18. German Wikipedia, Messerschmitt Kabinenroller, section “FMR Tg 500” and its table, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Motor Klassik 12/1988 and Cabrio 4/95. de.wikipedia.org
  19. English Wikipedia, FMR Tg500, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Carl Wagner in Automobile Quarterly 11 (2), 1973. en.wikipedia.org

Ford Comuta: Ford of Britain’s electric town car, 1967

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A yellow Scottish Aviation Scamp pre-production car, DTD 141E, on blocks beneath aircraft at the National Museum of Flight, East Fortune, in 2008. Photo: DeFacto, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A yellow 1975 Enfield 8000 on a stand at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2023. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A Sinclair C5 on grass at the Nottingham Motor Show in 2026. Photo: Aethonatic, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Ford Comuta, revision of 18 September 2026, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites BBC News of 1 July 2017. en.wikipedia.org
  2. Science Museum Group, “Ford Comuta Electric Car, 1967”, object 1971-476/1, read. collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk
  3. Mac’s Motor City Garage, “Electric Pioneer: The 1967 Ford Comuta”, 2018, read in full; it draws on Ford’s engineering literature. macsmotorcitygarage.com

Framo Stromer: a DKW-engined front-drive three-wheeler

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A green Framo Stromer FP 200 roadster at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, in September 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A bare Framo Stromer chassis at the ZeitWerkStadt museum, Frankenberg, Saxony, in 2022. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A maroon closed Framo Stromer FP 200 at the August Horch Museum, Zwickau, in November 2017. Photo: Rainerhaufe, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A Framo TV 300 delivery three-wheeler, the firm’s product before the Stromer, at the ZeitWerkStadt museum, Frankenberg, in August 2023. Photo: Stefan Kühn, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A green Framo Stromer FP 200 roadster in profile at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, in September 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A black 1935 Framo Piccolo cabriolet at the Museum für sächsische Fahrzeuge, Chemnitz, in February 2013. Photo: Brücke-Osteuropa, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The Framo Piccolo prototype of 1933–⁠34 at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in July 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A maroon and black 1935 Framo Piccolo VH 200 at the Verkehrsmuseum Dresden in March 2016. Photo: Wuselig, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A black 1935 Framo Piccolo cabriolet in profile at the Museum für sächsische Fahrzeuge, Chemnitz, in February 2013. Photo: Sam Gamdschie, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A black 1935 Framo Piccolo cabriolet seen head-on at the Museum für sächsische Fahrzeuge, Chemnitz, in February 2013. Photo: Brücke-Osteuropa, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. The bare Framo Stromer chassis at the ZeitWerkStadt museum, Frankenberg, Saxony, in August 2023. Photo: Stefan Kühn, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A two-tone 1934 Framo Piccolo saloon in the old Fahrzeugmuseum Frankenberg, Saxony, in January 2008. Photo: Angela Monika Arnold, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A 1935 Framo Piccolo VH 200 seen head-on at the Verkehrsmuseum Dresden in March 2016. Photo: NoRud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. Black Goliath Pionier coupé with a red stripe at the Borgward meeting in Andernach in September 2007. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. Blue-grey Tempo A 400 three-wheeled pick-up at Jonsdorf, Saxony, in August 2015. Photo: Rainerhaufe, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A black and red Standard Superior at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in December 2019. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  17. White Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet of 1925 before the German Pavilion on the Expo grounds, Hanover, in September 2013. Photo: Hmg210, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Framo, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Werner Oswald’s Deutsche Autos (1996), Kraftfahrzeugtechnik 7/1967 and ADAC Motorwelt of 14 July 1933. de.wikipedia.org
  2. f-r-a-m-o.de, “Typenübersicht”, the Framo type list, read in full. f-r-a-m-o.de
  3. f-r-a-m-o.de, “Firmengeschichte”, a history of the firm, read in full. f-r-a-m-o.de
  4. Lane Motor Museum, “Framo Piccolo, 1933”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  5. f-r-a-m-o.de, home page and news items, read. f-r-a-m-o.de

French cyclecars: thirteen minor makers, 1913–⁠1936

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Grey 1913 Violet-Bogey Type A torpedo from the front quarter at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in March 2026. Photo: Andy Dingley, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Pouliez’s Violet-Bogey and Canouel’s Sphinx-Globe No. 36 side by side before the grandstands in the Cyclecar Grand Prix at Amiens, France, on 13 July 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. M. Tholomé in his own Tholomé cyclecar No. 89 at the Gaillon hill-climb, Normandy, France, in October 1921. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The Salmson team of Benoist (102), Casse (101) and Desvaux (100) lined up at the Bol d’Or, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, in May 1923. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Violette Morris in Benjamin No. 81 at the Bol d’Or weigh-in, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, in May 1923. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Red Benova B3 two-seater sports of 1927, with its crew aboard, on the grass at a car show in Sweden in June 2008. Photo: Lars-Göran Lindgren, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Replica of the 1936 Le Carabe three-wheeler, built from Delimal’s 1937 manuscript, at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in July 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Georges Casse in a Salmson cyclecar lettered on its tail, at the Bol d’Or weigh-in, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, in May 1923. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Lucien Noël at speed in his Noël cyclecar past the grandstand of the Circuit de la Sarthe, Le Mans, France, in August 1920. Photo: Agence Meurisse, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. Georges Casse’s Salmson on the course of the Boulogne cyclecar Grand Prix, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France, in July 1922. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. Georges Casse’s pointed-tail Salmson cornering before Huile M.N. boards at the Boulogne cyclecar Grand Prix, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France, in July 1922. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. André Lombard’s Salmson racing cyclecar before the grandstands at the Cyclecar Grand Prix, Le Mans, France, in September 1921. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. Ramón Bueno’s Salmson racing cyclecar on the Montargis course in the French Cyclecar Grand Prix, June 1922. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. Unidentified cyclecar competitor rounding the bend before the flag-hung grandstands of the Cyclecar Grand Prix at Amiens, France, on 13 July 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. General view of the paddock and grandstands at the sidecar and cyclecar Grand Prix at Amiens, France, on 13 July 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. J. Ronteix in his own Ronteix cyclecar in the Cyclecar Grand Prix at Amiens, France, on 13 July 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. The Ronteix cyclecars of Ronteix and Jolibois racing in the Cyclecar Grand Prix at Amiens, France, on 13 July 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A cyclecar leaving the start among sidecars and officials at the Cyclecar Grand Prix at Amiens, France, on 13 July 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. Three cyclecars, Nos. 16, 17 and 18, at the start of the Cyclecar Grand Prix at Amiens, France, on 13 July 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. Automobilette racing cyclecar with its long bonnet and two crew, from La Revue de l’Automobile of 10 July 1913. Photo: La Revue de l’Automobile (1913), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. Lucien Noël and passenger in his Noël cyclecar No. 49 on cobbles at Provins, France, in June 1921. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. M. Dudon fixing the armband of honour on Robert Benoist, winner of the Bol d’Or in Salmson No. 102, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, in May 1923. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. Lucien Desvaux in Salmson No. 100 at the Bol d’Or, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, in May 1923, the Bol d’Or banner above. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. Robert Benoist with Salmson No. 9 before the crowd at the Cyclecar Grand Prix, Le Mans, France, in September 1923. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. Two Benjamin cyclecars of Huret and Battaglia head-on at the Bol d’Or weigh-in, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, in May 1923. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. Hibert’s Benjamin on the forest circuit of the Bol d’Or, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, in May 1923. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. Violette Morris at the wheel of a Benjamin cyclecar on cobbles in 1922. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. Alavoine and passenger in Benjamin No. 82 at the Bol d’Or weigh-in, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, in May 1923. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. Lenfant in pointed-tail Benjamin No. 86 at the Bol d’Or weigh-in, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, in May 1923. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. Violette Morris in Benjamin No. 18 at scrutineering for the Cyclecar Grand Prix, Le Mans, France, in September 1922. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. Violette Morris in Benjamin No. 2 at the weigh-in for the Circuit des routes pavées, Lille, France, in September 1922. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A yellow 1913 Bédélia BD2 at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in May 2022. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. Red Sima-Violet two-seat cyclecar of 1924 with white wings at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. Cream 1921 GN cyclecar from the front quarter in a museum, showing its air-cooled V-twin, photographed in April 2011. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. Unrestored Mauser Einspurauto of 1923 among motorcycles at the Fahrzeugmuseum Marxzell, Germany, in 1999. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. Blue Amilcar CC roadster of 1921–⁠22 from the front quarter at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim, Germany, in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. The 1921 Leyat Hélica sport that Gustave Courau gave to the Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris, on its glass floor in November 2017. Photo: Lomita, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. The Cyclecar, 16 July 1913, the Cyclecar Grand Prix reports and official results, read in full from Grace’s Guide’s scan. graces-guide-s3-live.s3.amazonaws.com
  2. Kenneth Neve, “An account of the 1913 Cyclecar Grand Prix”, Motor Sport, January 1943, read in full. motorsportmagazine.com
  3. English Wikipedia, Benjamin (automobile), read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Georgano (1968) and Automobilia of 1925 and 1929. en.wikipedia.org
  4. German Wikipedia, Violet-Bogey, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Linz and Schrader, Georgano and La Revue de l’Automobile of 10 July 1913. de.wikipedia.org
  5. German Wikipedia, Ronteix, read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  6. German Wikipedia, M. Tholomé, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Bellu in Automobilia no. 31 and Le Tourisme moderne of 1921. de.wikipedia.org
  7. German Wikipedia, Salmson, relevant section read. Used as a lead; it cites Georgano (2000). de.wikipedia.org
  8. Grace’s Guide, “GN Car Co”, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  9. Cecil Clutton with H. R. Godfrey, “A history of the G.N.”, Motor Sport, August 1949, read in full. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  10. German Wikipedia, Le Favori, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Burgess Wise (2004). de.wikipedia.org
  11. Lane Motor Museum, “Micron Monocar cyclecar – 1924”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  12. German Wikipedia, Monotrace, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Linz and Schrader and Georgano. de.wikipedia.org
  13. Lane Motor Museum, “Mourlot et Cie Max cyclecar – 1926”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  14. Lane Motor Museum, “Le Carabe replica – 1936”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org

French licence-free car makers of the 1970s and 1980s

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red open Tomcar in the ALAAC collection in Lorraine in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A cream Tomcar, a licence-free car built in the Oise in the early 1980s, on display in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The cockpit of a red Tomcar in 2013: a leather-rimmed wheel and two round dials in a black dash. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A white Mini Comtesse with its MC emblem at Rétromobile in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A turquoise Arola 20, one of the last four-wheeled Arolas of the early 1980s, on a Dutch pavement in 2010. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. An orange All Cars Charly Golf three-wheeler, built at Pianoro near Bologna, seen in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A red and grey Erad Junior, a model of 1988 or later, at the Association Lorraine des Amateurs d’Automobiles in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1971 Cicostar”, tour page, read in full via the Internet Archive. www.microcarmuseum.com
  2. German Wikipedia, Cico SA, citing Linz and Schrader, Georgano and Bellu’s Automobilia (1980–⁠83). de.wikipedia.org
  3. German Wikipedia, Société Anonyme d’Études et de Construction Automobiles et Motocycles, citing Bellu’s Automobilia (1975–⁠78). de.wikipedia.org
  4. German Wikipedia, Vitrex Industrie. de.wikipedia.org
  5. German Wikipedia, MDP Transmission, citing Linz and Schrader, Georgano and Bellu’s Automobilia. de.wikipedia.org
  6. German Wikipedia, Cedre, citing Linz and Schrader, Georgano and Bellu’s Automobilia. de.wikipedia.org
  7. German Wikipedia, Charlatte. de.wikipedia.org
  8. German Wikipedia, Établissements Duport. de.wikipedia.org
  9. German Wikipedia, Automobiles Gateau, citing Automobilia 96 (2009). de.wikipedia.org
  10. German Wikipedia, Générale de Mécanique et de Thermique. de.wikipedia.org
  11. German Wikipedia, Société Française Kikos. de.wikipedia.org
  12. German Wikipedia, Marden-Automobile. de.wikipedia.org
  13. German Wikipedia, Noval (Automobilhersteller). de.wikipedia.org
  14. German Wikipedia, Polycarters, citing Bellu’s Automobilia (2007). de.wikipedia.org
  15. German Wikipedia, SA Tomcar. de.wikipedia.org
  16. English Wikipedia, Cedre, citing Bellu’s Automobilia page by page. en.wikipedia.org
  17. Légifrance, titles of orders in the Journal officiel: “Vitesse maximum des cyclomoteurs (50 kms/heure)”, 29 October 1962, and “Vitesse maximum de circulation des cyclomoteurs – 45 km/h”, 8 December 1975; titles only. www.legifrance.gouv.fr
  18. Philippe Schwoerer, “Quand la passion de l’automobile mène aux anciennes microcars électriques”, automobile-propre.com, an interview with a restorer, with readers’ comments. www.automobile-propre.com

French post-war microcar makers, 1946–⁠1962

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The one-off green Grataloup single-seat three-wheeler with its canvas top in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A Julien MM 5 being polished on its stand before the RAI motor show in Amsterdam, April 1948. Photo: Ben van Meerendonk / AHF, collectie IISG, Amsterdam, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The Julien MM 5 rolling chassis with its engine and double elastic suspension, shown with a placard at the RAI, Amsterdam, in 1948. Photo: Snikkers / Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A red Rovin D2 with a cream hood at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2018. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A yellow and maroon 1953 Mochet CM-125 Luxe in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A polished aluminium 1956 Voisin C31 Biscooter with its black hood up at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2020. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Archives de la ville de Puteaux, “Les usines Mochet”, 14 August 2024, read in full. www.archives.puteaux.fr
  2. English Wikipedia, Automobiles Boitel, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Georgano, Autos. Encyclopédie complète (1975). en.wikipedia.org
  3. German Wikipedia, Automobiles Boitel, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Linz and Schrader (2008) and Georgano. de.wikipedia.org
  4. German Wikipedia, Automobiles Julien, read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  5. German Wikipedia, Société V.E.L., read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  6. German Wikipedia, Sofravel, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Linz and Schrader and Georgano. de.wikipedia.org
  7. French Wikipedia, Musée du car de Vanosc, its list of exhibits read. fr.wikipedia.org
  8. German Wikipedia, Tholomé (Automobilhersteller), read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  9. German Wikipedia, Deshais, read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  10. German Wikipedia, Productions M. Vautrin, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Bellu, Automobilia no. 18 (Salon 1950). de.wikipedia.org
  11. German Wikipedia, Vaucelle, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Linz and Schrader, Georgano and Thyssen’s online lexicon. de.wikipedia.org
  12. German Wikipedia, Poinard, read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  13. German Wikipedia, Établissements Manom, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Bellu, Automobilia no. 14 (Salon 1952). de.wikipedia.org
  14. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1953 Manocar”, tour page, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  15. German Wikipedia, Brissonnet, read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  16. German Wikipedia, Galy, read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  17. German Wikipedia, Decolon, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Bellu, Automobilia no. 2 (Salon 1955). de.wikipedia.org
  18. German Wikipedia, DS-Malterre, read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  19. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1955 (?) Grataloup”, tour page, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  20. German Wikipedia, Office Technique International, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Zeichner (1999), Linz and Schrader, Georgano and rolland-pilain.com. de.wikipedia.org
  21. Hanns-Peter von Thyssen-Bornemissza, Lexikon der vergessenen Autotypen, “Oti Microcar”, no. 2422, archived copy of January 2017, read in full. web.archive.org
  22. autopasion18.com, “OTI (Office Technique International) – (1.959)”, a Spanish enthusiast’s history, read in full. www.autopasion18.com
  23. German Wikipedia, Grunberg (Automobilhersteller), read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Linz and Schrader, Georgano, Allcarindex and Thyssen. de.wikipedia.org
  24. “Insolite. Et Dieu créa Rodolphe Grunberg”, La Dépêche du Midi, 2 January 2009, an interview with the builder, read in full. www.ladepeche.fr
  25. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1962 Motobecane”, tour page (© 2002), archived copy read in full. web.archive.org
  26. German Wikipedia, Motobécane, section on the car prototypes, read. Used as a lead; it cites Linz and Schrader and Georgano. de.wikipedia.org

Frisky: the Wolverhampton microcar, 1958–⁠1961

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A pale blue 1958 Friskysport at a classic-vehicle meeting in Mering, Bavaria, 2009. Photo: MartinHansV, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A red Friskysport, registered UUK 421, with a white hardtop at the NEC in 2016. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A bare Frisky chassis with its engine, on display at the NEC, 2017. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A red 1959 Frisky Family Three in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A blue Friskysport at the NEC Classic Motor Show, 2024. Photo: Phil Parker from Leamington Spa, UK, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A yellow Frisky Coupé with a white hardtop at the NEC Classic Motor Show, 2023. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A yellow 1960 Frisky Family Three in the Louwman Museum, The Hague. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The pale blue 1958 Friskysport from the front, its owner seated alongside, 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A pale blue 1959 Frisky convertible with its hood up at the Montreal International Auto Show, 2010. Photo: Bull-Doser, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A pale blue 1959 Friskysport with its hood up at the NEC Classic Motor Show, 2017. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A pale blue Friskysport on an underlit display floor, 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A red Friskysport, registered UUK 421, from the rear right at the NEC in 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A red Friskysport, registered UUK 421, open at the NEC in 2024. Photo: Phil Parker from Leamington Spa, UK, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A white Friskysport with a FRISKY plate at the NEC, 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. An orange Frisky Family Three with a Frisky coupé behind it at the NEC, 2016. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. The rear of a 1958 Frisky Friskysport at Mering, Germany, in 2009, with its chrome luggage rack and spare wheel. Photo: MartinHansV, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A pale blue 1958 Friskysport at a rally, 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A grey Friskysport with its hood raised at the NEC, 2016. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The rear of a white Frisky Friskysport at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, in 2012, its spare wheel on the deck. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The rear of a pale blue Frisky Friskysport at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, in 2016, with its spare wheel on the deck. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A red Friskysport, registered UUK 421, from the front left at the NEC in 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. Two Friskysports side by side at the NEC, 2018. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A line-up of Friskys, including a racing car, at the NEC, 2022. Photo: Phil Parker from Leamington Spa, UK, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. The dashboard and white two-spoke steering wheel of a 1958 Frisky Friskysport at Mering, Germany, in 2009. Photo: MartinHansV, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. White racing Frisky with a blue stripe, XDA 400, possibly the Friskysprint, at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, in November 2024. Photo: Phil Parker, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. The Zeta Runabout and the green Zeta Sports side by side in the National Motor Museum, Birdwood, in 2008. Photo: Peripitus, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A red 1958 Berkeley SE328 at a rally, 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Meadows Frisky, read in full. Used as a lead; its specification table is credited to the Frisky Register, and it cites The Autocar (27 December 1956, 17 October 1958, 11 November 1960), The Motor (10 September 1958) and The Times. en.wikipedia.org
  2. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1959 Frisky Family Three”, tour page (2002), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  3. Bev Parker, “Frisky Cars”, Wolverhampton History & Heritage Society, with help from John Meadows and Keith Peckmore, read in full. www.historywebsite.co.uk
  4. Register of Unusual Microcars, “Frisky”, archived 2020, read in full. web.archive.org
  5. Grace’s Guide, “Frisky Cars” and “Henry Meadows”, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  6. German Wikipedia, Frisky, read in full; it cites the Barons auction of 2017. de.wikipedia.org
  7. The Frisky Register, home page. www.meadowsfrisky.co.uk
  8. “The Cars at Earls Court”, Motor Sport, November 1958, p. 22. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  9. “Earls Court Impressions”, Motor Sport, November 1958, p. 46. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  10. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 276, “1959 Frisky Family Three”. rmsothebys.com
  11. The Frisky Register, “The Year of 1958”. meadowsfrisky.co.uk
  12. Günther Molter, “12 Stunden von Hockenheim”, auto motor und sport 12/1958 (7 June 1958), read in the Internet Archive’s copy. archive.org
  13. John Meadows, “A Car for Egypt”, April 2012, on the Frisky Register’s website, read in summary. meadowsfrisky.co.uk
  14. “Matters of Moment”, Motor Sport, September 1958, on the Liège–Brescia–Liège rally. www.motorsportmagazine.com

Fuji Cabin: Japan’s one-eyed fibreglass bubble car

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s Fuji Cabin 5A from the left front three-quarter in 2025. Photo: Coolalabright, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The Toyota museum’s Fuji Cabin in side profile in 2013, showing its teardrop shape. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Inside the turquoise Fuji Cabin at the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The Toyota museum’s Fuji Cabin from the rear three-quarter in 2012, showing the engine lid and single rear wheel. Photo: Iwao, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A pale 1955 Fuji Cabin 5A with FUJI CABIN lettering at the Petersen Automotive Museum, Los Angeles, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. The pale blue-grey Fuji Cabin 5A at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The turquoise Fuji Cabin displayed in the museum lobby at Komatsu in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The turquoise Fuji Cabin at the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2009, with FUJICABIN lettering on its flank. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A turquoise Fuji Cabin 5A at the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in 2023. Photo: MikaPr65, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. The 1955 Fujicabin Model 5A at the Toyota Automobile Museum in 2012, seen from above the nose. Photo: Iwao, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s Fuji Cabin seen head-on in 2013. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. The display plate reading ‘FUJICABIN Model 5A 1955’ under the tail lamp of the Toyota museum car. Photo: Iwao, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The tail of the turquoise Fuji Cabin at the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2023, with its louvred engine lid. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A silver Fuji Cabin among other microcars in a collection in 2005. Photo: Jason Sullivan, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A grey 1955 Flying Feather with its hood up at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2008. Photo: Mytho88, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A turquoise and white Messerschmitt KR175 at the Oldtimer show in Moscow in 2013. Photo: Svetlov Artem, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A blue 1957 Heinkel Kabine at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A 1953 Fuldamobil N‑2 with its hammered-aluminium body, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The surviving 1950s Auto Sandal FS with its folding hood, displayed in Japan in 2010. Photo: Muyo, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1958 Subaru 360 from the left front three-quarter in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Japanese Wikipedia, Fuji Jidōsha Fuji Cabin, read in full on 7 October 2026. It cites the Toyota Automobile Museum and the Japanese edition of Popular Science, August 1955, pp. 94–95. ja.wikipedia.org
  2. Toyota Automobile Museum, collection record 85, “Fujicabin Model 5A”, read in full. toyota-automobile-museum.jp
  3. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1955 Fuji Cabin”, read in full from the copy archived about 2015. www.microcarmuseum.com
  4. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 623, “1955 Fuji Cabin”, read in summary. rmsothebys.com
  5. Chris Rees, Three-Wheelers A–Z (Quiller, 2013), p. 77, as cited by English Wikipedia’s Fuji Cabin, which was read in full; the book was not seen. en.wikipedia.org
  6. Japanese Wikipedia, Tomiya Ryūichi, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org

Fuldamobil: the most widely licensed bubble car

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A 1953 Fuldamobil N‑2 with its hammered-aluminium body, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A red Fuldamobil NWF 200 at the Industriemuseum Lohne in 2007. Photo: Corradox, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A 1955 Fuldamobil S‑2 with a grey roof at the ErfinderZeiten Auto- und Uhrenmuseum, Schramberg in 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A pale green 1961 Fuldamobil S‑7 at the ErfinderZeiten Auto- und Uhrenmuseum, Schramberg in 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A cream Bambino 200 at the Louwman Museum in 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A white Fuldamobil from the front at a vehicle show in Krokau in 2026. Photo: Siegbert Brey, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A Fuldamobil N‑2 of 1952–⁠55 in a museum exhibition, photographed in 2014. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A Fuldamobil N‑2 on display at the Fahrzeugmuseum Marxzell in 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. The 1954 Fuldamobil “Anton der Silberfloh” at the ErfinderZeiten Auto- und Uhrenmuseum, Schramberg in 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A grey-green Fuldamobil at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A pale green Fuldamobil S‑1 at the Fahrzeugmuseum Marxzell in 2014. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A blue-grey 1956 Fuldamobil S‑4 from the front three-quarter, photographed in 2012. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A blue Fuldamobil S‑4 at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen in 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A Fuldamobil N‑2 at the Fahrzeugmuseum Marxzell in 2014. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A Fuldamobil N‑2 in profile beside a display on its production history, photographed in 2014. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A 1955 Fuldamobil S‑2 with its door open at the ErfinderZeiten Auto- und Uhrenmuseum, Schramberg in 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A white Fuldamobil at a vehicle show in Krokau, Germany, in 2026. Photo: Siegbert Brey, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A 1953 Fuldamobil N‑2 from the rear three-quarter, photographed in 2013. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The tail of a Fuldamobil N‑2, with its louvred engine cover, photographed in 2014. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The egg-shaped tail of a grey-green Fuldamobil at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. The rear of a 1955 Fuldamobil S‑2, with its tartan parcel shelf behind the back window, Schramberg, 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. The tail of the 1954 Fuldamobil “Anton der Silberfloh”, its name painted above the window, Schramberg, 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. The Louwman Museum’s Bambino 200 head-on, with its Bambino 200 badge on the nose. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A 1953 Fuldamobil N‑2 head-on, showing its dimpled aluminium skin, photographed in 2013. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A 1954 hammered-aluminium Fuldamobil, “Anton der Silberfloh”, head-on at the ErfinderZeiten Auto- und Uhrenmuseum, Schramberg in 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A blue-grey 1956 Fuldamobil S‑4 head-on, with its display plate, photographed in 2012. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A blue Fuldamobil S‑6 head-on at the Automobiles of the World museum in Moscow. Photo: Sergey A. Demidov, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. The Bambino 200 in the Louwman Museum’s microcar line-up in 2024. Photo: Erremm, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A cream 1955 Fuldamobil at the Museo Automovilístico de Málaga in 2017. Photo: Loudumo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A 1955 Fuldamobil at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. The louvred tail of a 1953 Fuldamobil N‑2, photographed in 2013. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A dark green Fuldamobil S‑7 from the front three-quarter, photographed in 2013. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A turquoise Fuldamobil S‑7 from the front three-quarter, photographed in 2014. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A red Fuldamobil at a show at Trinity Playing Fields, Waterford, Western Australia, in 2021. Photo: ZidaneHartono, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A pale green 1961 Fuldamobil S‑7 in profile, with its sunroof, Schramberg, 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A blue Fuldamobil S‑7 in profile at Schaffen-Diest, Belgium, in 2018. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A turquoise Fuldamobil S‑7 in profile, photographed in 2014. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A pale green 1961 Fuldamobil S‑7 head-on at the ErfinderZeiten Auto- und Uhrenmuseum, Schramberg in 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A turquoise Fuldamobil S‑7 head-on in a museum display, photographed in 2014. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A red Fuldamobil S‑7 among the displays of the Fahrzeugmuseum Marxzell in 2009. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. The dashboard and steering wheel of a white Fuldamobil at Krokau in 2026. Photo: Siegbert Brey, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. An enamel Fulda Mobil “Werk Fulda” advertising sign at the ErfinderZeiten Auto- und Uhrenmuseum, Schramberg in 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. The Fulda Mobil Wilhelmshaven crest badge of an NWF 200. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. The Fulda Mobil crest badge on a blue Fuldamobil S‑6 in Moscow. Photo: Sergey A. Demidov, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A red 1955 Fuldamobil NWF 200, photographed in 2013. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A blue Fuldamobil NWF 200 of 1954–⁠55, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A grey-green Fuldamobil NWF 200 photographed in 2014. Photo: NordhornerII, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A white and blue Nobel 200 on grass at a show in 2023. Photo: Geni, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A 1967 Attica 200 coupé at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2014. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A red Fram-King-Fulda at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A turquoise 1960 KR200 with whitewall tyres at an Australian show in 2014. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A blue 1957 Heinkel Kabine at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A green and white 1958 Zündapp Janus at the Deutsches Automuseum Langenburg in 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Fuldamobil, read in full with its model table. It cites Schermer, Das dritte Rad (1998), and Rosellen, Deutsche Kleinwagen (1991). de.wikipedia.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Fuldamobil, read in full; used as a lead, but detailed, citing Das Auto, auto motor und sport and club and museum sites. en.wikipedia.org
  3. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1953 Fuldamobil N‑2”, tour page, archived, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  4. RM Auctions, Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, February 2013, lot 566, 1953 Fuldamobil N‑2. rmsothebys.com
  5. FEGA & Schmitt, company history. www.fega-schmitt.de
  6. German Wikipedia’s pages on the Fuldamobil prototype, N‑1, N‑2, S‑2 and S‑7, all citing Rosellen (1991), read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  7. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1956 Fuldamobil S‑6”, tour page, archived, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  8. German Wikipedia, Fuldamobil NWF 200, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  9. RM Auctions, Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, February 2013, lot 267, 1956 Fuldamobil S‑6. rmsothebys.com
  10. Arne Granfoss, “Fram King Fulda – Cars made in Sweden”, Konditori 100, 2000, archived, read in full. web.archive.org
  11. Swedish Wikipedia, Fram-King-Fulda, read in full. sv.wikipedia.org
  12. Spanish Wikipedia, Fuldamobil Bambi, read in full; it cites Clarín and Argentine enthusiasts’ sites. es.wikipedia.org
  13. auto-historia.com.ar, “Bambi la microcupé de Fuldamobil”, archived 2016, read in full. web.archive.org
  14. Rollermobilclub Schweiz, “Das älteste Fuldamobil…”, 30 May 2013, archived, read in full. web.archive.org
  15. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1959 ‘KING’ (Fram King Fulda)”, tour page, archived, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  16. German Wikipedia, Bambino (Automarke), read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader (1986) and Georgano (1975). de.wikipedia.org
  17. Dutch Wikipedia, Hostaco, read in full; it cites a 1957 Hostaco-Mobiel advertisement and Het Motorrijwiel no. 115 (2012). nl.wikipedia.org
  18. German Wikipedia, York Noble Industries, read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader and Georgano’s Beaulieu Encyclopedia. de.wikipedia.org
  19. German Wikipedia, Bioplastic, read in full; it cites Georgano’s Beaulieu Encyclopedia. de.wikipedia.org
  20. Small Cars Club, “Attica 200”, 19 October 2019; an enthusiasts’ site. smallcarsclub.com
  21. English Wikipedia, List of microcars by country of origin: N, Bambino entry, citing Georgano’s Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars (1982) and Tony Marshall’s More Microcars. en.wikipedia.org

GEM: America’s street-legal low-speed electric car

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red and white GEM e4 four-seater used for village tours, photographed in July 2006. Photo: Weatherman1126, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A blue and white GEM e2 with doors on show at the North American International Auto Show, Detroit, in January 2008. Photo: Joe Ross, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  3. A bare GEM chassis with its batteries and running gear at the North American International Auto Show, Detroit, in January 2008. Photo: Joe Ross, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  4. A GEM e6 six-seater on display at the Washington Auto Show, Washington, D.C., in January 2010. Photo: Mariordo (Mario Roberto Durán Ortiz), CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A white 2008 GEM e2 two-seater parked beside a planted bank in June 2021. Photo: DestinationFearFan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A GEM e4 used as a cemetery shuttle at the Bergfriedhof, Heidelberg, Germany. Photo: 4028mdk09, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A municipal Chrysler GEM e4 in Trento, Italy, side view, in June 2009. Photo: Matteo Ianeselli, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. An open GEM e4 with a roof used as a security patrol vehicle at a school in Durham, North Carolina, in July 2008. Photo: Ildar Sagdejev (Specious), CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A yellow and white GEM e2 two-seater with a rear box, parked on a street in the United States in December 2008. Photo: Shannon Kringen, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  10. A US National Park Service GEM utility with a closed box body, rear three-quarter, in November 2008. Photo: dave_7, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A blue GEM recharging from a wall socket on the Duke University campus, Durham, North Carolina, in September 2008. Photo: Ildar Sagdejev (Specious), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A GEM e6 shuttle of the Circuit service driving along Havemeyer Street, Brooklyn, New York, in August 2019. Photo: Tdorante10, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. Chrysler GEM shuttles of Bangkok Airways at Suvarnabhumi Airport, Bangkok, Thailand, in February 2007. Photo: Mattes, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. The first GEM neighbourhood electric vehicles delivered to the US Army at Fort Myer, Virginia, in January 2009. Photo: The U.S. Army, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. Two GEM utility cars parked at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, in July 2008. Photo: Ildar Sagdejev (Specious), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. The tail of a blue GEM, with its rear lamps and chrome bumper, at the North American International Auto Show, Detroit, in January 2008. Photo: Joe Ross, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  17. A grey GEM with doors, head-on at the North American International Auto Show, Detroit, in January 2008. Photo: Joe Ross, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  18. An open GEM used as a police car by the Anaheim Police Department, California, in April 2007. Photo: Richard Masoner / Cyclelicious, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A GEM in Carabinieri livery patrolling a car-free zone in Italy in June 2007. Photo: Jollyroger, CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A GEM e2 used as a police car in Cuernavaca, Mexico, in August 2009. Photo: Thelmadatter, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A GEM eL XD utility with its flatbed, belonging to a California college district, in August 2026. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A green GEM food cart recharging outside the National Museum of American History, Washington, D.C., in February 2010. Photo: Mariordo (Mario Roberto Durán Ortiz), CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A US National Park Service GEM utility with a box body, front three-quarter, in November 2008. Photo: dave_7, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A white GEM e6 six-seat campus shuttle at the University of Florida, Gainesville, in 2010. Photo: Ahlibe, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A green GEM converted into a snack van in Girona, Spain, in September 2010. Photo: Georges Jansoone (JoJan), CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A GEM utility with a tipping bed at the INRA research centre, Jouy-en-Josas, France, in October 2016. Photo: Lionel Allorge, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. An early 2006 ZAP Xebra sedan in Ocean Blue parked outside an office building. Photo: stu_spivack, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. An orange 2000 Corbin Sparrow ‘Jelly Bean’ from the front three-quarter at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A blue 2000 Ford TH!NK City (A266) at the Hebden Bridge Vintage Weekend, England, in August 2022. Photo: DieselFordMondeo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A red and black 2001 Smart City-Coupé passion (450) ‘Softouch’ in Leamington Spa, England, in January 2020. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Global Electric Motorcars, read. Its references include Green Car Reports, Polaris and the Federal Register. en.wikipedia.org

German cyclecars: ten minor makers, 1919–⁠1933

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Cream 1922 Koco two-seater at the Autostadt, Wolfsburg, Germany, in June 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Enamel badge of the Peter & Moritz reconstruction, showing the two boys of the name, at the Motorrad- und Technikmuseum Großschönau, Germany, in August 2026. Photo: Dk0704, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Grey Rollfix Heck 200 three-wheeled delivery van lettered for a grocer, photographed in October 2016. Photo: Spielvogel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. White 1922 Koco with its bonnet open at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, Germany, in March 2010. Photo: MartinHansV, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. 1922 Koco from the rear quarter, tonneau over its tail, at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, Germany, in March 2010. Photo: MartinHansV, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Peter & Moritz 5/12 PS reconstruction from the rear quarter, its spare wheel and plate II-1401 on the tail, at the Motorrad- und Technikmuseum Großschönau festival, Germany, in August 2026. Photo: Dk0704, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Peter & Moritz 5/12 PS reconstruction head-on, its narrow blue body between cycle wings, at the Motorrad- und Technikmuseum Großschönau festival, Germany, in August 2026. Photo: Dk0704, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Peter & Moritz 5/12 PS reconstruction driven across the gravel at the Motorrad- und Technikmuseum Großschönau festival, Germany, in August 2026. Photo: Dk0704, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Blue Peter & Moritz 5/12 PS reconstruction beneath the Autowerke Peter & Moritz sign at the Motorrad- und Technikmuseum Großschönau, Germany, in June 2022. Photo: RoesslerP, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. Cockpit of the Peter & Moritz 5/12 PS reconstruction, with its wooden steering wheel and bench seat, at the Motorrad- und Technikmuseum Großschönau, Germany, in August 2026. Photo: Dk0704, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. Green 1921 Slaby-Beringer electric single-seater IA-7421 in a museum, photographed in October 2015. Photo: 1971markus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. White Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet of 1925 before the German Pavilion on the Expo grounds, Hanover, in September 2013. Photo: Hmg210, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. Blue Amilcar CC roadster of 1921–⁠22 from the front quarter at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim, Germany, in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A grey 1925 Bjering with its hood up at the Norsk Teknisk Museum, Oslo, Norway, in November 2014. Photo: Bjoertvedt, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Peter & Moritz, summary read. Used as a lead; it cites Linz and Schrader (2008), Busch, Geschichte des Thüringer Automobilbaus 1894–⁠1945 (2001), and the Gehring company history. de.wikipedia.org
  2. German Wikipedia, Kleinauto- und Motorenwerke Koch & Co., summary read. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  3. German Wikipedia, Autohaus Staiger, summary read. Used as a lead; it cites Linz and Schrader. de.wikipedia.org
  4. German Wikipedia, Maurer 2/6 PS, summary read. Used as a lead; it cites Ludwig Maurer, Maurer-Union. Firmengeschichte (2000). de.wikipedia.org
  5. German Wikipedia, Bootswerft Zeppelinhafen, summary read. Used as a lead; it cites Linz and Schrader, Europa Motor (1924) and the Illustrierte Motorzeitung of April 1924. de.wikipedia.org
  6. German Wikipedia, Rollfix, summary read. Used as a lead; it cites Oldtimer Markt (2008) and Linz and Schrader. de.wikipedia.org
  7. German Wikipedia, Fahrzeug- und Maschinenfabrik H. C. Dehn, summary read. Used as a lead; it cites Georgano, Kubisch and Oswald. de.wikipedia.org
  8. German Wikipedia, Pluto Automobilfabrik, summary read. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  9. German Wikipedia, Spinell Motorfahrzeuge, summary read. Used as a lead; it cites Oswald, Deutsche Autos 1920–⁠1945 (1996), and the Illustrierte Motorzeitung of 1 May 1925. de.wikipedia.org
  10. German Wikipedia, Engelbert Zaschka, the folding-car section, summary read. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  11. German Wikipedia, Schasche-Cyclecar, summary read. de.wikipedia.org

German Kabinenroller small makers: Kroboth, Trippel and more

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A green 1954 Kroboth Allwetterroller with its hood up, in a museum in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A bare Kroboth chassis with its seat and engine at the ErfinderZeiten Auto- und Uhrenmuseum, Schramberg in 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A red 1955 Kroboth Allwetterroller in a museum exhibition, photographed in 2014. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A green 1954 Kroboth Allwetterroller at the ErfinderZeiten Auto- und Uhrenmuseum, Schramberg in 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The red 1955 Kroboth Allwetterroller in profile with its hood up, 2014. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. The green Kroboth Allwetterroller at Schramberg in profile, 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The red 1955 Kroboth Allwetterroller from behind, its single rear wheel hidden under the tail, 2014. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The green Kroboth Allwetterroller at Schramberg head-on, 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. The chrome “Kroboth” script on the green body of a Kroboth Allwetterroller, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A green 1956 Meyra three-wheeler beside a hedge in autumn. Photo: Meyra Dietmar Pauw, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A turquoise Jurisch Motoplan at the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia. Photo: Willem Alink, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A 1950 Fend Flitzer 101 coupé on display in a museum in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A Brütsch Zwerg single-seater at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen in 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A blue 1957 Heinkel Kabine at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A 1953 Fuldamobil N‑2 with its hammered-aluminium body, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Rollermobil, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  2. German Wikipedia, Econom, read in full. It cites Linz and Schrader and Automobil und Motorrad Chronik 10/1978. de.wikipedia.org
  3. German Wikipedia, Hellmuth Butenuth, read in full; used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  4. English Wikipedia, List of microcars by country of origin: G, the German rows, citing Georgano’s Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars (1982) and Rosellen. en.wikipedia.org
  5. German Wikipedia, Protek Gesellschaft für Industrieentwicklungen, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  6. German Wikipedia, Trippel SK 10 (TE 106), read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  7. German Wikipedia, Trippel SK 10 (TE 107), read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  8. German Wikipedia, Trippel SK 10 Sport, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  9. German Wikipedia, Weidner 70 S, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  10. German Wikipedia, Carl Amesmaier München, read in full; it cites Eckermann in Automobil- und Motorrad-Chronik 5/1973. de.wikipedia.org
  11. German Wikipedia, Meyra, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  12. cybermotorcycle.com, “Meyra – A Brief History of the Marque”, an enthusiasts’ page, read in full. cybermotorcycle.com
  13. German Wikipedia, Kroboth Allwetterroller, read in full; it cites Rosellen (1991) and Thyssen-Bornemissza, Deutsche Kleinwagen 1945–⁠1974 (2012). de.wikipedia.org
  14. German Wikipedia, Fahrzeug- und Maschinenbau Gustav Kroboth, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  15. German Wikipedia, Liste von Pkw-Marken, the Cuno Bistram row, citing Linz and Schrader. de.wikipedia.org
  16. German Wikipedia, Jurisch (Unternehmen), read in full. It cites Linz and Schrader, Rees’s Three Wheelers A–Z (2013) and Thyssen-Bornemissza and Walenta (1996). de.wikipedia.org

GN cyclecar: chains, dogs and a V-twin, 1910–⁠1925

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Cream 1921 GN cyclecar from the front quarter in a museum, showing its air-cooled V-twin, photographed in April 2011. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The bare-metal 1923 GN Spider sprint special at a show in November 2023. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Maker’s plate of a GN cyclecar, G.N. Ltd, Elms Works, Hendon, photographed in September 2021. Photo: Dave Thompson, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Honel’s GN, a pointed-tail two-seater, in profile on cobbles at the UMF endurance trial, Marly-le-Roi, France, in April 1921. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Archibald Frazer-Nash and his passenger in GN No. 2 at Brooklands, Weybridge, England, in October 1921. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Pale green GN of 1921, captioned a Gnome, with its hood folded, parked on tarmac in October 2024. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. 1921 GN Aero with chequered paint at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2017. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Blue GN L‑8002 from the front quarter at a show in November 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Blue GN NU 189 at a vintage trial at Grimsthorpe in July 2023. Photo: Bob Harvey, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. Bare-metal 1913 GN-JAP racing special with GN lettering at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2017. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. GN-based Martyr Instone Special of 1931 from the front quarter at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2018. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. Yellow and black 1922 GN Thunderbug special at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2017. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. GN Thunderbug special No. 106 in the paddock at Donington Park, England, in September 2007. Photo: John Chapman (Pyrope), CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. White 1921 GN cyclecar in profile in a museum, photographed in April 2011. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. Dark AC-GN Beetle special No. 196 in the paddock at Prescott, Gloucestershire, England, in August 2015. Photo: Dave_S., CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. 1921 GN Aero in profile, showing its exposed engine, at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2017. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. 1913 GN-JAP racing special in profile with its exhaust headers at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2017. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. White GN-based Martyr Instone Special of 1931 in profile at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2018. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. 1922 GN Thunderbug special in profile at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2017. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. Grey GN SV 7696 with its hood folded at Attingham Park, Shropshire, England, in September 2014. Photo: Jeff Buck, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. Blue GN L‑8002 with its spare wheel on the tail, at a show in November 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. 1913 GN-JAP racing special from behind, showing its fuel tank, at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2017. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. Pale blue 1922 GN Vitesse No. 60 on the Prescott hill-climb, Gloucestershire, England, in August 2015. Photo: Dave_S., CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. AC-GN Beetle special No. 196 on the Prescott hill-climb, Gloucestershire, England, in August 2015. Photo: Dave_S., CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. Basil Davenport’s 1923 GN Spider beside a VSCC soapbox homage at a show in November 2023. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. Blue 1922 GN XL-387 head-on in a museum, photographed in 2015. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. Douglas Hawkes’s GN, number 2, raising dust on the Circuit de la Sarthe in the voiturette race at Le Mans, France, in August 1920. Photo: Agence Meurisse, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. Thévenet’s GN No. 73 cornering in the French cyclecar Grand Prix at Montargis, France, in June 1922. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. Thévenet’s GN No. 73 passing under the Motocycle Club de France banners in the French cyclecar Grand Prix at Montargis, France, in June 1922. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. GN-type cyclecars numbers 51, 52 and 53 with their crews, among them Mauve, Bueno, Lombard and Honel, on cobbles before a hangar at Marly-le-Roi, France, in April 1921. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. Lombard (110), Honel (111) and Ramón Bueno (112) seated in their GN-type cyclecars on the grass before a hangar for the 1921 Paris–Nice cyclecar trial. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. Archibald Frazer-Nash in GN No. 2 with officials at Brooklands, Weybridge, England, in October 1921. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. Start of the voiturette race on the Circuit de la Sarthe, Le Mans, in August 1920, with Douglas’s GN and Viscaya’s Bugatti among the crowd. Photo: Agence Meurisse, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. Green 1935 Morgan Super Sports AKD 455 at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, England, in April 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A yellow 1913 Bédélia BD2 at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in May 2022. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. Yellow Carden monocar of 1916, its engine at the rear and Carden script on the dummy radiator, at the Petersen Automotive Museum, Los Angeles, in August 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A green 1913 Humber Humberette V-twin cyclecar with a buttoned black seat at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Cecil Clutton with H. R. Godfrey, “A history of the G.N.”, Motor Sport, August 1949, read in full (some model headings lost in the archive’s text). www.motorsportmagazine.com
  2. Grace’s Guide, “GN Car Co”, read in full; it cites The Autocar of 10 February and 12 May 1912, The Engineer of 19 November 1920, and Wikipedia. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  3. English Wikipedia, GN (car), read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Baldwin (1991) and Georgano (2000). en.wikipedia.org
  4. The Cyclecar, 16 July 1913, report of the Cyclecar Grand Prix, read in full from Grace’s Guide’s scan. graces-guide-s3-live.s3.amazonaws.com
  5. Kenneth Neve, “An account of the 1913 Cyclecar Grand Prix”, Motor Sport, January 1943, read in full. motorsportmagazine.com
  6. German Wikipedia, Salmson, relevant section read. Used as a lead; it cites Georgano’s Beaulieu Encyclopedia. de.wikipedia.org
  7. W. Boddy, “The Trikes Return”, Motor Sport, September 1996, read in full. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  8. W. Boddy, “The vintage years of the Morgan 3-wheeler”, part 1, Motor Sport, June 1965, read in full. www.motorsportmagazine.com

Goggomobil Dart: Australia’s doorless roadster, 1959–⁠61

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A yellow Goggomobil Dart from the front three-quarter at the German Auto Fest, Earlwood, New South Wales, in 2015. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A red 1960 Goggomobil Dart in profile in 2009, showing its step-in sill and waist line. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A yellow 1960 Goggomobil Dart with a black stripe wearing its removable hardtop at Shannons Classic, Eastern Creek, in 2015. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The bright green 1959 Dart with its information board in 2013. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A blue Goggomobil Dart, the doorless glass-fibre roadster built by Buckle in Australia, from the front quarter on grass. Photo: Rex Gray, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  6. A blue 1960 Goggomobil Dart in a line-up at Eastern Creek, Sydney, in 2008. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A blue Goggomobil Dart 400 with rally plates on the cobbles of a Danish town in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The Shannons green Goggomobil Dart at the Royal Queensland Show, Brisbane, in 2011. Photo: NJM2010, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A dark green 1959 Goggomobil Dart at an outdoor show in Australia in 2012. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A pale green 1960 Goggomobil Dart with paperwork on its bonnet at a meeting in 2014. Photo: Bob Adams, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A pink 1959 Goggomobil Dart at a show in Christchurch, New Zealand, in 2015. Photo: Riley, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A red 1960 Goggomobil Dart in a museum hall, photographed in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A red Goggomobil Dart from the front on the grass at a meeting in 2006. Photo: Stephen Foskett, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A blue Goggomobil Dart T400 of 1959 in a non-original Gulf-style stripe at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. The white-and-teal 1959 Dart from the front at the RMYC show in 2015. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A white Goggomobil Dart with a red stripe at a Sydney show in 2014. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. The blue Danish Dart in profile, showing the doorless body and low waist, in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A green Goggomobil Dart from behind at a show in Australia in 2012. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A bright green 1959 Goggomobil Dart from behind at National Motoring Heritage Day, Australia, in 2013. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A pink 1959 Goggomobil Dart from behind in Christchurch, New Zealand, in 2015. Photo: Riley, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A red Goggomobil Dart from behind on the grass at a meeting in 2006. Photo: Stephen Foskett, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A white-and-teal 1959 Dart with a tonneau cover at the RMYC show, Newport, in 2015. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A white Goggomobil Dart from behind in Sydney in 2014. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A yellow Goggomobil Dart from behind at the German Auto Fest, Earlwood, New South Wales, in 2015. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. The yellow Dart head-on at Earlwood in 2015, showing its recessed headlamps. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. The blue Dart 400 with rally number 16 on the grass at a meeting in 2015. Photo: rob Stoeltje, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. Shannons’ green Goggomobil Dart, lettered with the insurer’s web address, driven on a showground track in Australia. Photo: James Banks Photography, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  28. A blue Goggomobil Dart 400 with rally number 16 driving at the Nationaal Oldtimer Festival, Zandvoort, in 2009. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A white Goggomobil Dart in the National Motor Museum, Birdwood, South Australia, in 2008. Photo: Peripitus, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A light blue 1959 Goggomobil Dart on display in Australia in 2018. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. The cockpit of a green Goggomobil Dart in Australia in 2012: steering wheel, dashboard and black seats. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. The cockpit of a blue Goggomobil Dart, with its thin steering wheel, central speedometer and wrap-round screen. Photo: Rex Gray, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  33. The cockpit of a red 1960 Goggomobil Dart in 2009: steering wheel, small dashboard and red seats. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. The ‘DART by Bill Buckle’ signature decal on a blue Goggomobil Dart 400 in Denmark in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. The ‘Distributed by Buckle’ dealer badge on a green 1959 Goggomobil Dart at the National Motoring Heritage Day, Australia, in 2013. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. The engine-lid grille, badge and Buckle plate on a two-tone 1959 Dart at the RMYC Unique Car Show, Newport, in 2015. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. An orange 1959 Goggomobil Dart in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A white Goggomobil Dart with a red stripe at an Australia Day show in Sydney in 2012. Photo: NRMA Motoring and Services, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A pale blue Goggomobil saloon at a meeting in Wingst, 2019. Photo: © Ra Boe / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A yellow Deutsche Bundespost Goggomobil TL Transporter with its sliding door open, Heusenstamm, 2011. Photo: Urmelbeauftragter, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. The Zeta Runabout and the green Zeta Sports side by side in the National Motor Museum, Birdwood, in 2008. Photo: Peripitus, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1958 Goggomobil DART”, read in full from a copy archived about 2015. www.microcarmuseum.com
  2. Jack Stewart, “1959 Goggomobil Dart”, Collectible Automobile, February 2015, read in summary. blog.consumerguide.com
  3. RM Auctions, The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 550, “1958 Goggomobil Dart”, read in summary. rmsothebys.com
  4. JustCars, “Vale Bill Buckle”, 2023, read in summary. www.justcars.com.au
  5. Marque News, Goggomobil feature, read in summary. marquenews.com.au
  6. Below the Radar, “Goggomobil Dart”, read in summary. www.below-the-radar.com
  7. Lane Motor Museum, “Goggomobil Dart 1959”, read in summary. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  8. English Wikipedia, Goggomobil, the Dart section; used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  9. RM Auctions, Amelia Island, 2012, lot 216, “1959 Goggomobil Dart”, read in summary. rmsothebys.com

Goggomobil TL: the Bundespost’s micro van, 1957–⁠65

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A yellow Deutsche Bundespost Goggomobil TL Transporter with its sliding door open, Heusenstamm, 2011. Photo: Urmelbeauftragter, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A red Goggomobil TL van in a courier livery at the Classic Remise Berlin, 2020. Photo: Neuköllner, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. An orange 1962 Goggomobil TL 400 pick-up with hazard-striped bumpers. Photo: Wleiter, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A grey Goggomobil TL van being driven at a meeting, 2005. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The Goggomobil script and headlamp of a red Goggomobil TL van at Classic Remise Berlin in 2020. Photo: Neuköllner, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A grey 1962 Goggomobil TL 250 pick-up at a show. Photo: Wleiter, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A white 1961 Goggomobil TL 400 Transporter van. Photo: Wleiter, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A pale blue Goggomobil saloon at a meeting in Wingst, 2019. Photo: © Ra Boe / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Blue-grey Tempo A 400 three-wheeled pick-up at Jonsdorf, Saxony, in August 2015. Photo: Rainerhaufe, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A restored red Westcoaster Mailster at the Petersen Automotive Museum, Los Angeles, in August 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. An olive 1970 Subaru K55 Sambar truck at the Showa Era Lifestyle Museum, Kitanagoya, Japan, in March 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Goggomobil, read in full: the Transporter paragraph, the totals line and the saloon’s technical details. de.wikipedia.org
  2. RM Auctions, Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 563, “1958 Goggomobil TL-250 Transporter ‘Dubble Bubble’”. rmsothebys.com
  3. Secret Classics, “Glas Goggomobil TL-250”. www.secret-classics.com
  4. English Wikipedia, Goggomobil, the Transporter section and specification box, which cite the GLAS Automobil Club International. en.wikipedia.org
  5. RM Auctions, Weiner museum sale, February 2013, lot 613, “1958 Goggomobil TL-400 Transporter ‘PEZ’”. www.rmsothebys.com
  6. RM Auctions, Weiner museum sale, February 2013, lot 297, “1959 Goggomobil TL-400 Transporter Pickup ‘Coca-Cola’”. rmsothebys.com
  7. RM Auctions, Weiner museum sale, February 2013, lot 269, “1963 Goggomobil TL-250 Transporter ‘Krispy Kreme’”. rmsothebys.com
  8. German Wikipedia, Vidal & Sohn Tempo-Werk, the sections on the Hanseat and the Boy and the model table of 1949–⁠66. Its general source is Matthias Pfannmüller, Mit Tempo durch die Zeit (Delius Klasing, 2006), and it cites ATZ 7/1952. de.wikipedia.org

Goggomobil: the four-seat microcar from Dingolfing, 1955–⁠69

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A pale blue Goggomobil saloon at a meeting in Wingst, 2019. Photo: © Ra Boe / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A 1956 Goggomobil T250 in the museum at Dingolfing, the town where it was built. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The rear-mounted two-stroke twin and cooling-fan housing of a Goggomobil T300. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A TS coupé parked outside the Het Parool and Trouw newspaper offices in Amsterdam, 1958. Photo: IISG, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  5. A Goggomobil saloon hanging over the Reguliersgracht in Amsterdam after running over the kerb rail in icy weather, December 1963. Photo: F.N. Broers / Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A red Spanish-built Goggomobil T350 in the Museo Würth, La Rioja. Photo: Juanje Orío from Logroño, España (Europa), CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A blue Goggomobil TS coupé on a country road, 2018. Photo: Ermell, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A light blue Goggomobil T250 saloon. Photo: Pujanak, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A 1957 Goggomobil saloon with rear-hinged doors, wearing rally numbers. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A 1959 Goggomobil saloon in two-tone teal and white in New South Wales, 2008. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A pale green Goggomobil saloon with whitewall tyres on grass, 2008. Photo: Spurzem - Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A grey Goggomobil saloon at the Glopper garage in Hohenems, Austria, 2019. Photo: Asurnipal, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A white Goggomobil saloon at the Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz classic-car meeting, 2019. Photo: DALIBRI, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A red Goggomobil saloon with a white roof, 2009. Photo: Mr.checker, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A red Goggomobil saloon with a white roof on gravel, 2014. Photo: Palauenc05, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A 1962 Goggomobil T250 with a dark red roof. Photo: Spanish Coches, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A pale green 1967 Goggomobil T250 in the Netherlands. Photo: Niels de Wit from Lunteren, The Netherlands, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A red Goggomobil T250 at Beuel Classics in Bonn, 2015. Photo: Axel Kirch, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A red Goggomobil T250 with a white roof at Beuel Classics, Bonn, 2015. Photo: Axel Kirch, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A white Goggomobil T250 on show in a museum. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A white Goggomobil T250 saloon at a show in 2020. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  22. A 1959 Goggomobil T300 on show at the NEC, Birmingham, in 2018. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A pale blue Goggomobil T300 at a show in 2013. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A white Goggomobil T300 with its sunroof open at a Dutch meeting, 2013. Photo: Dennis Elzinga, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A blue 1964 Goggomobil FM 350 van in side view. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A dark blue Goggomobil saloon at Wisła, Poland, 2010. Photo: Piotrus, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A white Goggomobil saloon in side profile at a show in Bremen, 2020. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A yellow 1960 Goggomobil Carryall by Buckle Motors from the rear right in Australia in 2008. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. The rear of a teal and white 1959 Goggomobil saloon in Australia in 2008, showing its engine-lid louvres. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. The rear of a blue 1965 Goggomobil T250 saloon at a meeting. Photo: ChiemseeMan, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. The chrome Goggomobil script on the tail of a grey Goggomobil saloon at Hohenems, Austria, in 2019. Photo: Asurnipal, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. The rear of a red Goggomobil saloon with a roof rack. Photo: Rudolf Stricker, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A white Goggomobil saloon at a rally in 2015. Photo: rob Stoeltje from loenen, netherlands, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. The rear of a 1967 Goggomobil T250 limousine at Wingst, 2019. Photo: © Ra Boe / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A 1967 Goggomobil T250 at a meeting in the Netherlands, 2012. Photo: Niels de Wit from Lunteren, The Netherlands, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A white Goggomobil T250 with a period suitcase strapped to its engine lid. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A white Goggomobil T250 saloon parked by a fence. Photo: Oxfordian Kissuth, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A Goggomobil T300 with its engine lid raised over the rear-mounted twin. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A green Goggomobil saloon from behind on an English street, 2014. Photo: grassrootsgroundswell, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A cream Goggomobil saloon on a country road, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A blue Goggomobil saloon of 1959 among other microcars in a museum. Photo: Valder137, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A red Goggomobil saloon with a roof rack. Photo: Rudolf Stricker, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A red Goggomobil saloon with its sunroof open at a Belgian rally, 2010. Photo: Alfvanbeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A yellow Goggomobil saloon head-on at a show. Photo: Stahlkocher, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A red 1968 Goggomobil T250 at a rally in 2012. Photo: Huhu Uet, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A cream Goggomobil T400 in Tübingen, 2024. Photo: Giftzwerg 88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A pale green Goggomobil saloon arriving at the Ebern classic-car meeting, 2019. Photo: Ermell, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A red Goggomobil saloon on the road at Gleisenau, 2019. Photo: Ermell, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A grey Goggomobil saloon in the Aidenbach classic-car parade, 2013. Photo: High Contrast, CC BY 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A 1958 Goggomobil T400 in Variety Club Bash charity-rally livery, engine lid open, in Australia. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A red Goggomobil saloon in the Deutsches Automuseum at Langenburg. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A yellow Goggomobil parked at a recreated 1950s Bremolin filling station. Photo: nakhon100, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A light blue Goggomobil T250 in the August Horch Museum, Zwickau. Photo: Rainerhaufe, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A blue Goggomobil saloon with a teardrop caravan at a meeting, 2010. Photo: KEN, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. A pale blue 1962 Goggomobil T400 saloon in a museum. Photo: MKFI, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. A cream Goggomobil saloon at the Gedee Car Museum, Coimbatore, India. Photo: Rainer Halama, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. A cream Goggomobil T250 head-on at Motorworld Böblingen, 2020. Photo: Giftzwerg 88, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. A dark blue Goggomobil TS coupé of the 1964–⁠66 type at a meeting, 2016. Photo: Paul Horn, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  59. A red Goggomobil TS coupé with a white roof at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen, 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  60. A cream Goggomobil TS coupé with a black roof at the NEC, Birmingham, 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. A red Goggomobil TS coupé in Terenure, Dublin, 2011. Photo: Mic from Reading - Berkshire, United Kingdom, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. A red Goggomobil TS coupé with whitewall tyres at an outdoor meeting, 2007. Photo: ChiemseeMan, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  63. A white Goggomobil TS coupé with a painter’s signwriting in Nuremberg, 2006. Photo: Gerd Eichmann, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. A red Goggomobil TS coupé at a Belgian rally, 2010. Photo: Alfvanbeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  65. A red Goggomobil TS coupé with a white roof in Australia, 2008. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  66. A red Goggomobil TS coupé with whitewall tyres in a museum, 2015. Photo: Dan, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  67. A white Goggomobil TS coupé with red upholstery, 2016. Photo: Pieter Delicaat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  68. A red 1961 Goggomobil TS 250 coupé at a town meeting, 2012. Photo: FaceMePLS from The Hague, The Netherlands, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  69. A cream 1963 Goggomobil TS 250 coupé in a show tent, 2015. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  70. A red 1964 Goggomobil TS 250, front three-quarter view. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  71. A red Goggomobil TS 250 coupé with a white roof. Photo: Oxfordian Kissuth, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  72. A red Goggomobil TS 250 coupé in a car park, 2017. Photo: Berthold Werner, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  73. A white Goggomobil TS 250 coupé on grass, 2023. Photo: Fiver, der Hellseher, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  74. An orange 1957 Goggomobil TS 300 coupé in a museum. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  75. A cream 1957 Goggomobil TS 400 coupé at a show in the United States. Photo: Bob Adams from George, South Africa, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  76. A red 1958 Goggomobil TS 400 coupé in a museum, 2011. Photo: René, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  77. A white Goggomobil TS 250 coupé parked on a lawn, 2009. Photo: Unterillertaler, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  78. A red Goggomobil TS coupé in side view, 2014. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  79. A red Goggomobil TS coupé among other classics at Schaffen-Diest, Belgium, 2015. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  80. A red 1964 Goggomobil TS 250 in side profile. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  81. A red Goggomobil TS 250 on a white display stand. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  82. A white Goggomobil TS 250 coupé from the side. Photo: Fiver, der Hellseher, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  83. The rear of a red 1958 Goggomobil TS coupé at a US auction show, 2012. Photo: Doug Brown, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  84. The rear of a cream Goggomobil TS coupé at the NEC, Birmingham, in 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  85. A cream Goggomobil TS coupé with its folding roof open and a luggage rack. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  86. The rear of a red Goggomobil TS coupé in Dublin in 2011. Photo: Mic from Reading - Berkshire, United Kingdom, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  87. The rear of a red Goggomobil TS coupé in 2007, with its chrome bumper hoops and panoramic rear window. Photo: ChiemseeMan (Späth Chr.), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  88. The rear of a red Australian Goggomobil TS coupé. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  89. The rear of a red Goggomobil TS coupé, 2014. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  90. The rear of a blue Goggomobil TS 250 at EFA Mobile Zeiten, Amerang, Germany, in 2008, showing its panoramic rear window. Photo: Norbert Pietsch Enpi48, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  91. The rear of a red Goggomobil TS 250, TR-GO 65, with a suitcase on its luggage rack, in 2017. Photo: Berthold Werner, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  92. The rear of a white Goggomobil TS 250, with its wrap-around rear window. Photo: Fiver, der Hellseher, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  93. A red Goggomobil TS coupé head-on at a Belgian rally, 2010. Photo: Alfvanbeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  94. A red Goggomobil TS coupé head-on under trees, 2006. Photo: Nicola, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  95. A cream 1963 Goggomobil TS 250 coupé at a show. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  96. A red 1964 Goggomobil TS 250 head-on in the Netherlands. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  97. A blue Goggomobil TS 250 coupé head-on in the EFA Mobile Zeiten museum, Amerang. Photo: Norbert Pietsch Enpi48, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  98. A yellow Goggomobil TS coupé being driven through a village street, 2006. Photo: Till Krech from Berlin, Germany, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  99. A beige Goggomobil TS coupé at the Ebern classic-car meeting, 2019. Photo: Ermell, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  100. A red Goggomobil TS coupé being driven past café tables, 2011. Photo: High Contrast, CC BY 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  101. A white Goggomobil TS 250 arriving at Schaffen-Diest, Belgium, 2018. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  102. A dark blue Goggomobil TS coupé with a cream roof in a museum, 2004. Photo: Softeis, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  103. A red Goggomobil TS coupé at the Automuseum Engstingen. Photo: Lindemann97, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  104. A red Goggomobil TS coupé on a white display plinth. Photo: Cherubino, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  105. A red Goggomobil TS coupé in the UMMC Museum of Automotive Technology, Russia. Photo: Vyacheslav Bukharov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  106. A red 1958 Goggomobil TS 250 with a period caravan at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, 2020. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  107. A red Goggomobil TS 250 at the museum in Yekaterinburg, 2025. Photo: Artyom Vasilyev, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  108. A grey Goggomobil saloon at Hohenems, Austria, in 2019, with its door open on the red seats. Photo: Asurnipal, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  109. The dashboard and two-spoke steering wheel of a grey Goggomobil saloon at Hohenems, Austria, in 2019. Photo: Asurnipal, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  110. The cream steering wheel and dashboard of a 1967 Goggomobil T250. Photo: Niels de Wit from Lunteren, The Netherlands, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  111. The engine bay of a 1958 Goggomobil T400 prepared for an Australian charity rally. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  112. The floor gear lever and its gate between the seats of a Goggomobil. Photo: Asurnipal, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  113. The chrome Goggomobil script on a white body panel of a Goggomobil, photographed in 2023. Photo: GFreihalter, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  114. The speedometer of a grey Goggomobil saloon at Hohenems, Austria, in 2019, reading to 120 km/h. Photo: Asurnipal, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  115. The flank-mounted turn-signal lamp of a Goggomobil T400. Photo: MKFI, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  116. The Hans Glas GmbH Dingolfing badge on the nose of a Goggomobil TS 250, photographed in 2023. Photo: GFreihalter, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  117. The winged-G Goggomobil badge on a red bonnet stripe at a Sydney show in 2014. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  118. The winged Hans Glas GmbH Dingolfing badge on a 1964 Goggomobil TS 250 in the Netherlands in 2010. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  119. The Coupé 250 script and Goggomobil boot handle on a red Goggomobil TS coupé in Dublin in 2011. Photo: Mic from Reading - Berkshire, United Kingdom, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  120. The Goggomobil script on the flank of a grey Goggomobil TS 250 coupé, photographed in 2023. Photo: Fiver, der Hellseher, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  121. An Australian Buckle-built Goggomobil Carryall van of 1960. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  122. A Goggomobil saloon in breakdown-service yellow with a roof beacon and hazard-striped bumper. Photo: m66roepers from Nederland, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  123. A blue 1964 Goggomobil FM 350 van with a corrugated load box. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  124. A red 1964 Munisa-built Goggomobil saloon with its engine lid open. Photo: Spanish Coches, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  125. A Spanish Munisa-built Goggomobil TS coupé at a show. Photo: Spanish Coches, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  126. A white Spanish-built Goggomobil C 350 van of 1964 in a museum at Bad Homburg. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  127. A Goggomobil TS coupé, XD-20-36, with two moped riders outside a Konsum restaurant in Lapland in 1957. Photo: IISG, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  128. A Goggomobil TS coupé, XD-20-36, and its trailer outside the Garage Konk on a road trip to Persia in 1958. Photo: IISG, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  129. A Goggomobil TS coupé and its trailer tent pitched on a meadow during a road trip to Persia in 1958. Photo: IISG, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  130. A Goggomobil TS coupé, XD-20-36, and its luggage trailer surrounded by onlookers on a road trip to Persia in 1958. Photo: IISG, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  131. A Goggomobil TS coupé, XD-20-36, and its trailer passing road works on a road trip to Persia in 1958. Photo: IISG, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  132. A Goggomobil TS coupé and its trailer dwarfed by an earth scraper on a road trip to Persia in 1958. Photo: IISG, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  133. A yellow Deutsche Bundespost Goggomobil TL Transporter with its sliding door open, Heusenstamm, 2011. Photo: Urmelbeauftragter, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  134. A yellow Goggomobil Dart from the front three-quarter at the German Auto Fest, Earlwood, New South Wales, in 2015. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  135. A grey 1955 bubble-window Isetta 250 at the Isetta Club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  136. A first-series Lloyd LP 300 saloon with the narrow bonnet, beside the Rhine in Germany in 2007. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  137. A turquoise 1960 KR200 with whitewall tyres at an Australian show in 2014. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  138. A blue Mikrus MR-300 on the quay at Szafarnia, Gdańsk, in 2012. Photo: Artur Andrzej, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Goggomobil, read in full with its technical and production tables. Used as a lead; it cites Werner Oswald, Deutsche Autos, Rosellen (1991) and Covello, Standard Catalog of Imported Cars. de.wikipedia.org
  2. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, tour pages “Goggomobil T‑250 Sedan”, “TS-300 Coupe” and “Goggomobil Cabriolet”. www.microcarmuseum.com
  3. Dr Paul Simsa, “Unser Test: Goggomobil T 300”, auto motor und sport 3/1956. archive.org
  4. GLAS Automobil Club International, “Die Goggomobil Limousine”, read in the Wayback Machine’s copy of about 2008. www.glasclub.org
  5. English Wikipedia, Goggomobil, read in its source text. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  6. “Produktionszahlen 1957”, auto motor und sport 4/1958. archive.org
  7. Günther Molter, “12 Stunden von Hockenheim”, auto motor und sport 12/1958 (7 June 1958). archive.org
  8. grupo7.com, “Goggomobil, Munguía Vizcaya”, a Spanish enthusiast page without references; Spanish Wikipedia’s Munguía Industrial, S.A. copies it. grupo7.com
  9. German Wikipedia, Steinwinter, read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader (2008) and Auto Katalog 1982, 1986 and 1987. de.wikipedia.org
  10. German Wikipedia, AWS Shopper, read in full; it cites Gloor, Alle Autos der 70er Jahre (2005), and Oswald. de.wikipedia.org
  11. German Wikipedia, Automobilwerk Walter Schätzle, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  12. Robertas Parazitas, “Walter Schätzle – Resurrection Man”, Driven to Write, 15 July 2022. driventowrite.com
  13. Polish Wikipedia, Fiat 126, and Italian Wikipedia, Fiat 126, read in full. it.wikipedia.org

Goliath Pionier: Borgward’s first car, 1931–⁠34

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Black Goliath Pionier coupé with a red stripe at the Borgward meeting in Andernach in September 2007. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Black Goliath Pionier coupé in profile at the Borgward meeting in Andernach in September 2007. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Grey Goliath Pionier fastback of 1934 at the PS.Speicher, Einbeck, in May 2024. Photo: MPW57, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Goliath Pionier of 1931 from the side at the Verkehrsmuseum Dresden in March 2016. Photo: NoRud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Goliath Pionier of 1931 in profile with its door open at the Verkehrsmuseum Dresden in March 2016. Photo: NoRud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Goliath Pionier of 1931 head-on at the Verkehrsmuseum Dresden in March 2016. Photo: NoRud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Maroon Goliath Pionier with a wooden-framed rear body among period displays at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim, Germany, in October 2009. Photo: st_wenzel, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  8. Goliath Pionier head-on at the PS.Speicher, Einbeck, in 2014. Photo: Dirk Godlinski, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Goliath Pionier coupé with its owners aboard, parked on a woodland road in Germany in the early 1930s, from a family album. Photo: Unknown photographer (collection of Sludge G), Public domain, via Flickr.
  10. Goliath Pionier used as a small taxi in Java, Dutch East Indies, in the 1930s, its driver at the wheel before a whitewashed house. Photo: Tropenmuseum (Wereldmuseum Amsterdam), CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. Blue-grey Tempo A 400 three-wheeled pick-up at Jonsdorf, Saxony, in August 2015. Photo: Rainerhaufe, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A green Framo Stromer FP 200 roadster at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, in September 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. White Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet of 1925 before the German Pavilion on the Expo grounds, Hanover, in September 2013. Photo: Hmg210, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A first-series Lloyd LP 300 saloon with the narrow bonnet, beside the Rhine in Germany in 2007. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Lane Motor Museum, “Goliath Pionier – 1933”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  2. German Wikipedia, Goliath Pionier. de.wikipedia.org
  3. Lane Motor Museum, “Goliath Atlas – 1934”, collection page, with a history of Borgward and the tax rules, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  4. English Wikipedia, Goliath Pionier. en.wikipedia.org
  5. English Wikipedia, Blitzkarren, read in full; largely a translation of the German article. en.wikipedia.org
  6. German Wikipedia, Blitzkarren, read in full. It cites Georg Schmidt, Borgward – Carl F. W. Borgward und seine Autos (4th edition, 1986), pp. 35–39, the Weser-Kurier and British patent GB 248625. de.wikipedia.org
  7. Goliath Veteranen-Club, “Typenblatt Blitzkarren” (2010), read in full from an archived copy. web.archive.org

Gordon Murray T.25: the McLaren F1 man’s city car

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The Gordon Murray T.25 prototype with its canopy tilted forward at the RAC Future Car Challenge, Madeira Drive, Brighton, in 2011. Photo: Dominic Alves, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A black Gordon Murray T.25 head-on under its Future Car Challenge 2010 winners’ sticker, at Brighton in 2011. Photo: Dominic Alves, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The Gordon Murray T.27 electric prototype with its canopy-door raised at the RAC Future Car Challenge, Brighton, in 2011, showing how you get in. Photo: Dominic Alves, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The blue electric Gordon Murray T.27 prototype at the RAC Future Car Challenge, Brighton, in 2011. Photo: Dominic Alves, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The Gordon Murray T.27 electric prototype in profile on Madeira Drive, Brighton, at the RAC Future Car Challenge in 2011. Photo: Dominic Alves, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A red and black 2001 Smart City-Coupé passion (450) ‘Softouch’ in Leamington Spa, England, in January 2020. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A white Toyota iQ in a car park in Germany in June 2009. Photo: M 93, Attribution (Wikimedia Commons), via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A copper-orange Aston Martin Cygnet, KX61 DFZ, in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A grey 1955 bubble-window Isetta 250 at the Isetta Club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Gordon Murray, the Gordon Murray Design section, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  2. Ian Robertson, “Gordon Murray’s T.27 city car revealed”, Diesel&EcoCar, 30 June 2011, read in full. dieselcar.com
  3. Zemo Partnership (Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership), “Gordon Murray Design unveils super-efficient T.25 City Car”, 28 June 2010, read in full. www.zemo.org.uk
  4. Jalopnik, “Gordon Murray T.25 To Come In Four Pocket-Sized Varieties”, 16 February 2009, read in summary. jalopnik.com
  5. Top Gear Philippines, from TopGear.com, “McLaren F1 designer unveils world’s most efficient electric car”, 6 July 2011, read in full. www.topgear.com.ph
  6. Alisdair Suttie, “World’s most efficient EV”, CompleteCar.ie, 30 June 2011, read in full; the same text ran in Car Enthusiast. www.completecar.ie

Gordon: the football-pools three-wheeler, 1954–⁠1958

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The 1956 Gordon, JDY 95, from the front quarter in a museum. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The right-hand side of the 1956 Gordon, showing the outboard engine and chain drive. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The 1956 Gordon from the other front quarter, showing its green flank. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The 1956 Gordon from the rear quarter, with the museum’s photo board on its tail. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The cockpit of the 1956 Gordon: a white three-spoke wheel and a plain cream dash. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. The Gordon’s engine, mounted outside the body on the right-hand side ahead of the rear wheel. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Vernon Gordon three-wheeler with its hood up, the engine exposed on its side, parked outside a stone building in 1963. Photo: Bucklermike, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A yellow 1956 Bond Minicar Mark C De Luxe Tourer, JTK 277, at Keynsham in 2011. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A turquoise Reliant Regal 3/30, EPO 499H, with spot lamps at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Grimsthorpe Castle, in 2022. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A pale blue 1976 AC Model 70, NPN 924P, on the grass at a show in 2010. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Gordon (1954–⁠1958), read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Georgano (1973), Linz and Schrader, and the Beaulieu Encyclopedia, vol. 2. en.wikipedia.org
  2. German Wikipedia, Vernon Industries, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Linz and Schrader, the Beaulieu Encyclopedia, vol. 2, and Zeichner, Kleinwagen International. de.wikipedia.org
  3. 3wheelers.com, “Gordon”, read in full in an archived copy of 2014. web.archive.org
  4. Grace’s Guide, “Vernons Industries”, read in full; it cites the 1947 British Industries Fair catalogue, the 1954 Aeroplane Directory and Dun & Bradstreet for 1961. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  5. W. Boddy, “Small, not perfectly formed”, Motor Sport, December 2001, read in full. motorsportmagazine.com
  6. Grace’s Guide, “Gordon” (the East Riding Engineering Works cyclecar of 1912–⁠14), read in full; used only to tell the two apart. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  7. postwarclassic.de, “Farewell to the Hammond Microcar Museum”, read in full. www.postwarclassic.de

Gurgel BR-800: Brazil’s own small car, 1988–⁠92

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A turquoise Gurgel BR-800 parked on a street in Brazil in 2007. Photo: Frenz 69, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The 800 cc Gurgel Enertron flat-twin from a 1991 BR-800, out of the car on display. Photo: Marcelo Bezerra Cavalcanti, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A Gurgel Supermini, the BR-800’s successor, at a Gurgel meeting in Sorocaba, Brazil, in 2010. Photo: Marcelo Bezerra Cavalcanti, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A silver Gurgel BR-800 from the front quarter. Photo: Monica Kaneko, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The first BR-800 from the front quarter. Photo: Marcelo Bezerra Cavalcanti, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A 1991 Gurgel BR-800 SL with its plastic body redone in red and a 1.5-litre four in place of the Enertron twin. Photo: Marcelo Bezerra Cavalcanti, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The first Gurgel BR-800, chassis no. 1, in profile in 2007. Photo: Marcelo Bezerra Cavalcanti, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A silver Gurgel BR-800 in profile, photographed in 2012. Photo: Monica Kaneko, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A pale blue Gurgel BR-800 SL in profile in 2007. Photo: Olimor, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A red Gurgel BR-800 SL at a Gurgel club meeting in 2010. Photo: Marcelo Bezerra Cavalcanti, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. The cabin of the first Gurgel BR-800, with its simple dashboard. Photo: Marcelo Bezerra Cavalcanti, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. The Enertron flat-twin installed in the first BR-800. Photo: Marcelo Bezerra Cavalcanti, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The rear compartment of the first Gurgel BR-800, chassis no. 1, with its flap open. Photo: Marcelo Bezerra Cavalcanti, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A red Gurgel BR-800 SL parked with its wheels in a flowerbed in São Paulo in 2017. Photo: Carlos Ebert, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. Red Gurgel Itaipu E150 electric car from the front quarter, parked in a street in Brazil. Photo: Marcelo Bezerra Cavalcanti, edited by Mr.choppers, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A yellow 1957 Romi-Isetta, with the Iso engine, in Brazil in 2012. Photo: JasonVogel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Pesquisa FAPESP no. 362, April 2026, “Há 70 anos nascia o primeiro carro brasileiro”, read in full; with Autoesporte, 2 April 2021, on the end of Gurgel. revistapesquisa.fapesp.br
  2. Portuguese Wikipedia, Gurgel BR-800, revision of 11 June 2026, read in full; it cites Quatro Rodas nos. 309, 369 and 389. pt.wikipedia.org
  3. English Wikipedia, Gurgel BR-800, revision of 12 April 2026, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites UPI (31 October 1988), Autosavant (2009) and Quatro Rodas. en.wikipedia.org
  4. Autopapo, “Genuinamente brasileiro, Gurgel BR-800 foi um enorme fracasso”, read in full. autopapo.com.br
  5. Autopapo, “Lembra do Romi-Isetta? E da Gurgel? Listamos 8 microcarros nacionais”, read in full. autopapo.com.br
  6. Small Cars Club, “Mini Puma”, read in full. smallcarsclub.com
  7. English Wikipedia, Dacon, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Autoentusiastas (2016). en.wikipedia.org
  8. Small Cars Club, “Mini Tupy 175”, read in full. smallcarsclub.com

Gurgel Itaipu E150: Latin America’s first electric car

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Red Gurgel Itaipu E150 electric car from the front quarter, parked in a street in Brazil. Photo: Marcelo Bezerra Cavalcanti, edited by Mr.choppers, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Red Gurgel Itaipu E150 electric car in profile with its door open on red seats and a simple dash, parked in a street in Brazil. Photo: Marcelo Bezerra Cavalcanti, edited by Mr.choppers, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Red Gurgel Itaipu E150 electric car from behind, with its GURGEL plate and E‑150/II badge, in a street in Brazil. Photo: Marcelo Bezerra Cavalcanti, edited by Mr.choppers, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A turquoise Gurgel BR-800 parked on a street in Brazil in 2007. Photo: Frenz 69, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A yellow CitiCar SV-48 in bright sunshine beside a stone building in 2014. Photo: Eric Kilby, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  6. An orange 1974 Zagato Zele 2000 at the Classic Motor Show at the NEC, Birmingham, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A yellow 1957 Romi-Isetta, with the Iso engine, in Brazil in 2012. Photo: JasonVogel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Gurgel Itaipu, revision of 17 February 2024, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Quatro Rodas (April 2007) and the Gurgel 800 site. en.wikipedia.org
  2. Fabiano Pereira, “Clássicos: Grandes Brasileiros: Gurgel Itaipu”, Quatro Rodas, April 2007, archived copy, read in full. web.archive.org
  3. Autoesporte, “Gurgel Itaipu foi o primeiro carro elétrico nacional, mas morreu por problemas que existem até hoje”, 2 April 2021, updated 18 April 2024, read in full. autoesporte.globo.com
  4. Portuguese Wikipedia, Gurgel Itaipu, read in full. pt.wikipedia.org
  5. Pesquisa FAPESP no. 362, April 2026, “Há 70 anos nascia o primeiro carro brasileiro”, the Gurgel sections read in full. revistapesquisa.fapesp.br
  6. Gurgel 800 (an enthusiasts’ site), “Especificações técnicas do Gurgel Itaipu”, archived copy of 2010, read in full. www.gurgel800.com.br

Hanomag 2/10 PS: the Kommissbrot, Germany’s army loaf

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. White Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet of 1925 before the German Pavilion on the Expo grounds, Hanover, in September 2013. Photo: Hmg210, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Green Hanomag 2/10 PS saloon of 1926 at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2018. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Rear engine compartment of the dark-green 1927 Hanomag 2/10 PS saloon at the Hannover Messe, Hanover, in April 2017. Photo: Frank Schwichtenberg, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The Dutch importer S. Keestra at the wheel of a Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet in Apeldoorn in 1928. Photo: Spaarnestad Photo, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A line of Hanomag 2/10 PS “Kommissbrot” cabriolets, saloons and a van at the yard of the Dutch importer Keestra, Apeldoorn, in 1928. Photo: Spaarnestad Photo, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Hanomag 2/10 PS in racing form, with bare wheels and its engine exposed, at the Oldtimer Festival at the Nürburgring in June 2007. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Blue Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet of 1927 with red wheels before the German Pavilion on the Expo grounds, Hanover, in February 2011. Photo: Hmg210, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Brown Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet of 1926 at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Maroon Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet of 1925 at the Deutsches Museum Verkehrszentrum, Munich, in 2010. Photo: High Contrast, CC BY 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. Cream Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim in October 2009. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. Cream Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet of 1927 with its hood up at Techno-Classica, Essen, in April 2007. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. Yellow Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet of 1924 with its hood up in a museum in Germany in March 2010. Photo: Robotriot, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. Cream Hanomag 2/10 PS ADAC Straßen-Hilfsdienst road-patrol car in profile at the Verkehrsmuseum Dresden in March 2016. Photo: NoRud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. Blue Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet of 1927 in profile with its hood up on the Expo grounds, Hanover, in February 2011. Photo: Christian Jaeger, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. Green Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet in profile at the Historisches Museum Hannover in September 2014. Photo: Hajotthu, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. Cream Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet in profile at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim in October 2009. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. Cream Hanomag 2/10 PS ADAC Straßen-Hilfsdienst road-patrol car from behind at the Verkehrsmuseum Dresden in March 2016. Photo: NoRud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. Yellow and black Hanomag 2/10 PS ADAC Straßen-Hilfsdienst road-patrol car from behind at Techno-Classica, Essen, in April 2024. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. Brown Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet of 1926 from the rear quarter at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. Louvred tail and wooden luggage rack of a cream Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet at the EFA Museum, Amerang, in September 2008. Photo: Norbert Pietsch, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. Cream Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet of 1927 from behind at Techno-Classica, Essen, in April 2007, showing the louvred cover over its rear engine. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. Yellow Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet of 1924 from behind with a suitcase on its rack, in a museum in Germany in March 2010. Photo: Robotriot, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. Single headlamp and rounded nose of the Hanomag 2/10 PS ADAC road-patrol car at the Verkehrsmuseum Dresden in March 2016. Photo: NoRud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A cream Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet head-on at the EFA Museum, Amerang, in September 2008, its single headlamp in the nose. Photo: Norbert Pietsch, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. Cream Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet head-on at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim in October 2009. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. Hanomag 2/10 PS in racing form, number 62, on the Nürburgring’s southern loop at the Oldtimer Festival in June 2007. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. Yellow Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet of 1928 in a museum in Oslo, Norway, in July 2008. Photo: Pudelek, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. Cream Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet of 1927 on its plinth in the ZeitHaus, Autostadt, Wolfsburg, in April 2010. Photo: Klaus Nahr, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. Maroon Hanomag 2/10 PS saloon from the offside front at Autoworld, Brussels, in December 2018. Photo: Zairon, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. Dark-green Hanomag 2/10 PS saloon of 1927 on show at the Hannover Messe, Hanover, in April 2017. Photo: Frank Schwichtenberg, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. Blue Hanomag 2/10 PS saloon at the Tampa Bay Automobile Museum, Pinellas Park, Florida, in February 2008. Photo: dave_7, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. Maroon Hanomag 2/10 PS saloon in profile at Autoworld, Brussels, in May 2011, showing its slab-sided “loaf” shape. Photo: Thomas Quine, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. Green Hanomag 2/10 PS saloon of 1926 in profile at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2018. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. Blue Hanomag 2/10 PS saloon at the Tampa Bay Automobile Museum, Pinellas Park, Florida, in February 2014. Photo: Crwpitman, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. Blue Hanomag 2/10 PS saloon with its engine cover open at the Tampa Bay Automobile Museum, Pinellas Park, Florida, in February 2008. Photo: dave_7, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. Maroon Hanomag 2/10 PS saloon at Autoworld, Brussels, in May 2022. Photo: Loudumo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. Two-tone Hanomag 2/10 PS saloon of 1928 at the Prototyp museum, Hamburg, in December 2012. Photo: OlliFoolish, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. Green Hanomag 2/10 PS saloon of 1924 at a classic car meeting outside the Technisches Museum Wien, Vienna, in June 2012. Photo: GuentherZ, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. Cockpit of a cream Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet at the EFA Museum für Deutsche Automobilgeschichte, Amerang, in September 2008. Photo: Norbert Pietsch, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. Cockpit of the wicker-bodied 1928 Hanomag 2/10 PS Korbwagen at the Automuzeum, Gostyń, Poland, in September 2016. Photo: flyz1, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. The 499 cc single-cylinder engine of the dark-green 1927 Hanomag 2/10 PS saloon at the Hannover Messe, Hanover, in April 2017. Photo: Frank Schwichtenberg, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. Rear engine compartment of the blue Hanomag 2/10 PS saloon at the Tampa Bay Automobile Museum, Pinellas Park, Florida, in February 2008. Photo: dave_7, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. The single-cylinder engine and brass fuel tank of the 1928 Hanomag 2/10 PS Korbwagen at Gostyń, Poland, in September 2016. Photo: flyz1, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. Engine, radiator and chain drive of a Hanomag 2/10 PS in racing form at the Nürburgring Oldtimer Festival in June 2007. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. Car-shaped Hanomag badge on the maroon Hanomag 2/10 PS saloon at Autoworld, Brussels, in May 2011. Photo: Thomas Quine, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. Car-shaped Hanomag badge on the wicker body of the 1928 Hanomag 2/10 PS Korbwagen at Gostyń, Poland, in September 2016. Photo: flyz1, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. Cream Hanomag 2/10 PS ADAC Straßen-Hilfsdienst road-patrol car at the Verkehrsmuseum Dresden in March 2016. Photo: Wuselig, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. Yellow and black Hanomag 2/10 PS ADAC Straßen-Hilfsdienst road-patrol car at Techno-Classica, Essen, in April 2024. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. Hanomag 2/10 PS delivery van in black and cream DEKRA livery at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in April 2024. Photo: Alexander-93, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. Wicker-bodied Hanomag 2/10 PS Korbwagen, dated 1928 by the museum, at the Automuzeum, Gostyń, Poland, in September 2016. Photo: flyz1, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. Hanomag 2/10 PS converted into a rail inspection car on flanged wheels, from Illustrierte Technik für Jedermann, 1927. Photo: Illustrierte Technik für Jedermann (1927), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A Hanomag 2/10 PS saloon leading veteran cars past the pits at Zandvoort on the Pionier Automobielclub run, 12 October 1962. Photo: Joop van Bilsen / Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. Blue BMW 3/15 DA-2 saloon on display at the Sakai City Historic Car Collection, Japan, in October 2013. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A blue 1927 Austin Seven Chummy tourer with its hood up at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, West Sussex, in July 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. Yellow Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo of 1922 at the Bonny-sur-Loire wine fair, Loiret, in July 2019. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. Black Goliath Pionier coupé with a red stripe at the Borgward meeting in Andernach in September 2007. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Lane Motor Museum, “Hanomag 2-10 PS – 1926”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  2. German Wikipedia, Hanomag 2/10 PS, read in full. It cites the Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung of 15 January 2024; Auto Bild, 6 May 2010; Gebauer and Buck (1956); Horst-Dieter Görg, 80 Jahre Hanomag Kommißbrot: Deutschlands erster Volks-Wagen (2005); Behrndt and others, ADAC Eifelrennen (2009); and goldenera.fi. de.wikipedia.org
  3. English Wikipedia, Hanomag 2/10 PS, read in full. It cites Posthumus (1977), Görg (2005) and the Lane museum. en.wikipedia.org
  4. “Das Brot der frühen Jahre”, Auto Bild Klassik, 6 May 2010. www.autobild.de
  5. Leif Snellman and Hans Etzrodt, “Nürburgring Eröffnungsrennen” (1927), The Golden Era of Grand Prix Racing. www.goldenera.fi
  6. German Wikipedia, Fidelis Böhler, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  7. German Wikipedia, Hellmuth Butenuth, read in full. de.wikipedia.org

Heinkel Kabine: the aircraft maker’s bubble car

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A blue 1957 Heinkel Kabine at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Inside a red Heinkel Kabine through its open front door, at Fosnavåg, Norway, in 2006. Photo: Frode Inge Helland, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The rear of a blue 1957 Heinkel Kabine Type 154 at Andernach in 2016. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The red Heinkel Kabine at the Technik Museum Speyer, in profile. Photo: Friedrich Haag, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A 1958 Heinkel Kabine with its door open beside a 1963 Trojan 200 at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A blue Heinkel Kabine with its roof closed, in Berlin in 2015. Photo: Travelarz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A pale blue 1959 Heinkel Kabine among classic cars at Kastellet, Copenhagen, in 2024. Photo: Leif Jørgensen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A pale blue Heinkel Kabine at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A red Heinkel Kabine at the classic show in Hemmoor-Westersode in 2018. Photo: Ra Boe, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A red 1957 Heinkel Kabine at a car show in 2017. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A red Heinkel Kabine on the lawn at the North Shore Concours d’Elegance, Beverly, Massachusetts, in 2012. Photo: ColinMB, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A red Heinkel Kabine on a plinth at the Technik Museum Speyer in 2023. Photo: Kmtextor, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A cream Heinkel Kabine at Thinktank, the Birmingham science museum, in 2015. Photo: Mike Peel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A cream Heinkel Kabine with its door and roof open at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A red Heinkel Kabine with red wheels and its front door open, on show in 2016. Photo: Michel Curi, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A pink 1958 Heinkel Kabine with its door open at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2025. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. An orange Heinkel Type 153 named ‘Tango’ at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2019. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A white Heinkel Kabine on the Coys stand at Autosport International, Birmingham, in 2016. Photo: David Merrett, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A grey Heinkel Kabine with its roof rolled back at a meeting in the Netherlands. Photo: Rob Stoeltje, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The cream Heinkel Kabine at Thinktank, Birmingham, in profile in 2015. Photo: Sasha Taylor, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. The louvred tail of a blue Heinkel Kabine, in Berlin in 2015. Photo: Travelarz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. The rear of a pale blue 1959 Heinkel Kabine with a luggage rack, at Kastellet, Copenhagen, in 2024. Photo: Leif Jørgensen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. The rear of a pale blue Heinkel Kabine at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A blue 1957 Heinkel Kabine head-on at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A red Heinkel Kabine head-on at a car meeting in Fosnavåg, Norway, in 2006. Photo: Frode Inge Helland, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A lilac Heinkel Kabine on a stand at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2024. Photo: Tony Hisgett, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A cream Heinkel cabin car wearing both Trojan and Heinkel badges, at the Technik Museum Speyer in 2015. Photo: Friedrich Haag, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. Green Heinkel Kabine, 58 D 38, with a wicker hamper on its rack, on Gardiner Street, Dublin, in May 2005. Photo: jaqian, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. An orange 1957 Heinkel Kabine at the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A white 1959 Heinkel T153S at Autoworld, Brussels, in 2022. Photo: loudumo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A red Heinkel Kabine with a black roof seen from above at the UMMC museum, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia. Photo: Vyacheslav Bukharov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A green Heinkel Kabine at the Caister Castle Car Museum, Norfolk, in 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A red Heinkel Kabine in the ‘Klein, kleiner, Kleinstwagen’ exhibition at the Dornier Museum, Friedrichshafen, in 2018. Photo: indeedous, Attribution (Wikimedia Commons), via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. An orange 1958 Heinkel Kabine at the Hebden Bridge Vintage Rally in 2016. Photo: Tim Green, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A red 1957 Heinkel Kabine Type 154 with its front door swung wide on its trailer, 2012. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A blue 1957 Heinkel Kabine Type 154 at the Europa-Klassik in Andernach in 2016. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A 1958 Heinkel Kabine Type 154 in its owner’s barn. Photo: Bernhard Uff dem Sand, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A cream 1957 Heinkel Kabine Type 154 at the Auto & Uhrenwelt Schramberg in 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. Inside a 1957 Heinkel Kabine Type 154 through its open front door: the steering wheel on its fixed column and the pedals, Andernach, 2016. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. Inside a silver Heinkel Kabine with tartan seats at the Vadim Zadorozhny Technical Museum, Moscow, in 2018. Photo: Алексей Задонский, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. The dashboard of a 1956 Heinkel Type 153, with its steering wheel on the fixed column and its gear lever, at Lime Rock in 2014. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. The rear wheel, enclosed chain case and hinged rear panel of a 1956 Heinkel Type 153 at Lime Rock, Connecticut, in 2014. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. The winged Heinkel badge on the nose of the Kabine at Thinktank, Birmingham, 2015. Photo: Sasha Taylor, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. The fuel filler cap and engine louvres of a turquoise Heinkel Kabine, 2011. Photo: High Contrast, CC BY 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. The winged emblem of a green Heinkel-I, the car built under licence in Ireland. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A turquoise Heinkel-I, the Irish-built licence version, at Retro Classics in Stuttgart in 2011. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. Heinkel Kabine VD-50-47, lettered Amsterdam Roma, at night with its two travellers aboard, Amsterdam, 1956. Photo: Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. Heinkel Kabine ‘autoscooter’ ready to leave Amsterdam for Rome on 26 October 1956, its two drivers seated behind the open front door. Photo: Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. Welcome party round the Heinkel Kabine VD-50-47, lettered Amsterdam Roma Amsterdam, on its return to Amsterdam in 1956. Photo: Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A 1962 Trojan 200, the Heinkel built under licence in Britain, at Leamington in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A grey 1955 bubble-window Isetta 250 at the Isetta Club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A turquoise 1960 KR200 with whitewall tyres at an Australian show in 2014. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A 1953 Fuldamobil N‑2 with its hammered-aluminium body, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A white and blue Nobel 200 on grass at a show in 2023. Photo: Geni, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. A green and white 1958 Zündapp Janus at the Deutsches Automuseum Langenburg in 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1956 Heinkel Kabine”, tour page for its Type 153 (2002), archived, read in full. web.archive.org
  2. Werner Oswald, on the Dornier Delta, auto motor und sport 11/1955, read in full. archive.org
  3. “Ei auf 3 Rädern”, photograph and caption of the Heinkel prototype, auto motor und sport 5/1955. archive.org
  4. Report and data table from the Frankfurt motor show, auto motor und sport 20/1955. archive.org
  5. Heinkel Trojan Club, “Cabin Cruisers”: German, Irish, Argentine and English production and the British imports, archived 2015, read in full. web.archive.org
  6. German Wikipedia, Heinkel Kabine, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Oswald, Deutsche Autos 1945–⁠1990, vol. 4, Simsa’s test and ROLLERei und MOBIL 10/1955. de.wikipedia.org
  7. Dr Paul Simsa, “Unser Test: Heinkel-Kabine 175 ccm”, with data table, auto motor und sport 19/1956 (15 September 1956), read in full. archive.org
  8. New-car price list, auto motor und sport 18/1956. archive.org
  9. English Wikipedia, Heinkel Kabine, read; used as a lead only. en.wikipedia.org
  10. Report from the IFMA show, on the new four-wheeled Kabine 154, auto motor und sport 22/1956. archive.org
  11. News: “Die Heinkel-Kabine wird in Deutschland nicht mehr gebaut”, and Argentina’s ban on imported parts, auto motor und sport 6/1958. archive.org
  12. “Produktionszahlen 1957”, production by model for 1955–⁠57, auto motor und sport 4/1958. archive.org
  13. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 301, “1956 Heinkel Kabine 153”. rmsothebys.com
  14. RM Auctions, the same sale, lot 597, “1957 Heinkel Kabine 150” (from the sale’s listing). rmsothebys.com

HMV Freeway: the 100 mpg three-wheeler, 1979–⁠82

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red 1981 HMV Freeway three-wheeler at the Western Antique Aeroplane and Automobile Museum in Hood River, Oregon, in 2025. Photo: Moki8, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A red King Midget Model III with a white top, parked in Leavenworth, Washington, in 2009. Photo: joaquin uy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A yellow CitiCar SV-48 in bright sunshine beside a stone building in 2014. Photo: Eric Kilby, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, HM Vehicles Free-way, revision of 29 September 2026, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Peter Frey in Motor Trend (December 1979) and the owners’ club pages. en.wikipedia.org
  2. The Makes That Didn’t Make It, “HMV FreeWay”, read in full. www.makesthatdidntmakeit.com
  3. Leo’s Garage, “Free-Way Maintenance”, the parts list read. www.leostoys.com

Honda Life: the N360’s successor and the Step Van, 1971–⁠74

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A yellow 1971 Honda Life saloon in the Honda Collection Hall in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A 1972 Honda Life Step Van in the Honda Collection Hall in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A green 1974 Life Step Van with its tailgate open at the Ibigawa classic car meeting in Gifu in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A white Honda Life Pickup in the Honda Collection Hall at Twin Ring Motegi in 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A white 1973 Honda Life GF at an event at M-Wave, Japan, in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A silver 1973 Honda Life Twin Super Deluxe at the 35th Toyota Automobile Museum Classic Car Festival in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A green Honda Life Deluxe four-door at a show in 2011. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A white first-generation Honda Life at an indoor show in 2010. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A silver Honda Life GFL four-door, photographed in 2014. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A white Honda Life four-door with bronze wheels at a show in 2009. Photo: Ypy31, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A beige Honda Life Step Van on a street in Japan in 2012. Photo: Liquid buffer, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A white Honda Life Pickup in profile. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A pale blue Honda Life Super Deluxe four-door at M-Wave, Japan, in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A green 1972 Honda Life Wagon from the rear quarter. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A 1974 Honda Life Van Deluxe from the rear quarter. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A white first-generation Honda Life from the rear quarter in 2010. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A black Honda Life GFL from the rear quarter, at a show in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A white Honda Life Pickup from the rear quarter, showing its short bed. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A blue Honda Life Super Deluxe four-door from the rear quarter in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A Honda Life Step Van from the rear quarter at Japan Classic Sunday in the Netherlands in 2023, with its tall tailgate. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  21. A grey Honda Life Step Van, registered in 1975, at Japan Classic Sunday in the Netherlands in 2023. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  22. A red Honda Life Touring GR at a show in 2010. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A blue and white Honda Life Pickup towing a matching trailer at a car meeting in 2008. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A yellow 1972 Honda Life at the Motor Museum of Western Australia in 2019. Photo: ZidaneHartono, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. The dashboard and tan seats of a Honda Life SA four-door. Photo: Ypy31, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. The dashboard of the 1972 Honda Life at the Motor Museum of Western Australia. Photo: ZidaneHartono, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. The cabin of a green Honda Life Step Van, with its flat dashboard shelf. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. The EA twin in the engine bay of a 1973 Honda Life Twin Super Deluxe. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. The EA twin in the engine bay of a Honda Life Pickup. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. The Honda and Super Deluxe badges on a yellow Life saloon in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A green 1972 Honda Life Wagon Super Deluxe at a show in 2014. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A dark green 1974 Honda Life Van Deluxe at a show in 2014. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A white Honda Life Pickup in Japan in 2021. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A white 1974 Honda Life Step Van at a show in 2023. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A green 1974 Honda Life Step Van five-door at the Onkochishin spring meeting in Gifu in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. The Honda Collection Hall’s red N360 from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. An orange Honda Z GT on the grass at Gifu Family Park in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. An olive Honda Vamos from the left front quarter at the Honda Collection Hall, Twin Ring Motegi, in 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. The Honda Collection Hall’s 1963 T360 at Twin Ring Motegi in 2010. Photo: baku13, CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. An olive 1970 Subaru K55 Sambar truck at the Showa Era Lifestyle Museum, Kitanagoya, Japan, in March 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A 1973 Suzuki Fronte Coupé GXCF in Continental Maroon at Suzuki Plaza, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Japanese Wikipedia, Honda Life (ホンダ・ライフ), the first-generation section, read in full; it cites Honda’s press room. ja.wikipedia.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Honda Life, the first generation, the Step Van and the Pickup, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  3. Lane Motor Museum, “Honda Life Step Van – 1973”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  4. Honda, press-release archive, Life (1971–), the list of release titles and dates only. global.honda

Honda N360: the kei car that started the power war

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The Honda Collection Hall’s red N360 from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The air-cooled 354 cc parallel twin of a 1969 Honda N360. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The 1967 Honda N600 ‘Serial One’ in the Petersen Automotive Museum, Los Angeles, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. An orange Honda N III 360 Town on a country road at Yamagata, Gifu, in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A gold 1969 Honda N360 Super Deluxe in the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2024. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A white 1968 Honda N360 with entry number 47 at the Ibigawa classic meeting, Gifu, in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A green 1969 Honda N360 with its bonnet raised at an indoor meeting in 2010. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A green 1970 Honda N360 on rough ground. Photo: Lvaneede, Attribution (Wikimedia Commons), via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A red 1971 Honda N360 at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A white Honda N360 from the front three-quarter at Schaffen-Diest, Belgium, in 2019. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A grey 1969 Honda N360 Custom with fog lamps at a meeting in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A dark green Honda N360 Deluxe (N II) on the grass at the Onkochishin spring meeting, Gifu, in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A white 1969 Honda N360 Hondamatic with a for-sale card at a meeting in 2014. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. Pale blue Honda N600 Touring of 1971, 90-MH-96, from the front quarter in Hoorn, Netherlands, in April 2015. Photo: Niels de Wit, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A navy Honda N360 parked by a garage in Japan in 2008. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A green Honda N360 in a New Zealand car park in 2012. Photo: Riley, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A white Honda N360 at Osaka Auto Messe in 2017. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A red Honda N360 at an indoor show in 2014. Photo: nakhon100, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A yellow 1969 Honda N360 on Honda’s 70-years stand at Rétromobile, Paris, in 2018. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A white Honda N360 Super Deluxe (N II) with its bonnet up at Gifu in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A red 1970 Honda N360 at the 47th Vintage Car Concours, Pathum Thani, Thailand, in 2025. Photo: Coolalabright, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A silver 1969 Honda N360 Touring with its extra lamps at a meeting in 2023. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A cream Honda N360 Touring S at Hida Kuraiyama in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A green 1969 Honda N360 Touring S at a rainy meeting in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A blue 1970 Honda N360 for sale, bonnet up, on the grass at a show in the United Kingdom in 2018. Photo: Kieran White, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A green 1972 Honda N360 on the grass at an airfield show in the United Kingdom in 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A white Honda N360 with a red Honda side stripe at Schaffen-Diest, Belgium, in 2018. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A white 1967–⁠68 Honda N360 Type M at a classic car meeting in Saitama in 2010. Photo: dacheket, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A green 1969 Honda N360 from behind at a meeting in 2010. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. The red 1971 N360 from behind at Retro Classics in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. The grey N360 Custom from behind in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. The green N360 Deluxe from behind at Hida Kuraiyama in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. Blue Honda N600 of 1970, California plate 4BYE259, from the rear quarter at a car show in the United States. Photo: Rex Gray, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  34. Pale blue Honda N600 Touring of 1971, 90-MH-96, from the rear quarter in Hoorn, Netherlands, in April 2015. Photo: Niels de Wit, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. The Toyota museum’s N360 from behind in 2012. Photo: Iwao, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. The cream N360 Touring S with its boot lid raised at Hida Kuraiyama in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A green 1969 Honda N360 Touring S from behind at a rainy meeting in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A green 1972 Honda N360 from behind at a show in the United Kingdom in 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A red 1968 Honda N360 Custom with other kei cars in the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A red Honda N360 on a turntable in the Honda Collection Hall, Twin Ring Motegi, in 2007. Photo: 韋駄天狗, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A blue Honda N360 in the Jesada Technik Museum, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, in 2014. Photo: nakhon100, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A teal Honda N360 at the head of a row of N360s in the Jesada Technik Museum in 2017. Photo: km30192002, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A white Honda N360 in the Jesada Technik Museum, Thailand, in 2014. Photo: nakhon100, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A red 1969 Honda N360 Super Deluxe in the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A green N360 Deluxe and an N360 Touring S side by side at Michinoeki MontDeus Hida Kuraiyama, Takayama, in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A white 1970 Honda N III 360 Deluxe with rally plate 01 in 2014. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A white export-specification Honda N III 360 on the grass at Gifu in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A silver 1970 Honda N III 360 at a meeting in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A black Honda N III 360 Standard on the grass at Gifu in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A grey Honda N III 360 Town Super Deluxe at a meeting in 2024. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A grey Honda N III 360 Custom at Hida Kuraiyama in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A red Honda N III 360 Deluxe from behind at Ibigawa in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. The silver N III 360 from behind in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A black Honda N III 360 parked in Kakamigahara, Gifu, in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. A green Honda N III 360 in the Honda Collection Hall in 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. A blue 1971 Honda N III Town Custom in the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. A blue 1970 Honda N600, the export model, at a meeting in the United States in 2007. Photo: Rex Gray, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. A pale blue Honda N600 saloon of about 1971 from the front right in 2009. Photo: starlord, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. A cream Honda N600 at the Japanese Classic Car Show in California in 2010. Photo: Motohide Miwa, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  60. A yellow Honda N600 at Magnificent Motors, Eastbourne, in 2009. Photo: allen watkin, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. A gold Honda N600 at Japan Classic Sunday in the Netherlands in 2023. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. A white 1972 Honda N600 Hondamatic at the Classic Motor Show, NEC, Birmingham, in 2023. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  63. A red Honda N600 photographed in New Hampshire in 2013. Photo: Bull-Doser, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. A red Honda N600 at a Japanese classic car show in California in 2010. Photo: Motohide Miwa, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  65. A sage-green Honda N600 in a car park in the United States in 2014. Photo: ilikewaffles11, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  66. A red 1971 Honda N600 Touring, first supplied in the Netherlands, at Japan Classic Sunday in 2022. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  67. A weathered white-and-black Honda N600 parked at a kerb in the United States in 2017. Photo: Accord14, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  68. A white Honda N600 from a low angle at Zandvoort, Netherlands, in 2009. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  69. A white Honda N600 at the Nationaal Oldtimer Festival, Zandvoort, in 2009. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  70. The white N600 Hondamatic from behind at the NEC in 2023, a Honda Z coupé beside it. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  71. A red Honda N600 at a school car show in Davie County, North Carolina, in 2018. Photo: trailersoftheeastcoast, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  72. The sage-green N600 from behind in 2014. Photo: ilikewaffles11, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  73. The Shanghai Auto Museum’s 1970 N600 from behind. Photo: Morio, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  74. The red N600 Touring from behind at Japan Classic Sunday in 2022. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  75. A black US-market Honda N600 parked on a Denver street in 2001. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  76. A pale blue Honda 600 sedan of about 1971, head-on, in 2009. Photo: starlord, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  77. A yellow 1972 Honda N600 at an oldtimer expo in 2012. Photo: granada_turnier, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  78. A white Honda N600 Touring almost head-on in 2015. Photo: Abrimaal, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  79. A cream Honda N600 in the Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, in 2024. Photo: Warren LeMay, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  80. A blue 1970 Honda N600 in the Shanghai Auto Museum. Photo: Morio, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  81. An orange Honda N600 in the Automuseum Wolfegg, Germany, in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  82. A gold 1971 Honda N600 automatic in the Haynes International Motor Museum, Sparkford, in 2025. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  83. The cabin of a red 1971 Honda N600 Touring, seen through the open door at Gemert in 2023. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  84. The engine bay of an N360 Super Deluxe at the Onkochishin spring meeting, Gifu, in 2024, with the spare wheel stowed alongside the twin. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  85. The engine bay of a yellow Honda N III 360 S at Gifu in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  86. A black Honda LN III 360 light van with owner-added wood-effect side panels, at Tarui, Gifu, in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  87. The rusty 1969 Honda N600 Baja racer on display at the Petersen Automotive Museum. Photo: Bill Abbott, CC BY 4.0, via Flickr.
  88. A 1972 Honda N600 rebuilt as a streamlined hypermileage car, in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  89. The Honda Collection Hall’s 1963 T360 at Twin Ring Motegi in 2010. Photo: baku13, CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, via Wikimedia Commons.
  90. An orange Honda Z GT on the grass at Gifu Family Park in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  91. A yellow 1971 Honda Life saloon in the Honda Collection Hall in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  92. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1958 Subaru 360 from the left front three-quarter in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  93. A very early 1967 Suzuki Fronte 360 Deluxe, with the thicker first-year mouldings, at Suzuki Plaza, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  94. A white 1971 Daihatsu Fellow Max saloon with quad headlamps on display in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Honda Heritage, “Introducing N360 / 1967”, read in full. It quotes the Honda Company Newsletter, nos. 28, 41, 121 and 125. global.honda
  2. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan (JSAE), Japanese Automotive Technology 330 Landmarks: Honda N360 (in Japanese), read in full. www.jsae.or.jp
  3. Japanese Wikipedia, ホンダ・N360, its lead read in full. It cites 絶版車カタログ 国産車編 Part1 1950–⁠1969 (Eichi Shuppan). ja.wikipedia.org
  4. English Wikipedia, Honda N360, its lead read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  5. Japanese Wikipedia, ユーザーユニオン事件 (the Users’ Union affair), read in full. It cites Itō Masataka’s book of 1993 on the affair. ja.wikipedia.org
  6. Driven to Write, “Honda’s Small Cars and Big Ambitions Part 7: Never Underestimate the Power of Nightmares”, 28 September 2023, read in summary. driventowrite.com
  7. Driven to Write, “Puppy Dogs and Power Wars: Honda’s Small Cars and Big Ambitions Part 2”, 24 August 2023, read in summary. It cites Eric Dymock, Honda: The UK Story (1995). driventowrite.com
  8. Driven to Write, “Citizen of the World: Honda’s Small Cars and Big Ambitions Part 4”, 7 September 2023, read in summary. driventowrite.com
  9. Toyota Automobile Museum, collection database, record 138, Honda N360, read in full. toyota-automobile-museum.jp
  10. Lane Motor Museum, “Honda N600 1971”, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  11. Honda, “Trajectory of Challenges: 1960s”, Honda’s history digest, read in full. global.honda
  12. Motor Fan, “The Subaru R‑2, successor to the famous Subaru 360…” (in Japanese), 2025, read in full. motor-fan.jp
  13. Bogdan Zoltan, “Honda Launches Documentary Series, First Star Is The N600”, Carscoops, 20 March 2016, read in full. www.carscoops.com
  14. Motor Fan, “Daihatsu’s strongest 40 PS sports model, the Fellow MAX SS, debuted in 1970 at ¥398,000” (in Japanese), read in full. motor-fan.jp
  15. Honda, press release for the new Honda Z (in Japanese), 2 September and 3 October 1970, with the N360E engine’s data, read in full. global.honda
  16. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan (JSAE), Japanese Automotive Technology 330 Landmarks: Mazda R360 Coupe (in Japanese), read in full. www.jsae.or.jp

Honda T360: Honda’s first four-wheeler, a twin-cam kei truck

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The Honda Collection Hall’s 1963 T360 at Twin Ring Motegi in 2010. Photo: baku13, CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The Honda Collection Hall’s T360 from the front right, with a display engine beside it, in 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A Honda T360 Snowler, with half-tracks in place of the rear wheels, in the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A pale green Honda T500, the longer 531 cc sister of the T360, in the Honda Collection Hall in 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The T360 Snowler with a Honda Super Cub in the Motorcar Museum of Japan’s Honda 75th-anniversary display in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A dark green Honda T-series pickup, catalogued as a 1965 T360, at an outdoor meeting in Japan in 2025; the factory painted T360s May Blue and T500s Moss Green. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A green Honda T-series pickup, catalogued as a 1965 T360, carrying entry number 01 at a spring meeting in Japan in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A cream Honda T360 with a red tonneau cover at the Classic Motor Show, NEC, Birmingham, in 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A yellow Honda T360 pickup in Toshiba advertising livery at a classic meeting in Japan in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A Honda T360 from behind at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A Toshiba-liveried Honda T360 from behind in Japan in 2013, showing its drop sides and tailboard. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. The 1965 Honda T360 Snowler from the front in the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The Honda Collection Hall’s red N360 from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. An olive Honda Vamos from the left front quarter at the Honda Collection Hall, Twin Ring Motegi, in 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. The Suzuki museum’s Carry FB from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. An olive 1970 Subaru K55 Sambar truck at the Showa Era Lifestyle Museum, Kitanagoya, Japan, in March 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A pale green first-generation Daihatsu Hijet light van at the Daihatsu 60th-anniversary display, Osaka Auto Messe, Japan, in February 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. An orange and white 1962 Mazda K360 in the Mazda Classic museum, Augsburg, Germany, in 2017. Photo: Bergfalke2, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Paul Niedermeyer, “Honda’s Wild 9000 RPM Mid-Engine T360 Pickup Of 1963”, The Truth About Cars, 30 March 2010, read in full. www.thetruthaboutcars.com
  2. Japanese Wikipedia, ホンダ・T360, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  3. English Wikipedia, Honda T360, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  4. Honda, “Trajectory of Challenges: 1960s”, Honda’s history digest, read in full. global.honda
  5. English Wikipedia, Honda TN360, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  6. Honda Heritage, “Introducing N360 / 1967”, read in full. global.honda

Honda Vamos: the doorless open kei utility, 1970–⁠73

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. An olive Honda Vamos from the left front quarter at the Honda Collection Hall, Twin Ring Motegi, in 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The open side of a cream Honda Vamos four-seater in 2023, with its front and rear benches. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A green Honda Vamos Full Horo from the front quarter in 2024, showing its open side. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A pale blue Honda Vamos on display at the Toyota Automobile Museum in 2008. Photo: Mytho88, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A green Honda Vamos in the Honda Collection Hall at Twin Ring Motegi in 2007. Photo: 韋駄天狗, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A green Honda Vamos with its top off, from the front quarter, in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A green 1972 Honda Vamos at the Jap’n Car Festival at Montlhéry in 2019. Photo: crash71100, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A cream 1971 Honda Vamos four-seater from the front quarter in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A cream Honda Vamos in the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in 2023. Photo: MikaPr65, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A green Honda Vamos with its top off, from the rear quarter, at a meeting in Japan in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A 1972 Honda Vamos at Montlhéry in 2019, from the rear quarter. Photo: crash71100, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A cream 1971 Honda Vamos four-seater in the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A cream Honda Vamos head-on in the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A green Honda Vamos Full Horo, with its full-length canvas top, at the Onkochishin spring meeting in Gifu in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A white Honda Vamos with a green Life Step Van at a nostalgic car meeting in Takayama, Gifu, in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. The Honda Collection Hall’s 1963 T360 at Twin Ring Motegi in 2010. Photo: baku13, CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. The Suzuki museum’s Carry FB from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. The Honda Collection Hall’s red N360 from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. An orange Honda Z GT on the grass at Gifu Family Park in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A yellow 1971 Honda Life saloon in the Honda Collection Hall in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A yellow 1970 Suzuki Jimny LJ10 from the front quarter at a show in 2025, with its horizontal grille slots. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Japanese Wikipedia, Honda Vamos (ホンダ・バモス), the first-generation section, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  2. Lane Motor Museum, “Honda Vamos – 1972”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  3. Japanese Wikipedia, Honda Z (ホンダ・Z), read in full. ja.wikipedia.org

Honda Z: the kei coupé with the diving-goggles tailgate

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. An orange Honda Z GT on the grass at Gifu Family Park in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. An orange Honda Z GT from behind at a meeting in Japan in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The dashboard of a Honda Z360: dished three-spoke wheel, round dials and centre console. Photo: Ypy31, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A dark green late Honda Z hardtop (1972–⁠74), without B-pillars, in a car park in 2005. Photo: titanium22, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Evil Tweety, a land-speed-record Honda Z600 Coupe, on the salt at Bonneville in 2009. Photo: Bob DuHamel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. An orange Honda Z Hondamatic, the automatic version, at a classic meeting in 2013. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A pale blue mid-series Honda Z in a gravel car park in 2011. Photo: Mmr rmm, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. An olive-green Honda Z360 in a car park in Japan in 2009. Photo: Ypy31, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A blue Honda Z with rally number 54 at Classic Cars in Tenerife in 2021. Photo: Mike Peel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A rusting Honda Z360 in Flynn’s Wrecking Yard, Cooma, New South Wales, in 2015. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. An orange mid-series Honda Z from behind in 2011. Photo: Mmr rmm, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. An olive Honda Z360 from behind at a meeting in 2009, showing its black-framed glass tailgate. Photo: Ypy31, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. An orange Honda Z Hondamatic from behind at a meeting in 2013. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. An orange Honda Z GT from behind at Gifu Family Park, Gifu, Japan, in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A blue Honda Z from behind in Tenerife, Canary Islands, in 2021. Photo: Mike Peel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A brown 1971 Honda Z almost head-on at a meeting in 2012. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A light blue Honda Z in the Honda Collection Hall, Twin Ring Motegi, in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A green 1972 Honda Z TS in the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. An orange 1971 Honda Z600 with a HONDA side stripe at Japan Classic Sunday in the Netherlands in 2022. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A green Honda 600 coupé with HONDA 600 side stripes, photographed in 2006. Photo: ocean yamaha, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A blue Honda Z600 for sale in the flea market at the AACA Eastern Region Fall Meet, Hershey, Pennsylvania, in 2009. Photo: JOHN LLOYD, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A faded red Honda Z600 stored on a truck chassis in the LeMay collection, Washington, in 2011. Photo: JOHN LLOYD, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. An orange UK-registered 1972 Honda Z600 on the grass at a show in 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. An orange 1973 Honda Z600 at the Autodrome de Linas-Montlhéry, France, in 2019. Photo: crash71100, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. An orange 1972 Honda Z600 on the Honda club stand at the Classic Motor Show, NEC, Birmingham, in 2017. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A yellow Honda Z600 parked in a San Francisco street behind a Ford Thunderbird. Photo: Erica Fischer, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  27. An orange 1972 Honda Z600 in profile in a German car park in 2019. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. The Lane Motor Museum’s red Z600 in profile in 2016. Photo: Aaron Headly, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A striped 1971 Honda Z600 from behind at Japan Classic Sunday in the Netherlands in 2022. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. An orange Honda Z600 from behind at a show in the United States in 2013, wearing a Pennsylvania antique vehicle plate. Photo: ilikewaffles11, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A 1973 Honda Z600 from behind at the Autodrome de Linas-Montlhéry, France, in 2019. Photo: crash71100, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A 1972 Honda Z600 from behind at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2017. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. An orange US-market Honda Z coupé from the rear left in 2014. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. An orange 1972 Honda Z600 from behind in the United Kingdom in 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A 1972 US-market Honda Z coupé from behind, with its side marker lights and plate mounting, in 2014. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A blue 1972 US-market Honda Z600 driving out at a club meeting in California in 2010. Photo: Motohide Miwa, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A red Honda Z600 on the move at a meeting in California in 2010. Photo: Motohide Miwa, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A red Honda Z600 in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, Tennessee, in 2016. Photo: Aaron Headly, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A 1972 Honda Z coupé with its bonnet up beside a 1972 Honda N600 at the NEC, Birmingham, in 2023. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A black 1972–⁠74 Honda Z hardtop GSS on the grass at a meeting in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A black Honda Z hardtop GSS with its glass tailgate raised at Michinoeki MontDeus Hida Kuraiyama, Takayama, in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A black Honda Z GSS hardtop from behind at a meeting in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. An orange Honda Z hardtop GT with its tailgate up, showing the luggage deck, at Hida Kuraiyama, Takayama, Japan, in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A yellow 1972 Honda Z with its bonnet up at a club meeting at the Endicott Estate, Dedham, Massachusetts, in 2005. Photo: Sfoskett, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. An orange Honda Z with its bonnet open at a car show in the United States in 2013. Photo: ilikewaffles11, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. The engine bay of a 1970–⁠71 Honda Z GT, with its N360E air-cooled twin. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. The Honda Collection Hall’s red N360 from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A yellow 1971 Honda Life saloon in the Honda Collection Hall in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A 1973 Suzuki Fronte Coupé GXCF in Continental Maroon at Suzuki Plaza, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A white 1971 Daihatsu Fellow Max saloon with quad headlamps on display in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A white 1970 Subaru R‑2 from the front at a meeting in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A pale green first-generation Mitsubishi Minica Deluxe at a meeting in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Honda, press release for the new Honda Z (in Japanese), 2 September 1970, with the detailed notice of 3 October 1970 and its specification tables, read in full. global.honda
  2. Honda, press release for the Honda Z GS (in Japanese), 20 January 1971, read in full. global.honda
  3. Japanese Wikipedia, ホンダ・Z, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  4. English Wikipedia, Honda Z, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  5. Driven to Write, “Honda’s Small Cars and Big Ambitions Part 6: Generation Z”, 21 September 2023, read in summary. driventowrite.com
  6. Motor Fan, “The Subaru R‑2, successor to the famous Subaru 360…” (in Japanese), 2025, read in full. motor-fan.jp
  7. English Wikipedia, Honda N360, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  8. Japanese Wikipedia, ホンダ・N360, its lead read in full. ja.wikipedia.org

Hungarian microcars: the törpeautó prototypes and the Puli

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. An open Puli in sponsor livery at the Hungarian Museum of Transport in Budapest in 2014. Photo: DALIBRI, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A pale blue Goggomobil saloon at a meeting in Wingst, 2019. Photo: © Ra Boe / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A turquoise 1960 KR200 with whitewall tyres at an Australian show in 2014. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A 1953 Iso Isetta at the Bonhams sale in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A brown Velorex 16/350 with its black hood up, parked by a lawn in the Netherlands in 2011. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Hungarian Wikipedia, Törpeautó-program, read in full. hu.wikipedia.org
  2. German Wikipedia, Törpeautó-program, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  3. Pál Négyesi, “Hungarian MicroCars of the 50’s”, part two, The Auto Channel, read in full. www.theautochannel.com
  4. magyarjarmu.hu, “Törpeautó-program Magyarországon (Alba Regia, Balaton, Úttörő)”, read in full with readers’ comments; it draws on ministry documents and the transport museum’s archive photographs. magyarjarmu.hu
  5. Hungarian Wikipedia, Surányi Endre, read in full. hu.wikipedia.org
  6. English Wikipedia, Alba Regia (car), read in full; used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  7. magyarjarmu.hu, “Schadek János”, read in full; it quotes Honi Ipar (1934) and interviews from the 1990s. magyarjarmu.hu
  8. English Wikipedia, Balaton (car), and Hungarian Wikipedia, Balaton (autótípus), read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  9. Balázs Á., “Puli – a sosemvolt magyar mikroautó”, Autónavigátor.hu, 16 December 2014, read in full. www.autonavigator.hu
  10. English Wikipedia, Puli (car), read in full; used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org

Inter 175 A Berline: France’s aircraft-built bubble car

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A green 1956 Inter 175 A Berline at RM Sotheby’s Paris sale, Les Invalides, in 2017. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The cockpit of an Inter 175 A Berline with the canopy open, showing its handlebar steering. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A cream Inter 175 A Berline with its canopy raised in the foyer at Époqu’Auto, Lyon, in 2025. Photo: Pemberlaid, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. RM Sotheby’s 1956 Inter 175 A Berline side-on at Les Invalides, Paris, in 2017, its body tapering to the single rear wheel. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The pale green 1955 Inter 175 A Berline in the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in 2023. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  6. The pale green Inter 175 A Berline in the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A blue Inter 175 A Berline displayed in an underwater scene at Rétromobile, Paris, in 1994. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The Louwman Museum’s Inter 175 A Berline behind a Peugeot VLV electric car in Postes livery, 2023. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  9. A turquoise and white Messerschmitt KR175 at the Oldtimer show in Moscow in 2013. Photo: Svetlov Artem, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A turquoise 1960 KR200 with whitewall tyres at an Australian show in 2014. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. An unrestored P. Vallée Chantecler in a store, its paint patched and worn. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A white 1956 Velam Isetta at the Bonhams sale during the Greenwich Concours, Connecticut, in 2023. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The one-off green Grataloup single-seat three-wheeler with its canvas top in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1955 Inter 175 A Berline”, tour page (© 2002), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  2. Lane Motor Museum, “Inter 175A Berline – 1956”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  3. Richard Dredge, “SNCAN Inter 175A Autoscooter”, Below the Radar, read in full. www.below-the-radar.com
  4. RM Sotheby’s, Amelia Island, March 2018, lot 120, “1957 Inter 175A Berline”, chassis 1207, catalogue text, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  5. German Wikipedia, Inter (Automarke), read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader, and Georgano’s Beaulieu Encyclopedia, not seen. de.wikipedia.org
  6. English Wikipedia, Inter Autoscooter, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  7. RM Auctions, The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia, 2013, lot 284, “1956 Paul Vallée”, catalogue text, on the Chantecler’s Gyrostarter. rmsothebys.com
  8. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1950 Reyonnah”, tour page, on the Reyonnah’s folding front wheels. www.microcarmuseum.com
  9. Report on RM Auctions’ sale of the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia, 15–16 February 2013. www.supercars.net

Invacar: Britain’s ice-blue invalid carriage, 1946–⁠1977

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A pale blue 1976 AC Model 70, NPN 924P, on the grass at a show in 2010. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. An ice-blue AC Model 70 with its sliding door open to show the single seat, at a show in 2018. Photo: Kieran White from Manchester, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The handlebar controls and dashboard of an AC Model 70: twist-grip, switches and a central speedometer. Photo: Kieran White from Manchester, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The rear-mounted Steyr-Puch flat-twin engine of a 1973 AC Invacar Model 70, ATW 722L, in 2017. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Two AC Model 70 invalid carriages, WOO 848S and MHJ 107P, at the Lincolnshire Steam and Vintage Rally. Photo: Steve Knight, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  6. An Argson De Luxe motorised invalid tricycle, XPD 805, with its folding hood, in the Museum of Transport, Greater Manchester, in 2014. Photo: Mike Peel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. An early open invalid carriage, 715 TLG, with its fabric hood and side screen, at the East Anglia Transport Museum in 2010. Photo: Sludge G, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A cream Thundersley Invacar, GVW 564H, with its sliding door open, in the Streetlife Museum, Hull. Photo: Steve Knight, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A 1973 AC Invacar Model 70, ATW 722L, from the front quarter on the grass in 2017. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. Wee Bluey, the mint-green 1971 AC Model 70, GPG 721K, on its plinth in the Riverside Museum, Glasgow, in 2023. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. An AC Invacar Model 70, TPA 621M, with its odd-coloured door, from the front quarter at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Hampshire, in 2020. Photo: Tony Harrison, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A pale blue AC Model 70, KPK 71P, in a museum in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A pale blue Thundersley-built Invacar Model 70, TJN 352R, behind a rope in a museum in 2012. Photo: Geni, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A pale blue AC Model 70, TPA 621M, driving along a grass track at the Festival of the Unexceptional. Photo: Tony Harrison, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. Wee Bluey, the Riverside Museum’s Model 70 GPG 721K, head-on from low down in 2017. Photo: Irid Escent, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A pale blue AC Invacar Model 70, TPA 621M, head-on on the show field at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Hampshire, in 2020. Photo: Tony Harrison, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A pale blue 1978 Thundersley Invacar Model 70, TJN 352R, head-on in the Coventry Transport Museum in 2013. Photo: Cactuseasy, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A weathered ice-blue AC Invacar parked at a London kerb in May 1993, still in everyday use. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The Riverside Museum’s Model 70 on its plinth below the museum’s wall of cars, Glasgow, in 2016. Photo: David Hawgood, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A pale blue AC Model 70 invalid carriage in the Automobiles of the World museum, Moscow. Photo: Sergey A. Demidov, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A turquoise 1963 AC Acedes Mk 14 invalid carriage, ALB 761A, at the NEC Classic Motor Show in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A turquoise 1967 AC Acedes invalid carriage on the lawn at the London Concours in 2025. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. The AC Model 57, NPB 840D, from the front quarter in Manchester in 2014. Photo: Mike Peel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. The 1963 AC invalid carriage ALB 761A in profile at the NEC in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. The Museum of Liverpool’s AC invalid carriage in side view in 2018. Photo: Rodhullandemu, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. The 1963 AC Acedes Mk 14 from the rear quarter at the NEC in 2019, showing its engine lid. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A pale green 1965 AC invalid carriage, JPE 789C, among the exhibits of the Bentley Motor Museum in 2007. Photo: allen watkin from London, UK, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A blue AC invalid carriage, 416 MOJ, in the glass foyer of the Museum of Liverpool in 2018. Photo: Rodhullandemu, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. The AC Model 57, NPB 840D, in the Museum of Transport, Greater Manchester, beside a red bus in 2014. Photo: Mikey, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  30. The Museum of Liverpool’s AC invalid carriage head-on, showing the single front wheel. Photo: Rodhullandemu, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A bright blue 1966 AC Model 57 invalid carriage, NPB 840D, in the Museum of Transport, Greater Manchester, in 2014. Photo: Mike Peel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A turquoise 1973 Model 70, ATW 722L, with its engine lid raised over the rear-mounted flat-twin. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. An old parking sign reserving the bay for motor cars, motor cycles and invalid carriages only. Photo: David Hawgood, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. The winged Thundersley Invacar Essex badge on an Invacar, photographed in 2017. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. The Argson De Luxe in side view in Manchester in 2014. Photo: Mike Peel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A 1977 AC Electric Invacar, RPF 19R, in the Lakeland Motor Museum in 2014. Photo: Lynn Rainard, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  37. A maroon AC Petite, 604 JHK, from the front quarter at the National Microcar Rally in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. The 1956 Gordon, JDY 95, from the front quarter in a museum. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A yellow 1956 Bond Minicar Mark C De Luxe Tourer, JTK 277, at Keynsham in 2011. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A red S‑3A with its hood up at the Auto-moto exotica show in Donetsk, 2018. Photo: Andrey Butko, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A brown Velorex 16/350 with its black hood up, parked by a lawn in the Netherlands in 2011. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. An orange Duo with its hood up in a Leipzig street, 2011. Photo: Appaloosa, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Invacar, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites 3wheelers.com, the New York Times (2009), the BBC (2013) and The Observer (2018). en.wikipedia.org
  2. Hull Museums, “Invacar Motorcar”, Streetlife Museum, KINCM:1976.80.1, read in full. hullmuseums.co.uk
  3. BBC News Ouch, “Gone for a decade: The invalid carriage”, 29 June 2013, read in full. www.bbc.co.uk
  4. Elvis Payne, 3wheelers.com, “Invacar”, read in full in an archived copy of 2001–⁠02. web.archive.org
  5. The Invalid Carriage Register, “Invacar Ltd”, read in full in an archived copy of 2010, which ends at the Mk 10A. web.archive.org
  6. German Wikipedia, Invacar, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Georgano, De Cet and Quentin, Currie and cybermotorcycle.com. de.wikipedia.org
  7. Martin Love, “AC Invacar Model 70: ‘Terrifying but exhilarating’”, The Observer, 29 April 2018, read in full. www.theguardian.com
  8. National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, “AC 70 Carriage”, read in full. nationalmotormuseum.org.uk
  9. Elvis Payne, 3wheelers.com, “The End of the Invacars – Now Banned from British Roads”, April 2003, read in full in an archived copy. web.archive.org
  10. Kathleen Hawkins, “The hearing aid chair fit for a king”, BBC News Ouch, 7 November 2014, read in full. www.bbc.co.uk
  11. The Double Negative, “‘I Always Avoided Referring To Disability In My Work…’: The Transformation Of DaDaFest”, November 2014, read in full. www.thedoublenegative.co.uk
  12. The Invalid Carriage Register, current website, read in full. invalidcarriageregister.org
  13. English Wikipedia, Invalid carriage, read in full. Used as a lead only. en.wikipedia.org
  14. English Wikipedia, Tony Heaton, the relevant sections read; it cites Heaton’s CV and The Double Negative. en.wikipedia.org
  15. Road Traffic Act 1930, section 2(1), as enacted, legislation.gov.uk, read. www.legislation.gov.uk
  16. Bond Owners’ Club, “Mark C – October 1952 to May 1956: Vehicle Modifications by Chassis Number”, read in full in an archived copy. web.archive.org
  17. German Wikipedia, Vernon Industries, read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader and the Beaulieu Encyclopedia, vol. 2. de.wikipedia.org
  18. English Wikipedia, Larmar Engineering, read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader, Georgano’s Beaulieu Encyclopedia, vol. 2, and the Lane Motor Museum. en.wikipedia.org
  19. German Wikipedia, Larmar Engineering, read in full; it cites the same books and the RM Auctions lot. de.wikipedia.org
  20. Lane Motor Museum, “Larmar – 1948”, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  21. RM Auctions, The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, 2013, lot 642, “1946 Larmar”, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  22. Peter Frost, “AC Petite”, Alternative Autos, read in full in an archived copy of December 2001. web.archive.org
  23. Vintage & Classic Spares, “The Larmar Minicar”, 8 July 2025, read in full: an owner’s account, with technical notes and the firm’s history. vintageandclassicspares.co.uk

Iso Isetta: the original front-door bubble car, 1953

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A 1953 Iso Isetta at the Bonhams sale in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A cream Iso Isetta of 1953, door open, in the Triennale Design Museum, Milan, in 2018. Photo: Sailko, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Mario Cipolla and L. Brioschi’s Iso Isetta, no. 2100, on a hairpin in the 1954 Mille Miglia. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A 1959 Iso España Isettacarro pick-up at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2015. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A Spanish-built Iso España Isetta in the RRR museum at Eggenburg, Austria, in 2013. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. The 1953 Iso Isetta in the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The 1953 Iso Isetta from the right front at Bonhams, Paris, 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A green 1953 Iso Isetta at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen in 2020. Photo: Torana, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A cream Iso Isetta with a rally number in Italy, 2022. Photo: Michele Castagnetti, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. The green 1953 Iso Isetta in profile at Schwetzingen, 2020. Photo: Torana, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. The 1953 Iso Isetta from behind at the Bonhams Paris sale, 2012, showing its close-set rear wheels. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. The Louwman Museum’s 1953 Iso Isetta from the rear quarter, The Hague, 2023. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  13. The 1953 Iso Isetta from behind at Schwetzingen, 2020, on Italian plates. Photo: Torana, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. The Iso España Isetta head-on at Eggenburg, Austria, 2013. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A pale blue 1953 Iso Isetta at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in 2023, its front door open. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  16. A cream Iso Isetta in the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, in 2023. Photo: FrDr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. An Iso España Isettacarro and Isetta in the Salvador Claret collection at Sils, Catalonia, in 2018. Photo: Alberto-g-rovi, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. Head-on, the 1959 Iso España Isettacarro at Techno-Classica, 2015. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A red 1953 Iso Isetta with its door open, showing the bench seat, Italy, 2006. Photo: tonylanciabeta, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The Iso España shield badge on a Spanish-built Isetta at the Eggenburg museum, Austria, in 2013. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A 1957 Iso España Isetta in the museum of the RACE foundation, Spain, in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. The 1959 Iso España Isettacarro from the right front, Techno-Classica 2015. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A 1958 Iso España Isettacarro with a canvas tilt in the Salvador Claret collection, Catalonia, in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. An Iso Isettacarro van in Pibigas livery at the Fuoriserie show in Italy, 2014. Photo: Nicholas Gemini, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. Pastori and Casiraghi’s Iso Isetta, no. 2102, cornering in the 1954 Mille Miglia. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A grey 1955 bubble-window Isetta 250 at the Isetta Club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A white 1956 Velam Isetta at the Bonhams sale during the Greenwich Concours, Connecticut, in 2023. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A yellow 1957 Romi-Isetta, with the Iso engine, in Brazil in 2012. Photo: JasonVogel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A blue 1957 Heinkel Kabine at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A cream and black 1936 Fiat 500 A at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, in May 2026. Photo: Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A matt-green Microlino in a courtyard in May 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German patent DE 883 244, “Motorangetriebenes Erdfahrzeug mit Kabine bzw. Führerstand”, Ermenegildo Preti and Mario Salvo, filed 9 October 1951, published 16 July 1953, via Google Patents (dates and claims read). patents.google.com
  2. German Wikipedia, Iso Isetta, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  3. English Wikipedia, Isetta, read in full; its Iso section cites Norm Mort (2008). en.wikipedia.org
  4. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1955 Iso Isetta”, tour page (archived), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  5. English Wikipedia, Renzo Rivolta, read in full; it cites Mike Tovey, Design for Transport (2016). en.wikipedia.org
  6. Italian Wikipedia, Iso Isetta, read in full; its bibliography includes Flavio Campetti, Da ISO a Iso Rivolta (2004), and Ruoteclassiche no. 59 (1993). it.wikipedia.org
  7. Louwman Museum, The Hague, “Iso Isetta”, collection page, read. www.louwmanmuseum.nl
  8. Italian Wikipedia, Ermenegildo Preti, read in full; it cites Franco Bugada in VFR Aviation no. 18 (2016). it.wikipedia.org
  9. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1958 Iso Isetta (Spanish built)”, tour page (archived), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  10. Toni Solans, La web de los microcoches (grupo7), “Iso Isetta”, in Spanish, read in full. grupo7.com
  11. L’Automobile (Automobile Club d’Italia), article on the Iso Isetta, read in summary. www.lautomobile.aci.it
  12. Motor Sport, June 1954, “Mille Miglia Musings”, the Isetta passage read. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  13. Automoto.it, “Le chiamavano Bubble Cars – Parte I”, read in summary. www.automoto.it
  14. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1957 Isettacarro”, tour page (archived), read in full. web.archive.org
  15. RM Auctions, The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 561, “1957 Iso Isettacarro”, catalogue text, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  16. German Wikipedia, Iso España, read in full; it cites Walter Zeichner, Kleinwagen International (1999). de.wikipedia.org
  17. cybermotorcycle.com, “Iso Motor Italia, Spain”, read in summary; it cites vehiculosclasicos.com. cybermotorcycle.com
  18. Spanish Wikipedia, Isetta, read in full. es.wikipedia.org
  19. German Wikipedia, BMW Isetta, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  20. Museu d’Història de Barcelona (MUHBA), L’enginy de postguerra. Microcotxes de Barcelona, Llibrets de sala 11 (2012), pp. 26–27, in Catalan, read in full. www.bcn.cat
  21. racingsportscars.com, Mille Miglia, 2 May 1954, results (the Isetta entries read). www.racingsportscars.com
  22. racingsportscars.com, Mille Miglia, 1 May 1955, results (the Isetta entries read). www.racingsportscars.com

Italian post-war minicars: Volugrafo Bimbo, Fimer, Atomo

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A 1946 Volugrafo Bimbo 46 at the Mahymobiles museum, Leuze-en-Hainaut, Belgium, in 2014. Photo: Klaus Nahr, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A red Volugrafo Bimbo 46 head-on in the Museo Ford Gratton in 2006, with its barred grille and twin lamps. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Soldiers with a Volugrafo Aermoto 125 folding paratroop motorcycle in an Italian street, mid-1940s. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The blue VOLUGRAFO 46 shield badge on the red paint of a Volugrafo Bimbo 46, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A pale blue 1967 Fiat 500 Moretti Coupé at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A 1953 Iso Isetta at the Bonhams sale in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A green 1958 Vespa 400 with whitewall tyres on German plates in 2018. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A cream and black 1936 Fiat 500 A at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, in May 2026. Photo: Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 N with fixed side windows from the front in Bristol in 2017, its show card on the windscreen. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Volugrafo, read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader (2008) and Walter Zeichner, Kleinwagen International (1999). en.wikipedia.org
  2. German Wikipedia, Volugrafo, read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader. de.wikipedia.org
  3. English Wikipedia, List of microcars by country of origin: I, the Italian rows read; it cites Georgano (1982) and the GTÜ archive. en.wikipedia.org
  4. Automoto.it, “Le chiamavano Bubble Cars – Parte I”, read as a page summary. www.automoto.it
  5. English Wikipedia, Fimer, read in full; it cites David Burgess Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles. en.wikipedia.org
  6. French Wikipedia, Siata Mitzi, read in full; a short article without sources. fr.wikipedia.org
  7. Italian Wikipedia, Iso Isetta, its list of rivals. it.wikipedia.org
  8. cybermotorcycle.com, “Italian marques S”, the S.A.M.C.A. entry, read as a page summary. cybermotorcycle.com
  9. Italian Wikipedia, SIATA, the paragraph on the Mitzi. it.wikipedia.org
  10. Toni Solans, “Vespa”, La web de los microcoches (grupo7.com), read in full. grupo7.com

Japan’s minicars and ultra-compact mobility

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A Toyota e-com two-seat electric city car of 1997 at Toyota MegaWeb, Tokyo, Japan, in September 2007. Photo: 韋駄天狗, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A white fourth-generation Takeoka Abbey in profile in Toyama, Japan, in May 2026. Photo: Oq10pass, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A red Takeoka Milieu R at the 2009 Tokyo Motor Show. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A 1999 Nissan Hypermini in Michelin livery with its inductive charger at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The Honda MC-β ultra-compact electric car at the Tokyo Motor Show, Japan, in November 2013. Photo: Morio, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A green 2001 Nissan Hypermini in the California Automobile Museum, Sacramento, in April 2022. Photo: DestinationFearFan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The Nissan New Mobility Concept at the Nissan Global Headquarters Gallery, Yokohama, Japan, in March 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A white Takeoka Abbey single-seat minicar parked by a vending machine in Japan in July 2008. Photo: DocChewbacca, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A green 2001 Nissan Hypermini from the rear three-quarter in the California Automobile Museum, Sacramento, in April 2022. Photo: DestinationFearFan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A pale green Nissan Hypermini of 1999–⁠2001, rear three-quarter, on roped-off outdoor display in January 2011. Photo: mliu92, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  11. A Nissan New Mobility Concept parked with its door raised in Yokohama, Japan, in June 2013. Photo: bm.iphone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. The interior of a Nissan Hypermini, with centre-mounted instruments and two seats, at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The tandem seats inside the Nissan New Mobility Concept at the Nissan Global Headquarters Gallery, Yokohama, Japan, in March 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A silver Mitsuoka open single-seat microcar on indoor display in Japan in December 2025. Photo: Oq10pass, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A yellow Takeoka Lala one-seat electric minicar at Eishō-ji temple, Kōnan, Aichi, in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A Takeoka Rookie, lettered EV, a single-seat electric three-wheeler with a roof, in Japan in 2017. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A green and white second-generation Toyota COMS parked by a building in Japan in February 2015. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A cyan Toyota C+pod G from the front three-quarter in an exhibition hall in Japan in April 2024. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A green Toyota i-Road being driven in Grenoble, France, in September 2014. Photo: Maskrosen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A 1981 Suzuki CV-1 in the Louwman Museum, from the front quarter. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, “超小型モビリティについて”, on ultra-compact mobility, read in full. www.mlit.go.jp
  2. Japanese Wikipedia, ミニカー (車両), the minicar class, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  3. Japanese Wikipedia, 超小型モビリティ, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  4. Japanese Wikipedia, トヨタ・C+pod, the overview and table. ja.wikipedia.org
  5. Japanese Wikipedia, トヨタ・e-com, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  6. English Wikipedia, Nissan Hypermini, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  7. Honda, press release on the MC-β, 19 November 2013, read in full. global.honda
  8. Japanese Wikipedia, トヨタ・i-ROAD, in part. ja.wikipedia.org
  9. Japanese Wikipedia, タケオカ自動車工芸, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  10. English Wikipedia, Mibot, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  11. English Wikipedia, Mitsuoka MC-1, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  12. Japanese Wikipedia, 日産・ハイパーミニ, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  13. English Wikipedia, Renault Twizy, the section on the Nissan New Mobility Concept. en.wikipedia.org

Japanese 50 cc minicars: the moped-licence cars, 1981–⁠85

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A 1981 Suzuki CV-1 in the Louwman Museum, from the front quarter. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A Suzuki CV-1 from the rear, showing its narrow rear track, in the Louwman Museum in 2024. Photo: Erremm, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A yellow 1983 Mitsuoka BUBU 502 at a show in Japan in 2015. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A white Takeoka Abbey 50 cc minicar at Takeoka Auto Craft in Toyama in 2013. Photo: bm.iphone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A white Mitsuoka BUBU 505-C in profile in 2017. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A 1983 Mitsuoka BUBU 502 from the rear quarter. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A Takeoka Abbey Classic on the road near the Classic Car Festival in Yamagata in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A Takeoka Abbey Classic from behind as it drives on in Yamagata. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A white 1981 Suzuki CV-1 in a museum in 2019. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. The cockpit of a Mitsuoka BUBU 505-C, with its wood-rimmed wheel. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. The handlebar-style controls of a Takeoka Abbey at Takeoka Auto Craft, Toyama. Photo: bm.iphone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A white Mitsuoka BUBU 505-C, a vintage-style roadster, in the Historic Car Gallery at Dachi in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The Lane Motor Museum’s 1980 Ligier JS4 from the left front in 2024, with G. Rendu lettering on its door. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A green and white second-generation Toyota COMS parked by a building in Japan in February 2015. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A red 1979 Suzuki Alto at Suzuki Plaza, the Suzuki History Museum in Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A blue July 1975 Mk1 Robin 750 at the Knebworth House Classic Motor Show in 2013. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Japanese Wikipedia, Minicar (vehicle) (ミニカー (車両)), the legal definition, history and makers, read in full; it cites the texts of the laws. ja.wikipedia.org
  2. Japanese Wikipedia, Mitsuoka Motor (光岡自動車), the history. ja.wikipedia.org
  3. Japanese Wikipedia, Takeoka Jidōsha Kōgei (タケオカ自動車工芸), read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  4. Best Car Web, on why Mitsuoka has kept going for half a century (日本自動車界の「曲者」 光岡自動車はなぜ半世紀輝き続けているのか?), the relevant passages. bestcarweb.jp
  5. Louwman Museum, “Suzuki Cv-1”, collection page, read in full. www.louwmanmuseum.nl
  6. English Wikipedia, Suzuki CV1, read in full; it cites von Mende and Dietz, Kleinwagen (Taschen, 1994). en.wikipedia.org
  7. English Wikipedia, Zoe Zipper, read in full; it cites the Boston Globe of 27 August 1983 and The Price Is Right of 9 January 1984. en.wikipedia.org
  8. German Wikipedia, Zoe Motors, read in full; it cites Georgano, Rees (Three Wheelers A–Z, 2013) and Payne (The A–Z of Three-Wheelers, 2013). de.wikipedia.org
  9. Elvis Payne, 3wheelers.com, “Zoe Motors”, archived copy of 2010, read in full; it draws on the 1983 Los Angeles Auto Show brochure. web.archive.org

JDM: the licence-free car maker of Avrillé

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A gold JDM Abaca in profile in a French street in 2008. Photo: Kamel15, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A 1981 JDM 49 SL from the rear in 2015, showing its glazed tailgate and JDM script. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Green JDM Titane microcar, a Simpa JDM, parked under bare trees on a wet roadside in France in December 2020. Photo: crash71100, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A white JDM Abaca, ABACA spelt out across its tailgate, parked in front of a laurel hedge in 2025. Photo: Calreyn88, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A cream and black 1981 JDM 49 SL head-on in a museum. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A red JDM in mock rally livery, lettered Turbo Oma, parked in a Dutch street in 2015. Photo: FaceMePLS, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A white Mini Comtesse with its MC emblem at Rétromobile in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A blue 2006 Aixam A751 Super Luxe at Preston, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. The Lane Motor Museum’s 1980 Ligier JS4 from the left front in 2024, with G. Rendu lettering on its door. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A red Chatenet CH26 with grey bonnet stripes and a black roof, parked in a street in 2013. Photo: free photos & art, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A red and grey Erad Junior, a model of 1988 or later, at the Association Lorraine des Amateurs d’Automobiles in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, JDM Automobiles, citing Linz and Schrader and Georgano. de.wikipedia.org
  2. Journal de l’Automobile, “JDM”, 2011. journalauto.com
  3. French Wikipedia, Voiturette. fr.wikipedia.org

Kapi: an army captain’s Spanish microcars, 1950–⁠56

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A white 1955 Kapi Jip 2CV, Kapi’s jeep-style microcar, in Barcelona, 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A 1954 Kapi Kapiscooter in the Salvador Claret collection, Sils. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A 1956 Kapi Chiqui from the right side at the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition in 2013, with its scalloped flank and luggage rack. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The Kapi Chiqui from the front quarter, Barcelona, 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A red Kapi Jip in the Museu de Vehicles Històrics, Vall de Guadalest, 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Cream Kapi Kapiscooter with wood-grain sides and red seats on a museum floor, photographed in August 2004. Photo: Pablo Alberto Salguero Quiles, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A 1956 Kapi Chiqui and a 1955 Kapi Jip 2CV side by side in the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition, 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A maroon Junior 3R-197 three-wheeler at the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition in 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A pale blue Goggomobil saloon at a meeting in Wingst, 2019. Photo: © Ra Boe / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. An open Biscúter at a car show in Aguadulce, Almería, in 2019. Photo: Schumi4ever, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A cream and brown 1955 David Torpedo 2S from the front at the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition in 2013, its engine unit over the single front wheel. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Toni Solans, “Kapi”, La web de los microcoches (grupo7.com), read in full. grupo7.com
  2. Spanish Wikipedia, Kapi, read in full; its text is drawn from grupo7.com. es.wikipedia.org
  3. Albert Cubeles and Joan Roca, L’enginy de postguerra. Microcotxes de Barcelona, Museu d’Història de Barcelona (MUHBA), 2012, p. 18. Read in full, in Catalan. www.bcn.cat
  4. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1955 Kapi JIP”, tour page, read in full from the archived copy. www.microcarmuseum.com
  5. Spanish Wikipedia, Microcoches de España, the Pinguy entry, read in full. es.wikipedia.org

ABC kei sports cars: AZ-1, Beat and Cappuccino

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red 1992 Autozam AZ-1 (PG6SA) on display at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, Japan, in September 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The motorcycle-style three-dial instruments and zebra-print trim of a Honda Beat in Richmond, Virginia, in October 2021. Photo: Guyon, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A red Suzuki Cappuccino (EA11R) with its roof panels off at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, Germany, in March 2018. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A red 1993 Autozam AZ-1 with both doors up at a show in England in August 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A red Suzuki Cara, the Suzuki-badged AZ-1, with its bumper fog lamps, in Japan in July 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A silver Autozam AZ-1 at a show in England in March 2009. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  7. A red Autozam AZ-1 (PG6SA) in profile, showing its mid-engine side intakes, in a showroom in Japan in October 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A silver 1993 Autozam AZ-1 with its gullwings open, rear three-quarter, in California in July 2022. Photo: DestinationFearFan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A red Suzuki Cara from the rear three-quarter, with CARA lettering on its tail, in Japan in July 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A red Autozam AZ-1 (PG6SA) from directly behind in a showroom in Japan in October 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A red 1993 Suzuki Cara 0.66 Turbo at a Japanese-car meeting in the Netherlands in July 2025. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A white 1992 Autozam AZ-1 with a gullwing door raised at a breakfast meeting at the Haynes International Motor Museum, Sparkford, in June 2025. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  13. A silver Autozam AZ-1 with both gullwing doors open at the Mazda Museum, Augsburg, Germany, in September 2021. Photo: Tobias ToMar Maier, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A red Autozam AZ-1 in the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, Japan, in April 2017. Photo: NAParish, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  15. A red 1992 Honda Beat with the hood down in California in July 2022. Photo: DestinationFearFan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A yellow 1993 Honda Beat parked on grass in Christchurch, New Zealand, in October 2012. Photo: Riley, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A yellow Honda Beat with its hood up, rear three-quarter, in Japan in October 2013. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A yellow Honda Beat head-on with its top down in Richmond, Virginia, in October 2021. Photo: Guyon, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A yellow Honda Beat in the Honda Collection Hall, Motegi, Japan, in March 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. Two yellow Honda Beats in a line of Honda open cars at the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in April 2023. Photo: MikaPr65, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A white 1993 Suzuki Cappuccino (EA11R) at a show in England in October 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A silver 1998 Suzuki Cappuccino (EA21R) with its roof open at a car meeting in Japan in November 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A silver Suzuki Cappuccino (EA11R) in profile in the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in April 2023. Photo: MikaPr65, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A silver 1998 Suzuki Cappuccino (EA21R) from the rear three-quarter at a car meeting in Japan in November 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A silver Suzuki Cappuccino with its roof on, from directly behind, in the United States in April 2025. Photo: Oleg Yunakov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A red 1994 Suzuki Cappuccino (EA11R) nose-on in the Netherlands in September 2013. Photo: Niels de Wit, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. The original zebra-pattern seats in the cockpit of a yellow Honda Beat in Richmond, Virginia, in October 2021. Photo: Guyon, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. The cockpit and dashboard of an Autozam AZ-1 with an aftermarket steering wheel in San Antonio, Texas, in November 2022. Photo: coolanimeboy25, CC BY 4.0, via Flickr.
  29. A white 1992 Autozam AZ-1 with its rear deck raised over the mid-mounted 657 cc turbo engine, at the Haynes International Motor Museum, Sparkford, in June 2025. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  30. A blue 1992 Autozam AZ-1 with both gullwing doors open at a concours in Plymouth, Michigan, in July 2019. Photo: priceman 141, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  31. An orange Honda Z GT on the grass at Gifu Family Park in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A 1973 Suzuki Fronte Coupé GXCF in Continental Maroon at Suzuki Plaza, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A red and black 2001 Smart City-Coupé passion (450) ‘Softouch’ in Leamington Spa, England, in January 2020. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A dark-blue Suzuki Twin in a car park in Japan in April 2014. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Autozam AZ-1, read in full with its references. en.wikipedia.org
  2. Japanese Wikipedia, オートザム・AZ-1, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  3. English Wikipedia, Honda Beat, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  4. Japanese Wikipedia, ホンダ・ビート (自動車), read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  5. Honda Motor Co., press release on the launch of the Beat, 15 May 1991, read in full. www.honda.co.jp
  6. Japanese Wikipedia, スズキ・カプチーノ, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  7. SCORE, the Suzuki Cappuccino Owners Register for Enthusiasts, “The Cappuccino Story” and “Cappuccino Production”, read in an archived copy of 2016. web.archive.org
  8. Suzuki Digital Library, “カプチーノ 1991”, the maker’s specification and price. www.suzuki.co.jp
  9. English Wikipedia, Suzuki Cappuccino, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  10. “AZ-1, the exciting micro coupé”, a Japanese enthusiast’s site, “History of AZ-1” and “AZ-1 after mass-production”. www.asahi-net.or.jp
  11. Japanese Wikipedia, スズキ・キャラ, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org

Kei trucks and vans: Japan’s four-wheeled workhorses

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The Suzuki museum’s Carry FB from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A blue Honda TN360 in the Honda Collection Hall, Twin Ring Motegi, in 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A 1962 Kurogane Baby van in the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A green Mazda Porter Cab 360 at a meeting in 2009. Photo: Ypy31, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A 1967 Mitsubishi Minicab LT30 truck in the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A Suzuki Carry truntung pickup in Karangasem, Bali, in 2014. Photo: Sabung.hamster, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A 1979 Suzuki Carry van with a roof rack in Chile in 2009. Photo: order_242, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A second-generation Suzuki Carry (L20) pickup at a meeting in 2009. Photo: Ypy31, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A blue Suzuki Carry L31 truck on the grass at the Onkochishin spring meeting, Gifu, in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A cream fourth-generation Suzuki Carry truck (L40, 1969–⁠72) at a meeting in 2013. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A mint-green fourth-generation Suzuki Carry Van (L40V) at a meeting in 2013. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A weathered white L40V Suzuki Carry Van in 2009. Photo: Ypy31, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A fifth-generation Suzuki Carry (L50) truck at a meeting in 2009. Photo: Ypy31, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. An early 1973 Suzuki Carry L50 truck with shop lettering at the Just My Taste meeting, Tarui, in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A fifth-generation Suzuki Carry Van in 2009. Photo: Ypy31, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A green Suzuki Carry Wide at a meeting in 2013. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A white Suzuki Carry Wide Standard (ST20K) at the Just My Taste meeting, Tarui, in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A 1961 Kurogane Baby truck at a display in Chiba in 2017. Photo: 0man, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A first-generation Mitsubishi Minicab truck at a meeting in 2013. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A Mitsubishi Minicab W, the water-cooled second generation, at a meeting in 2013. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. The blue Carry L31 from behind at Gifu in 2024, crates in its bed. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. The L40V Carry Van from behind in 2013. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A restored Suzuki Carry Truntung (ST20) on a show stand in Indonesia in 2019. Photo: F1fans, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. The Expo ‘70 electric Carry Van from behind at Suzuki Plaza in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A blue third-generation Suzuki Carry (L30), Suzuki’s first cab-over, in 2008. Photo: Ypy31, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A Mitsubishi Minicab EL at a meeting in 2013. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A blue Carry-based tuk-tuk in Hat Yai, Thailand, in 2012. Photo: Ilya Plekhanov, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A working Suzuki Carry ST20 truck with a roof rack in Aleppo, Syria, in 1995. Photo: Spielvogel, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A Suzuki Carry ST20 truck taxi in Lopburi, Thailand, in 2012. Photo: Ilya Plekhanov, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A row of Suzuki Carry truck taxis outside shops in Lopburi in 2012. Photo: Ilya Plekhanov, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A 1961 Suzuki Suzulight Carry FB pickup at Suzuki Plaza, Hamamatsu, in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A pale blue 1964 Suzuki Suzulight Carry FB pickup in the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A 1965 Suzuki Suzulight Carry L20 in period shop livery at Suzuki Plaza in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A 1964 Suzuki Suzulight Carry van in the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2008. Photo: Mytho88, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A white 1986 Honda Acty 540 4WD with a HONDA tailboard at Japan Classic Sunday in 2022. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A blue 1981 Honda Acty TN 545 Super de Luxe at Japan Classic Sunday in 2022. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A silver Honda Acty Street L van in 2018. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A yellow Honda Acty Street L in a car park in 2024. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A Honda Acty Street L 4WD high roof from behind in 2014. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A green 1977–⁠82 Honda Acty Super Deluxe at a show in the United States in 2008. Photo: Joshin Yamada, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A silver Honda Acty Street at a meeting in 2022. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A white Mazda B360 truck at a meeting in 2013. Photo: Ypy31, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. The 1962 Mazda B360 van from behind in 2010. Photo: Ypy31, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A 1962 Mazda B360 van head-on at a meeting in 2010. Photo: Ypy31, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. The Augsburg museum’s Mazda B360 head-on in 2021; its display plate reads K360. Photo: Kritzolina, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A blue Mazda B360 taxi in Mandalay in 2010. Photo: DANIEL JULIE, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A working Mazda B360 pickup with a built-up rear cover in Myanmar in 2009. Photo: Sam Berry, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A 1965 Mazda B360 pickup (KECA33) in the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A beige Mazda B360 in the Mazda Classic museum, Augsburg, in 2021. Photo: Kritzolina, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A grey Mazda B360 pickup in the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, in 2017. Photo: NAParish, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A Mitsubishi 360 van at a meeting in 2009. Photo: Ypy31, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A 1967 Mitsubishi 360 Van Deluxe (LT23) with rally number 79 in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. The 1967 Mitsubishi 360 Van Deluxe from behind in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A 1962 Mitsubishi 360 pickup (LT22) on the second floor of the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. A 1967 Mitsubishi 360 pickup (LT22) in a museum in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. A 1965 Mitsubishi 360 Van (LT23) in the Mitsubishi Auto Gallery, Okazaki, in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. A blue 1977 Mazda New Porter Cab, the 550 cc model, in 2025. Photo: Oq10pass, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. A pale green 1970–⁠72 Mazda Porter Cab at a meeting in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. A green 1975–⁠76 Mazda Porter Cab at a meeting in 2024. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  60. A white 1981 Mazda Porter Cab at a cars-and-coffee meeting in Blackwood, South Australia, in 2026. Photo: Peugeot 206, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. A white 1985 Mazda Porter Cab (PC56T) at an indoor show in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. A working white Mazda Porter Cab parked in Paphos, Cyprus, in 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  63. A red 1969 Mazda 360 light delivery van, the Porter Cab, at a show in South Africa in 2014. Photo: Bob Adams, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. A green Mazda Porter Cab 360 at a classic meeting in Saitama in 2010. Photo: dacheket, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  65. The 1970–⁠72 Porter Cab from behind in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  66. A 1972 Mazda Porter Cab from behind at the Mazda Classic Automobil Museum Frey, Augsburg, in 2021. Photo: Neitram, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  67. The 1975–⁠76 Porter Cab from behind in 2024. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  68. The working Porter Cab in Paphos from behind in 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  69. A 1972 Mazda Porter Cab in the Mazda Classic museum, Augsburg, in 2021. Photo: Neitram, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  70. A white later Mazda Porter pickup (KBAA33) at Hida Kuraiyama, Takayama, in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  71. A green Mazda Porter pickup at an indoor meeting in 2009. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  72. A grey-green Mazda Porter truck at a meeting in 2024. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  73. A blue 1969 Mazda Porter Van at an indoor show in 2017. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  74. The green Porter pickup from behind in 2009. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  75. The Porter truck from behind in 2024. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  76. A blue 1969 Mazda Porter Van Deluxe from behind at an indoor show in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  77. A teal 1972 Mazda Porter Van DX in the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  78. A cream 1970–⁠71 Honda TN III 360 with a canvas tilt at a meeting in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  79. A blue Honda TN III 360 at a meeting in 2014. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  80. A pale green Honda TN-III in 2006. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  81. An original left-hand-drive Honda TN-III in Los Angeles in 2011. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  82. A red Honda TN-V Super Deluxe at a meeting in 2011. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  83. A yellow Honda TN-V in a car park at Gifu Family Park in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  84. A white Honda TN360 truck with a bull bar at a show in Australia in 2014. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  85. A pale blue Honda TN-V at a meeting in 2014. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  86. A Honda TN-V-based tuk-tuk in Hat Yai, Thailand, in 2012. Photo: Ilya Plekhanov, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  87. The cab of the Carry L31 at Gifu in 2024: large steering wheel and painted dashboard. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  88. The cab of a 1965 Mitsubishi 360 Van at the Mitsubishi Auto Gallery, Okazaki, in 2025: two-spoke wheel and painted dashboard. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  89. The cab of a 1977 Mazda New Porter Cab, photographed in 2025. Photo: Oq10pass, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  90. The cab of a Honda TN360: dished steering wheel and simple dashboard. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  91. The Baby script and Kurogane badge on the nose of the green van in the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  92. A Honda Acty van serving as a St John Ambulance unit in Western Australia in 2007. Photo: Nachoman-au, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  93. The 1970 Suzuki Carry Van electric car built for Expo ‘70, Osaka, restored, at Suzuki Plaza in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  94. A pale green first-generation Daihatsu Hijet light van at the Daihatsu 60th-anniversary display, Osaka Auto Messe, Japan, in February 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  95. An olive 1970 Subaru K55 Sambar truck at the Showa Era Lifestyle Museum, Kitanagoya, Japan, in March 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  96. The Honda Collection Hall’s 1963 T360 at Twin Ring Motegi in 2010. Photo: baku13, CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, via Wikimedia Commons.
  97. An olive Honda Vamos from the left front quarter at the Honda Collection Hall, Twin Ring Motegi, in 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  98. A 1957 Daihatsu Midget DKA at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2018. Photo: Rikita, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  99. An orange and white 1962 Mazda K360 in the Mazda Classic museum, Augsburg, Germany, in 2017. Photo: Bergfalke2, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Japanese Wikipedia, Kei truck, the history and the list of makers, read in full; its bibliography includes Katsuragi Yōji’s chronicle of small and kei trucks (Grand Prix Shuppan, 2006). ja.wikipedia.org
  2. JSAE (Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan), 330 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology, 3-17: Daihatsu Hijet L35, read in full. www.jsae.or.jp
  3. JSAE, 330 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology, 3-18: Subaru Sambar K151, read in full. www.jsae.or.jp
  4. Japanese Wikipedia, Kurogane Baby, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  5. Japanese Wikipedia, Suzuki Carry, the first and second generations, read. ja.wikipedia.org
  6. Japanese Wikipedia, Mitsubishi 360, read in full; it cites 360 cc Kei Jidōsha no Subete (San’ei Shobō). ja.wikipedia.org
  7. Mitsubishi Motors, “Car History”, read in summary. www.mitsubishi-motors.com
  8. Japanese Wikipedia, Mazda B360, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  9. Japanese Wikipedia, Honda T360, the first part read. ja.wikipedia.org
  10. Japanese Wikipedia, Mitsubishi Minicab, the first and second generations, read. ja.wikipedia.org
  11. Japanese Wikipedia, Honda TN360, the first part read. ja.wikipedia.org
  12. Japanese Wikipedia, Mazda Porter, the first part read. ja.wikipedia.org
  13. Honda, “Trajectory of Challenges”, the 1960s, read in summary. global.honda
  14. English Wikipedia, Honda T360, read only as a search-result summary; a lead. en.wikipedia.org

Kewet / Buddy: Denmark’s electric car, Norway’s Buddy

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A green 2010 Pure Mobility Buddy at Classic Remise, Düsseldorf, Germany. Photo: Detectandpreserve, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A red early-1990s Kewet El-Jet at the Vestsjællands Bilmuseum, Høng, Denmark, in July 2008. Photo: Herranderssvensson, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Kewet and Buddy electric cars parked outside shops in central Oslo, Norway, in April 2012. Photo: Bengt Oberger, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A black Buddy parked nose-on in a street in Oslo, Norway, in April 2009. Photo: Kristian, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A green Buddy in ‘Gran Fjord 2020’ livery at Geiranger, Norway, in October 2018. Photo: Mariordo (Mario Roberto Durán Ortiz), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A green Buddy in ‘Gran Fjord 2020’ livery in profile at Geiranger, Norway, in October 2018. Photo: Mariordo (Mario Roberto Durán Ortiz), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A green Buddy parked against a red wall in Stavanger, Norway, in June 2011. Photo: Godot13, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A yellow Buddy parked on Konows gate, Oslo, Norway, in August 2012, side view. Photo: Michal Klajban, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Buddy and other electric cars lined up for the Zero Rally outside Oslo City Hall, Norway, in June 2011. Photo: Zero Emission Resource Organisation, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A green 1993 Kewet El-Jet at a kit-car show at Stoneleigh, England, in May 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A white Kewet with a tour number on an electric-vehicle tour in Munich, Germany, in May 2014. Photo: werner hillebrand-hansen, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A white Kewet parked by a fence post in 2009. Photo: Pujanak, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A green 1993 Kewet El-Jet from the rear three-quarter, with its trailer hitch, at Stoneleigh, England, in May 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A Kewet in sponsor livery on display at the IAA Summit, Munich, Germany, in September 2023. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A pink Kewet on display at the Autoseum, Simrishamn, Sweden, in July 2015. Photo: Per-Olof Forsberg, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  16. A yellow BuddyCab from the rear three-quarter, parked by an ivy hedge, in June 2008. Photo: Bjoertvedt, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A yellow closed-top CityEl parked on a cobbled pavement against a grey house wall in January 2022. Photo: crash71100, CC0 1.0, via Flickr.
  18. A blue 2000 Ford TH!NK City (A266) at the Hebden Bridge Vintage Weekend, England, in August 2022. Photo: DieselFordMondeo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A red Twike 3 Active parked under a tree on a country lane in May 2007. Photo: Franko30, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A white 2013 Mia electric parked in a village street in Lunteren, Netherlands, in February 2014. Photo: Niels, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Kewet, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Buddy (electric car), read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  3. Tor Ivar Volla, “Kewet”, MotorBransjen, on bilnorge.no, 6 June 2002. www.bilnorge.no
  4. ElBil Norge AS, “The new electric car from Norway”, the maker’s English page, read in an archived copy of 3 August 2007. web.archive.org
  5. AVEM, “eBuddy – La petite voiture électrique Norvégienne à EVS 27”, 24 November 2013. www.avem.fr
  6. Danish Wikipedia, Kewet, read in full. da.wikipedia.org

King Midget: America’s mail-order microcar, 1946–⁠70

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red King Midget Model III with a white top, parked in Leavenworth, Washington, in 2009. Photo: joaquin uy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A white King Midget Model II on California plates, photographed in 2022. Photo: aldenjewell, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  3. A 1958 King Midget Model III Sports at the Greenwich Concours d’Elegance in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A row of King Midgets at a meet in Bowling Green, Ohio, in 2021. Photo: Mbrickn, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A white 1963 King Midget Model III shown with a matching small boat at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Tan King Midget Model III of 1961 with a black top, Ohio historical plate 263XYU, on the grass at a lakeside car show in August 2009. Photo: dok1, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  7. A yellow King Midget Model III at a club meet in Bowling Green, Ohio, in 2021. Photo: Mbrickn, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A cream and turquoise 1964 King Midget Model III on a town street in 2022. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  9. A 1958 King Midget Model III Sports from the rear quarter, with its luggage rack. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A white King Midget Model II from above and behind in 2022, looking into its open cockpit. Photo: aldenjewell, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  11. A red King Midget Model III at a Bay State Antique Automobile Club show in Dedham, Massachusetts, in 2005. Photo: Sfoskett, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A red King Midget Model III in the Auburn Days parade in Auburn, Washington, in 2016. Photo: Steven Pavlov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The cockpit of a 1958 King Midget Model III Sports, with its bench seat and wooden trim. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. The dashboard of a red King Midget Model III in 2010. Photo: Terry Bone, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. The cockpit of a woody-trimmed 1958 King Midget Model III, with its wooden door panel. Photo: usf1fan2, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  16. The King Midget shield badge on the bonnet of a red Model III. Photo: Terry Bone, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. The King Midget shield badge on a 1958 King Midget Model III in 2024, naming Midget Motors Corp. of Athens, Ohio. Photo: usf1fan2, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  18. The King Midget badge on the wooden dashboard of a 1958 Model III in 2024. Photo: usf1fan2, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  19. A red Crosley Farm-O-Road at the Orphan Car Show in Ypsilanti, Michigan, in 2007. Photo: John Lloyd, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The Martin Stationette at the Lane Motor Museum in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A yellow CitiCar SV-48 in bright sunshine beside a stone building in 2014. Photo: Eric Kilby, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  22. A red 1981 HMV Freeway three-wheeler at the Western Antique Aeroplane and Automobile Museum in Hood River, Oregon, in 2025. Photo: Moki8, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. The Makes That Didn’t Make It, “King Midget”, and its 2018 blog version “Minor Royalty: The King Midget”, read in full; it cites Vahsholtz (2007), Kowalke’s Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946–⁠1975 and Hemmings Classic Car, April 2018. www.makesthatdidntmakeit.com
  2. English Wikipedia, King Midget, revision of 12 August 2026, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites the Akron Beacon Journal (8 March 1970), LOOK (15 November 1966), Car and Driver (March 1993) and Vahsholtz (2007). en.wikipedia.org
  3. Athens Messenger, Throwback Thursday, “King Midget Motors glory days”, 2024, read in full. www.athensmessenger.com
  4. RM Sotheby’s, catalogue of RM Auctions’ sale of the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 331, 1960 King Midget Trainer, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  5. RM Sotheby’s, the same sale, lot 316, 1949 King Midget Series I, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  6. Lane Motor Museum, “King Midget Roadster”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  7. Hagerty UK, “Cars That Time Forgot: King Midget”, read in full. www.hagerty.co.uk
  8. automobilrevue.cz, “Roadster King Midget – malý král”, read in full; it quotes a Midget Motors advertisement of March 1948. automobilrevue.cz
  9. RM Sotheby’s, the same sale, lot 572, 1956 King Midget Series II, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  10. RM Sotheby’s, the same sale, lot 618, 1965 King Midget Series III, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  11. Dan Neil, “The 50 Worst Cars of All Time: 1957 King Midget Model III”, TIME, 2007, read in full. content.time.com
  12. The International King Midget Car Club, home page, read. www.kingmidgetcarclub.org

Kleinschnittger F125: the 150 kg car you turned by hand

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red 1952 Kleinschnittger F 125 at a meeting in 2009. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The 125 cc ILO two-stroke and fuel tank under the front bonnet of a Kleinschnittger F 125, Essen, 2005. Photo: Norbert Schnitzler, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The white sprung-spoke steering wheel and dashboard of a red Kleinschnittger F 125, a picnic basket beside it, at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2005. Photo: Norbert Schnitzler, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A 1953 Kleinschnittger F 125 with its hood erected, in profile, at a meeting in 2016. Photo: Eastfrisian, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. An unrestored Kleinschnittger F 125, its bare aluminium body showing through the paint, 2016. Photo: Spielvogel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A cream 1954 Kleinschnittger F 125 at Classic Days in 2022, a teddy bear in the passenger seat. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A cream 1954 Kleinschnittger F 125 on a stand at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2011. Photo: Lebubu93, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A cream 1951 Kleinschnittger F 125 at the ErfinderZeiten Auto- und Uhrenmuseum, Schramberg in 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A cream Kleinschnittger F 125 in the museum at Arnsberg, the town where it was built. Photo: Stefan Flöper, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A red Kleinschnittger F 125 from the front three-quarter at a meeting in 2009. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A cream Kleinschnittger F 125 on display in a shopping centre in Yekaterinburg in 2022. Photo: Wild Child, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. The 1951 Kleinschnittger F 125 in profile at Schramberg, 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The 1951 Kleinschnittger F 125 head-on at Schramberg, 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A 1956 Kleinschnittger F 125 at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A white Kleinschnittger F 125 at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in 2018. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A red 1956 Kleinschnittger F 125 at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim in 2013. Photo: Spielvogel, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. The dashboard and white wheel of the red 1952 Kleinschnittger F 125, 2009. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. The engine and fuel tank of the red 1952 Kleinschnittger F 125 under its raised bonnet, 2009. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The Kleinschnittgerwerke GmbH Arnsberg-Westfalen maker’s badge, showing the winged prototype emblem. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A pale green 1953 Champion 400 H, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A pale blue Goggomobil saloon at a meeting in Wingst, 2019. Photo: © Ra Boe / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A 1950 Fend Flitzer 101 coupé on display in a museum in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A first-series Lloyd LP 300 saloon with the narrow bonnet, beside the Rhine in Germany in 2007. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Kleinschnittger F 125, read in full with its technical table and references. It cites Rosellen, Deutsche Kleinwagen (1991), pp. 152–171; Lintelmann; Motor Klassik 2/1987; the Thyssen-Bornemissza lexicon; Künnecke and Schwietzer (1999); the maker’s leaflet. de.wikipedia.org
  2. “Dach überm Kopf”, Der Spiegel 4/1989, a feature on Paul Kleinschnittger after his death, read in full. www.spiegel.de
  3. English Wikipedia, Kleinschnittger, read in full; used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  4. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1952 Kleinschnittger F‑125”, tour page, archived, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  5. RM Auctions, Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 585, 1955 Kleinschnittger F‑125. rmsothebys.com
  6. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1955 Kleinschnittger F‑125”, tour page, archived, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  7. kleinschnittgermobil.de, the Kleinschnittger enthusiasts’ site, “Kleinschnittger F 125”, with the specification sheet, read in full. kleinschnittgermobil.de
  8. RM Sotheby’s, Arizona sale, January 2017, lot 203, 1954 Kleinschnittger F125. rmsothebys.com
  9. “Preise der deutschen Personenwagen, Stand vom 22. September 1955”, auto motor und sport 20/1955. archive.org
  10. kleinschnittgermobil.de, “Kleinschnittger F 250 Super”, read in full. kleinschnittgermobil.de
  11. German Wikipedia, Kleinstwagen Belge, read in full. It cites a Belgian car encyclopaedia, Linz and Schrader (2008), Kupélian and Sirtaine’s Histoire de l’automobile belge, pp. 228–230, and Rosellen (1991). de.wikipedia.org
  12. Hanns-Peter von Thyssen-Bornemissza, Lexikon der vergessenen Autotypen, “Kleinstwagen”, no. 1906, archived 4 March 2016, read in full. web.archive.org

Krause Duo: East Germany’s invalid tricycle

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. An orange Duo with its hood up in a Leipzig street, 2011. Photo: Appaloosa, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A blue Krause Piccolo Trumpf, the single-seat forerunner of the Duo, at the Sohland an der Spree oldtimer meet in 2016. Photo: Fiver, der Hellseher, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A restored 1965 Krause Piccolo Duo/2, repainted maroon and cream in place of its original blue. Photo: Johannsen72, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A Duo parked behind a Trabant outside a shoe shop in Berlin-Karlshorst, July 1991. Photo: Joachim F. Thurn / Bundesarchiv, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A red Duo with a home-made hardtop and doors in Poznań, Poland, in 2020. Photo: Rzuwig, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A blue Duo with a white fabric hood, 2007. Photo: Norbert Kaiser, CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A cream Duo at the Ostmobil meeting in Magdeburg, 2012. Photo: Torsten Maue, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A red Duo with a hardtop cabin at the King of Europe motorcycle meet, Kamień Śląski, Poland, 2005. Photo: Patryk, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. An orange Duo at the Whitsun meet of the Technik-Museum Pütnitz, 2018. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A white Duo with a black fabric hood parked in a German street, 2012. Photo: Tobias Nordhausen, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A black Duo with a cream hood at the kerb, 2019. Photo: TeWeBs, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A dark green Duo 4/1 with a grey hood parked in a courtyard, 2009. Photo: Alter Fritz, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A red Krause Duo with a home-made hardtop and its door open at Kamień Śląski, Poland, in 2005. Photo: Patryk, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A red open Duo parked on grass, 2017. Photo: Billboa, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A Duo 4/1 from behind with its East German plate and DDR oval, Bietigheim-Bissingen, 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A cream Duo 4/1 parked behind a Smart in 2003. Photo: Adamantios, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A blue Duo head-on at Pütnitz, 2018. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A dark green Duo with its hood up at the Aschen oldtimer meet, Diepholz, in 2014. Photo: Corradox, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A tan Duo from behind, showing its two rear wheels and bare hood frame, 2009. Photo: Xocolatl, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A 1985 Duo 4/1 in a Berlin museum, 2014. Photo: Thomas Quine, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  21. The open cabin and bench seat of a blue Duo at Pütnitz, 2018. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. Looking down on a Duo’s handlebar, speedometer and floor, 2009. Photo: Alter Fritz, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. The Simson engine of a Duo, with its hand-operated clutch, 2017. Photo: Billboa, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. The DUO 4/1 script on the side of a dark green Krause Duo, photographed in 2009. Photo: Alter Fritz, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. An orange Duo 4/1 in everyday service in Weimar, East Germany, in August 1989. Photo: Sludge G, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  26. A red S‑3A with its hood up at the Auto-moto exotica show in Donetsk, 2018. Photo: Andrey Butko, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A pale blue 1976 AC Model 70, NPN 924P, on the grass at a show in 2010. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A brown Velorex 16/350 with its black hood up, parked by a lawn in the Netherlands in 2011. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A blue Mikrus MR-300 on the quay at Szafarnia, Gdańsk, in 2012. Photo: Artur Andrzej, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Duo (Krankenfahrzeug), read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Kraftfahrzeugtechnik 11/1954, 10/1956 and 5/1961 and the 1966 parts catalogue for the Piccolo Duo/2. de.wikipedia.org
  2. ostmotorrad.de, “Simson – Duo”, index page, read via the Internet Archive (2016). www.ostmotorrad.de
  3. ostmotorrad.de, “Duo 4/1 Datenblatt”, from factory data, read via the Internet Archive (2016). www.ostmotorrad.de
  4. ostmotorrad.de, “Duo Modellübersicht 4 – 4/2”: makers, dates, estimated numbers and dimensions, read via the Internet Archive (2016). www.ostmotorrad.de
  5. Deutsches Straßenmuseum, Germersheim, object record “Kraftrad Duo 4/1 (dreirädrig)”, DSM/2007/0001, on museum-digital (2025). rlp.museum-digital.de
  6. cybermotorcycle.com, “Krause Piccolo Trumpf Invalid Carriages”. cybermotorcycle.com

Lambretta Lambro: Innocenti’s three-wheeled vans, 1949–⁠72

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A pale grey 1960 Lambretta Li 175 Series 2 van at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, England, in November 2017. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Students ride a decorated Lambretta Lambro with effigies at the National Shame Day demonstration in Saigon, South Vietnam, on 19 July 1964. Photo: SP5 Gilbert L. Meyers (US Army), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A white Innocenti Lambro 200 box van parked in Israel in July 2009. Photo: Rastaman3000, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. An orange Innocenti Lambro 550 A fitted with loudspeakers as a promotional van, March 2010. Photo: Yaisog Bonegnasher, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A Lambretta Lambro 550 with a bus body, EG 2767, at the War Remnants Museum, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, in November 2008. Photo: Yun Huang Yong, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A grey Innocenti Lambro 175 delivery van at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, England, in November 2015. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A grey Lambretta Lambro pick-up abandoned in a meadow in October 2009. Photo: Joost J. Bakker, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The chrome ‘Innocenti Lambro 175’ badge above the headlamp of a delivery van at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, England, in November 2015. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A derelict blue Lambretta Lambro 200 pick-up overgrown at a roadside in October 2009. Photo: Joost J. Bakker, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A pale blue Lambro 550 converted into a mobile coffee bar at Shawinigan, Quebec, Canada, in September 2022. Photo: Asclepias, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A dark green Ape 50 pick-up in an Italian piazza, 2010. Photo: Andrew Childs, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  12. A red Tula Muravei cargo scooter from the left, showing its scooter body and steel load box, in Russia in August 2010. Photo: Игоревич, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A green Lawil City at the UMMC Museum of Automotive Technology, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia, in 2023. Photo: Vyacheslav Bukharov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A 1957 Daihatsu Midget DKA at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2018. Photo: Rikita, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. theLambro.com, “History of the Lambro”, read in full. www.thelambro.com
  2. theLambro.com, “Lambretta 3 Wheeler – FA, FB, FC and FD Models”, crediting Bruno Strigini, read in full. www.thelambro.com
  3. theLambro.com, “Lambretta 150 FD-C”. www.thelambro.com
  4. theLambro.com, “Lambretta Li 175 Series 1” and “Series 2”. www.thelambro.com
  5. theLambro.com, “Lambros and France”. www.thelambro.com
  6. theLambro.com, “Lambro 200”. www.thelambro.com
  7. theLambro.com, “Lambro 175”. www.thelambro.com
  8. theLambro.com, “Lambro 550 and Lambro 450”. www.thelambro.com
  9. theLambro.com, “Lambro 550N, 550A and 500L”. www.thelambro.com
  10. theLambro.com, “Lambro 550/V, 550/M and 500ML”, quoting Innocenti’s letter to its dealers of 28 April 1969. www.thelambro.com
  11. theLambro.com, “Lambro 600V and 600M”, with Innocenti’s circular of 20 January 1970. www.thelambro.com
  12. theLambro.com, “Special Uses of the Lambro”. www.thelambro.com
  13. Scooternova, “Has Scooters India Ltd finally finished?”, 22 January 2021. scooternova.com
  14. BK Micro Car Collection, Helsinki, “Lambretta” page, read through a summary. bk-group.com

Le Zèbre: France’s 3,000-franc voiturette, 1909–⁠1931

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red 1909 Le Zèbre Type A from the front three-quarter at the Franschhoek Motor Museum, South Africa, in October 2016. Photo: naeem mayet, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A 1912 French advertisement for the Le Zèbre voiturette, ‘three times faster than the horse’. Photo: Alden Jewell, Public domain, via Flickr.
  3. A 100-franc share in the Société Anonyme des Automobiles Le Zèbre, Paris, dated 26 July 1919. Photo: Edhac-Edham, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A Le Zèbre Type A waved past the grandstand at Circuit Zandvoort, Netherlands, on the Pioneer Automobile Club run of 9 October 1960. Photo: Joop van Bilsen (Anefo), CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A yellow 1910 Le Zèbre Type A with black buttoned seats at the Musée automobile de Vendée, France, in September 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A red 1909 Le Zèbre Type A with a black hood at the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne, France, in July 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A red 1910 Le Zèbre Type A torpedo from the front three-quarter at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in April 2016. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A cream 1913 Le Zèbre Type A torpedo with its hood up at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in June 2013. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A red Le Zèbre Type A two-seater with brass lamps and a black hood at an outdoor meeting in October 2013. Photo: gérard, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  10. A green 1911 Le Zèbre Type A4 with yellow wheels beside a spare radiator at Autoworld, Brussels, Belgium, in August 2021. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A pale green Le Zèbre Type A with its windscreen up at the Villemanoche gathering, Yonne, France, in June 2019. Photo: François GOGLINS, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A 1911 Le Zèbre with a fringed canopy in profile before the New London to New Brighton Antique Car Run, Minnesota, in August 2012. Photo: Greg Gjerdingen, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A green Le Zèbre Type A with its hood up in the Col·lecció d’Automòbils Salvador Claret, Sils, Spain, in June 2018. Photo: Alberto-g-rovi, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A red 1910 Le Zèbre Type A torpedo with a black hood at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in April 2016. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A cream 1913 Le Zèbre Type A torpedo from the right at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in April 2016. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A pale green Le Zèbre Type A on a grass bank at the Villemanoche gathering, Yonne, France, in June 2019. Photo: François GOGLINS, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A yellow 1910 Le Zèbre Type A head-on at the Musée automobile de Vendée, France, in September 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A red 1909 Le Zèbre Type A, A 2180, head-on at the Franschhoek Motor Museum, South Africa, in October 2016. Photo: naeem mayet, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A 1911 Le Zèbre on a tree-lined road during the New London to New Brighton Antique Car Run, Minnesota, in August 2012. Photo: Greg Gjerdingen, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A 1911 Le Zèbre with a fringed canopy crossing a road on the New London to New Brighton Antique Car Run, Minnesota, in August 2012. Photo: Greg Gjerdingen, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A turquoise Le Zèbre Type A arriving with its crew at an outdoor classic meeting in May 2015. Photo: A1AA1A, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A green 1910 Le Zèbre Type A with a tan hood in the Col·lecció d’Automòbils Salvador Claret, Sils, Spain, in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A black 1911 Le Zèbre with a cream hood in the Monaco Top Cars Collection in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A green Le Zèbre Type A with yellow wheels at Autoworld, Brussels, Belgium, in December 2018. Photo: Miguel Discart, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A dark green 1910 Le Zèbre Type A at the Rétro Auto show in Évreux, France, in October 2017. Photo: Frédéric BISSON, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. The tail of a pale green Le Zèbre Type A with its luggage trunk at the Villemanoche gathering, Yonne, France, in June 2019. Photo: François GOGLINS, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A red 1910 Le Zèbre Type A torpedo head-on at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in May 2018. Photo: joergens.mi, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A green 1912 Le Zèbre C4 with a cream hood at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen, Germany, in September 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A yellow 1914 Le Zèbre Type C two-seater on a snowy yard in January 2025. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A pale yellow 1914 Le Zèbre Type C on a gravel yard in July 2020. Photo: Glachlan, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A red 1913 Le Zèbre C5 with a black hood at the Konz old-timer meeting, Germany, in July 2008. Photo: Berthold Werner, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A pale green 1912 Le Zèbre Type C with wire wheels at a classic car meeting in June 2016. Photo: Blood Destructor, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A green 1913 Le Zèbre Type C torpedo with a tan hood at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in April 2016. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A pale green 1912 Le Zèbre Type C with a black hood head-on at a classic car meeting in June 2016. Photo: Blood Destructor, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. The driver’s view of a Le Zèbre Type A, with wooden wheel and brass fittings, at Villemanoche, Yonne, France, in June 2019. Photo: François GOGLINS, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. The MotoMeter cap and blue enamel ‘le Zèbre’ roundel on a 1920s Le Zèbre tourer at the Goodwood Breakfast Club, England, in July 2008. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. The brass radiator, roundel and twin headlamps of a green Le Zèbre Type A at Autoworld, Brussels, Belgium, in May 2011. Photo: Thomas Quine, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. The brass radiator and big headlamps of a Le Zèbre Type A among museum mannequins, July 2019. Photo: Bachelot Pierre J-P, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. The brass radiator and ‘le Zèbre’ roundel of a Le Zèbre Type A in the Col·lecció d’Automòbils Salvador Claret, Sils, Spain, in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. The red and brass ‘le Zèbre’ script roundel on the radiator of a 1913 Le Zèbre C5 at Konz, Germany, in July 2008. Photo: Berthold Werner, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. The brass radiator, roundel and acetylene headlamps of a 1910 Le Zèbre Type A at the Rétro Auto show in Évreux, France, in October 2017. Photo: Frédéric BISSON, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A dark blue 1920s Le Zèbre tourer, SV 6280, with its blue radiator roundel at the Goodwood Breakfast Club, England, in July 2008. Photo: Supermac1961, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A dark blue 1920s Le Zèbre tourer, SV 6280, in profile at the Goodwood Breakfast Club, England, in July 2008. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A maroon 1918 Le Zèbre-based ‘Curtis Special’ with an exposed engine on a snowy yard in January 2025. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A black and maroon Le Zèbre Type Z tourer of the 1920s on a street in Adelaide, South Australia, in January 2011. Photo: Ilox, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A black and maroon Le Zèbre Type Z tourer from the rear three-quarter in Adelaide, South Australia, in January 2011. Photo: Ilox, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A 1925 Le Zèbre Type Z 10 tourer with its bonnet open at a car show in Australia in November 2015. Photo: GTHO, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. René Boulanger in soldier’s uniform and helmet at the wheel of a Le Zèbre Type A two-seater, photographed between 1914 and 1918. Photo: Boulanger family archive, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. Yellow Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo of 1922 at the Bonny-sur-Loire wine fair, Loiret, in July 2019. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. Blue Amilcar CC roadster of 1921–⁠22 from the front quarter at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim, Germany, in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A dark blue 1914 Peugeot Bébé BP1 with brass lamps at the Museu do Caramulo, Portugal, in June 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A yellow 1913 Bédélia BD2 at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in May 2022. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Le Zèbre, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Linz and Schrader, Georgano, Schram, Gazoline and Omnia (1 January 1910 and 6 July 1912). de.wikipedia.org
  2. Eric Favre, “Le Zèbre invente l’auto populaire !”, Gazoline, 2003, read in full. www.gazoline.net
  3. English Wikipedia, Le Zèbre, read in full. Used as a lead; it draws on Schram and Georgano. en.wikipedia.org
  4. French Wikipedia, Le Zèbre (entreprise), read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Gazoline and a 1966 Suresnes historical society article on Salomon. fr.wikipedia.org
  5. lezebre.eu, Philippe Schram’s site on the marque: index and book pages only. lezebre.eu
  6. French Wikipedia, Le Zèbre, disambiguation page. fr.wikipedia.org

Léon Bollée Voiturette: the 1895 tandem tricar

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A blue 1898 Léon Bollée tricar with red-spoked wheels at the Musée automobile de Vendée, France, in September 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Léon Bollée and Madame Bollée seated on their Léon Bollée tricar, about 1896–⁠1898. Photo: Max de Nansouty, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Paul Jamin’s Léon Bollée voiturette tricar at the Paris–Trouville race, France, in 1897. Photo: Le Sport universel illustré, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A Léon Bollée tricar, EC 62, in pouring rain on the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run, England, in November 2022. Photo: Peter Trimming, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. An 1897 Léon Bollée voiturette tricar at the Tekniska museet, Stockholm, Sweden, in August 2009. Photo: Liftarn, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A black 1896 Léon Bollée voiturette tricar with a wooden footboard at Autoworld, Brussels, Belgium, in May 2011. Photo: Thomas Quine, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. An 1896 Léon Bollée voiturette tricar with red upholstery at the ‘110 ans d’automobile’ sale, Grand Palais, Paris, France, in February 2011. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. An 1896 Léon Bollée tricar with its passenger seat between the front wheels at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in April 2016. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. An 1898 Léon Bollée voiturette with its passenger seat ahead of the driver at the Gilmore Car Museum, Hickory Corners, Michigan, in July 2013. Photo: F. D. Richards, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  10. The 1896 Léon Bollée tricar of the Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia, Milan, Italy, in a studio photograph with its carriage lamps. Photo: Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. An 1896 Léon Bollée voiturette tricar with its ‘4 HP 1896’ mudguard from the side at the Grand Palais, Paris, France, in February 2011. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. An 1896 Léon Bollée tricar with red seats and its belt pulley at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in April 2016. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. An 1898 Léon Bollée voiturette with white tyres and brass engine fittings at the Gilmore Car Museum, Hickory Corners, Michigan, in July 2013. Photo: F. D. Richards, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  14. A Léon Bollée voiturette, BS 8436, with its finned cylinder and luggage basket on Madeira Drive, Brighton, England, in November 2008. Photo: Dominic Alves, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. The 1896 Léon Bollée tricar of the Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia, Milan, Italy, in side elevation in a studio photograph. Photo: Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A dark green Léon Bollée voiturette tricar with red wheels on a lawn in July 2009. Photo: Joost J. Bakker, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. An 1896 Léon Bollée voiturette tricar from the rear three-quarter at Autoworld, Brussels, Belgium, in May 2022. Photo: loudumo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. The finned horizontal engine and big rear wheel of an 1896 Léon Bollée voiturette tricar at the Grand Palais, Paris, France, in February 2011. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The 1897 Léon Bollée voiturette tricar TM6831 head-on at the Tekniska museet, Stockholm, Sweden, in September 2014. Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A blue 1898 Léon Bollée tricar head-on at the Musée automobile de Vendée, France, in September 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. An 1898 Léon Bollée tricar, BS 8192, head-on at the Regent Street Motor Show, London, England, in November 2012. Photo: Ank Kumar, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. The 1896 Léon Bollée tricar of the Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia, Milan, Italy, head-on in a studio photograph. Photo: Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A 3 HP Léon Bollée tricar head-on at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, Italy, in July 2009. Photo: tomislav medak, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. An 1896 Léon Bollée voiturette, A 302, on a wet road during the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run, England, in November 2008. Photo: allen watkin, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. An 1896 Léon Bollée voiturette, A 302, arriving on Madeira Drive, Brighton, England, at the end of the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run in November 2025. Photo: Peter Trimming, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. An 1898 Léon Bollée tricar, BS 8151, with two passengers on the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run, England, in November 2011. Photo: Peter Trimming, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. An 1898 Léon Bollée tricar, BS 8151, in low autumn sun on the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run, England, in November 2017. Photo: Peter Trimming, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. An 1898 Léon Bollée tricar, BS 8192, with a child in the front seat on the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run, England, in November 2011. Photo: Peter Trimming, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A Léon Bollée voiturette, BS 8436, seen from above on Madeira Drive at the end of the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run, England, in November 2008. Photo: Dominic Alves, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. The finned horizontal cylinder and exhaust of a 3 HP Léon Bollée tricar at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, Italy, in July 2009. Photo: tomislav medak, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. An 1896 Léon Bollée tricar head-on with its quilted leather front seat at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in May 2018. Photo: joergens.mi, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A Turrell-Bollée forecar built by The Coventry Motor Company, two men aboard, in a courtyard at Ross House, County Galway, Ireland, about 1899. Photo: National Library of Ireland (photographer unknown), No known copyright restrictions, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. An 1897 Léon Bollée voiturette tricar with a costumed couple in the historical procession of the Värmland Exhibition, Karlstad, Sweden, in 1929. Photo: Dan Gunner (Värmlands Museum), CC0 1.0, via digitaltmuseum.se.
  34. Jamin with his Léon Bollée 3 CV tricar at the Chanteloup hill climb, France, in November 1898. Photo: Le Sport universel illustré, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. Léon Bollée at the tiller of his single-seat racing voiturette, in a colour print from Les Sports Modernes, 1898. Photo: Les Sports Modernes (1898), Public domain, via Flickr.
  36. The first Léon Bollée voiturette of 1895 in a printed illustration copied by the Meurisse agency in Paris in 1920. Photo: Agence de presse Meurisse, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. An 1895 Léon Bollée voiturette tricar with its placard at the retrospective exhibition on the Esplanade des Invalides, Paris, France, in November 1907. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. The Tekniska museet’s Léon Bollée tricar standing on rough ground, from a Swedish book published in 1940. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. Wilfrid on a Léon Bollée 3 CV tricar at the ‘course des voitures à réclamer’, Paris, France, on 26 February 1899. Photo: Jules Beau, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. Wilfrid, later winner of the June 1899 Critérium des Voiturettes, on his Léon Bollée tricar at the Critérium des Motocycles, France, in April 1898. Photo: Jules Beau, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A 1910 AC Sociable, AC 1910, on the Sunbeam Motor Cycle Club Pioneer Run from Epsom to Brighton, England, in March 2011. Photo: Rob, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A 1904 Cyklon Cyklonette showing its engine on the front wheel at the Deutsches Museum Verkehrszentrum, Munich, Germany, in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A dark blue 1914 Peugeot Bébé BP1 with brass lamps at the Museu do Caramulo, Portugal, in June 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A red 1909 Le Zèbre Type A from the front three-quarter at the Franschhoek Motor Museum, South Africa, in October 2016. Photo: naeem mayet, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. French Wikipedia, Léon Bollée, read in full. Used as a lead. fr.wikipedia.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Léon Bollée Automobiles, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Rendall, The Chequered Flag (1997), and The Times. en.wikipedia.org
  3. Grace’s Guide, “Leon Bollee”, read in full: text drawn from Wikipedia and Hasluck (1906), picture captions and early British registrations. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  4. Cybermotorcycle, “Léon Bollée”, read in full; a minor source. cybermotorcycle.com
  5. German Wikipedia, Automobiles Léon Bollée, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites The Automotor and Horseless Vehicle Journal (November 1896), La Locomotion automobile (1896–⁠97), The Horseless Age (October 1896), Le Sport universel illustré (December 1898) and Georgano. de.wikipedia.org
  6. Jason Torchinsky, “What It’s Like To Drive The World’s First Real Sports Car”, Jalopnik, 2019, read in full. jalopnik.com
  7. French Wikipedia, Léon Bollée Automobiles, read in full, for the museum holdings. fr.wikipedia.org

Leyat Hélica: the French propeller car, 1913–⁠1926

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The 1921 Leyat Hélica sport that Gustave Courau gave to the Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris, on its glass floor in November 2017. Photo: Lomita, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Leyat Hélica conduite intérieure (saloon) of 1921–⁠22 at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Cockpit of the 1921 Leyat Hélica sport at the Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris, with its wooden wheel and plywood body. Photo: Rama, CC BY-SA 3.0 fr, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A new Leyat Hélica propeller car with two men aboard beneath the Eiffel Tower, Champ de Mars, Paris, in July 1921. Photo: Agence Meurisse, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Weathered grey Leyat Hélica of the early 1920s, its propeller ring at the front, in a museum line-up of veteran cars. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  6. Leyat Hélica saloon of 1922 with its green propeller ring at a concours in London in September 2020. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Leyat Hélica saloon of 1922 from the propeller side on the lawn at a concours in London in June 2023. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Lane Motor Museum’s re-creation of the 1919 Leyat Hélica in profile at Classic Days, France, in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Re-creation of the Leyat Hélica built in 2005–⁠09 from Leyat’s 1919 plans, at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in July 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. Leyat Hélica saloon of 1922, with a wire-mesh propeller guard, roped off at the Brooklands Museum, Weybridge, England, in June 2010. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. Lane Motor Museum’s re-creation of the 1919 Leyat Hélica from the front quarter at the Rétrofestival, Hippodrome de Caen, France, in August 2025. Photo: Hyppocastanum, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. Rear of the Leyat Hélica conduite intérieure of 1921–⁠22 at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2013, showing its narrow rear track. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. Lane Motor Museum’s re-creation of the 1919 Leyat Hélica head-on, its four-bladed wooden propeller in a blue guard ring, at the Hippodrome de Caen, France, in August 2025. Photo: Hyppocastanum, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. Leyat Hélica saloon head-on at Époqu’Auto, Lyon, in November 2007, its two-bladed wooden propeller in a guard ring before plate 4468-C6. Photo: Clément Bucco-Lechat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. The 1921 Leyat Hélica sport head-on at the Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris, in December 2013. Photo: Pierre Poschadel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. Yellow Leyat Hélica body standing upright, nose to the sky, in the vehicle display of the Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris. Photo: Rama, CC BY-SA 3.0 fr, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. Blue and yellow Leyat Hélica with its propeller in a black guard ring, in the car collection of the Prince of Monaco, in March 2025. Photo: Van Der Meulen Christofle, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. Lane Motor Museum’s re-creation of the 1919 Leyat Hélica, its small side door open on the plywood cockpit, at the Rétrofestival, Hippodrome de Caen, France, in August 2025. Photo: Hyppocastanum, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. Leyat Hélicocycle, the three-wheeled propeller car of 1913–⁠15, at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. Leyat Hélica propeller car in profile beneath the Eiffel Tower, the Trocadéro behind, Paris, in July 1921. Photo: Agence Meurisse, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. Leyat Hélica with its tractor propeller in a guard ring at the front and a driver in the tandem cockpit, from La Science et la Vie, about 1920. Photo: La Science et la Vie (1920), via Cnum, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. Grey 1913 Violet-Bogey Type A torpedo from the front quarter at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in March 2026. Photo: Andy Dingley, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A yellow 1913 Bédélia BD2 at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in May 2022. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Les Amis de l’Hélica, helica.info, home page and “Les différents modèles”, read in full in archived copies of 2017. web.archive.org
  2. Lane Motor Museum, “Leyat Helico – 1919”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  3. French Wikipedia, Marcel Leyat, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites helica.info, Courau and Genty. fr.wikipedia.org
  4. German Wikipedia, Leyat, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Linz and Schrader, Georgano, La Pratique automobile vulgarisée of 15 March 1920 and Europa Motor of 1921. de.wikipedia.org
  5. English Wikipedia, Leyat, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  6. Les Amis de l’Hélica, “L’Hélica de Jean-François Bouzanquet” and “L’Hélica de Gustave Courau”, read in full in archived copies of 2017. web.archive.org
  7. Les Amis de l’Hélica, “L’Hélica de Jeff Lane”, read in full in an archived copy of 2017. web.archive.org
  8. Grace’s Guide, “Leyat”, read in full; it gives no sources. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  9. Lane Motor Museum, “Helicron – 1932”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  10. Ben Branch, “1932 Helicon Propeller Car”, Silodrome, 28 October 2015, read in full; its facts come largely from the Lane Motor Museum. silodrome.com
  11. “Propeller-Powered Antique Car”, Farm Show, about 2016, an interview with Jeff Lane, read in full. www.farmshow.com
  12. English Wikipedia, Helicron (automobile), read in full. Used as a lead; several of its claims are unsourced. en.wikipedia.org
  13. Lane Motor Museum, “L’Éclair (replica) – 1930”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org

Lightburn Zeta: Adelaide’s microcar with no reverse gear

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The Zeta Runabout and the green Zeta Sports side by side in the National Motor Museum, Birdwood, in 2008. Photo: Peripitus, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A Lightburn Zeta Runabout on its display plinth in the National Motor Museum, Birdwood, in 2020. Photo: zombieite, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A green 1964 Lightburn Zeta Sports in the National Motor Museum, Birdwood, in 2007. Photo: Peripitus, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Workers with Lightburn concrete mixers at the firm’s Camden Park factory, Adelaide, about 1955, before the Zeta. Photo: State Government Photographer, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A pale blue Lightburn Zeta Utility on the grass at a South Australian show in 2012. Photo: GTHO, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A pale blue Lightburn Zeta Runabout with its information board at a street display in 2011. Photo: GTHO, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The green 1964 Zeta Sports in profile at the National Motor Museum, Birdwood, in 2008, with the Zeta Runabout behind. Photo: Peripitus, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A pale blue Lightburn Zeta Runabout head-on in the National Motor Museum, Birdwood, South Australia, in 2007. Photo: Peripitus, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A yellow 1958 Coronet three-wheeler with its hood folded in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A pale blue 1958 Friskysport at a classic-vehicle meeting in Mering, Bavaria, 2009. Photo: MartinHansV, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A pale yellow 1959 FMR Tg500 with its Plexiglas canopy at Sherborne Castle, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  12. A yellow Goggomobil Dart from the front three-quarter at the German Auto Fest, Earlwood, New South Wales, in 2015. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Zeta (automobile), read in full. It cites the Australian Motor Manual of July 1964, Drive Life (2011) and Tony Davis, Lemon! (2004). en.wikipedia.org
  2. Alistair Kennedy, “Zeta”, Marque Automotive News, 9 August 2018, read in full. marquenews.com.au
  3. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1964 Zeta Sports”, tour page, read in the copy archived about 2015. www.microcarmuseum.com
  4. National Motor Museum (History Trust of South Australia), “Lightburn & Co”, read in full. motor.history.sa.gov.au
  5. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1964 Zeta ‘Runabout’ by Lightburn”, tour page, read in the copy archived about 2015. www.microcarmuseum.com
  6. Unique Cars and Parts, “Lightburn”, read in summary. www.uniquecarsandparts.com
  7. Register of Unusual Microcars, “Frisky”, read in full in the copy archived in 2020. web.archive.org

Ligier JS4: the Formula One team’s licence-free car

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The Lane Motor Museum’s 1980 Ligier JS4 from the left front in 2024, with G. Rendu lettering on its door. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A blue Ligier JS4 in a museum display in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A 1980 Ligier JS4 in Ligier team colours in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The 1987 Ligier JS6 City Wheels electric prototype in the Coventry Transport Museum in 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A grey Ligier Série 7, a later Ligier voiturette, parked in a French street in 2015. Photo: A1AA1A, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A dark blue Ligier JS50 with a white roof at the Warsaw Motor Show in 2016. Photo: Jakub “Flyz1” Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A blue 2006 Aixam A751 Super Luxe at Preston, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A red and grey Erad Junior, a model of 1988 or later, at the Association Lorraine des Amateurs d’Automobiles in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A gold JDM Abaca in profile in a French street in 2008. Photo: Kamel15, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A red Chatenet CH26 with grey bonnet stripes and a black roof, parked in a street in 2013. Photo: free photos & art, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Ligier JS4, text and infobox; its dimensions come from the auta5p.eu catalogue. en.wikipedia.org
  2. Lane Motor Museum, “Ligier JS4 – 1980”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  3. Alex Renault, “Ligier JS4 (1980-1982)”, L’Automobile Ancienne, 4 March 2017. lautomobileancienne.com
  4. Ligier, “Notre histoire”, the company’s history page. www.ligier.fr
  5. French Wikipedia, Voiturette. fr.wikipedia.org
  6. L’argus, “Microcars. Une insolite Ligier JS6D sortie d’une grange”. www.largus.fr
  7. German Wikipedia, Groupe Ligier. de.wikipedia.org

Ligier JS50: Ligier’s licence-free best-seller, 2012–

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A dark blue Ligier JS50 with a white roof at the Warsaw Motor Show in 2016. Photo: Jakub “Flyz1” Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. An orange Ligier JS50 with a white roof on the Ligier stand at the Warsaw Motor Show in 2015. Photo: Jakub “Flyz1” Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A black Ligier JS50 of the 2017 restyle parked in a street in 2025. Photo: Corvettec6r, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A grey 2025 Ligier JS50 Ultimate of the new generation at a dealer. Photo: AXMaccess, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A silver Ligier JS50 in profile in Ebermannstadt, Germany, in 2016. Photo: ermell, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A white Ligier JS50 with a black roof in a car park at Laupheim, Germany, in 2025. Photo: Trop86, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A turquoise Ligier JS50 from behind in 2022, showing its twin exhaust outlets. Photo: (G)jabz, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A turquoise Ligier JS50 parked at the kerb in a street in 2022. Photo: (G)jabz, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A silver Ligier JS50 parked on cobbles in Ebermannstadt, Germany, in 2016. Photo: ermell, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. The dashboard of a Ligier JS50 at the Warsaw Motor Show in 2016. Photo: Jakub “Flyz1” Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. The 492 cc Lombardini DCI two-cylinder diesel under the bonnet of a Ligier JS50 at the Warsaw Motor Show in 2016. Photo: Jakub “Flyz1” Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A grey 2025 Ligier JS50 Ultimate from the rear three-quarter at a dealer’s in 2025. Photo: AXMaccess, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The Lane Motor Museum’s 1980 Ligier JS4 from the left front in 2024, with G. Rendu lettering on its door. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A red Microcar MC1 Dynamic in a UK street in 2010. Photo: Mick from Northamptonshire, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A blue 2006 Aixam A751 Super Luxe at Preston, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A grey 2021 Citroën Ami with orange wheel inserts in Valbonne, France, in October 2021. Photo: John K, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. French Wikipedia, Ligier, the relevant sections read in full. It cites Challenges (2014), Génération Sans Permis (2016–⁠20), L’argus (2024), Journal de l’Automobile and Le Figaro (January 2025) and L’Automobile Magazine (2022). fr.wikipedia.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Ligier Optima, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  3. English Wikipedia, Ligier, the relevant lines read. en.wikipedia.org
  4. German Wikipedia, Groupe Ligier, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  5. French Wikipedia, Voiturette, read in full; European sales by maker in 2009. fr.wikipedia.org
  6. Génération Sans Permis (Nicolas Meunier), “Ligier JS50”. www.gsanspermis.com
  7. L’argus, “Ligier JS50 (2024). Look revu et moteur électrique pour la citadine sans permis”, 14 October 2024. www.largus.fr
  8. Autocar, “Ligier claims slowest ever lap of the Nurburgring”, January 2026. www.autocar.co.uk
  9. Automoli, “Ligier JS50 I”, specifications; a specification database of middling reliability. www.automoli.com
  10. Motorionline, articles tagged Ligier, seen by title: the REVO D+ diesel and the 2025 launch. www.motorionline.com
  11. IOL Motoring, “And the record for the slowest Nurburgring lap time goes to… this little thing”, 7 January 2026, known from a search summary. iol.co.za
  12. French Wikipedia, Ligier IXO, read in full. fr.wikipedia.org

Lloyd LP300: Borgward’s plywood “Leukoplastbomber”

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A first-series Lloyd LP 300 saloon with the narrow bonnet, beside the Rhine in Germany in 2007. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The Lloyd LP 300, billed as the cheapest car, at the Amsterdam RAI motor show on 28 February 1952. Photo: Harry Pot / Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A 1951 Lloyd LP 300 from the front at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in 2011, its leatherette skin worn at the edges. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A 1951 Lloyd LP 300 at the Louwman Museum in The Hague in 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A first-series Lloyd LP 300 from behind at a classic-car meeting in Germany in 2007. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Black Goliath Pionier coupé with a red stripe at the Borgward meeting in Andernach in September 2007. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A pale blue Goggomobil saloon at a meeting in Wingst, 2019. Photo: © Ra Boe / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The 1955 Suzulight SS saloon in the Suzuki History Museum, Hamamatsu, in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A pale green 1953 Champion 400 H, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Lloyd 300, read in full with its references. It cites Kurze, Borgward Typenkunde (2009), pp. 11–12; auto motor und sport 3/1955, p. 14; Oswald, Deutsche Autos 1945–⁠1975 (1979), pp. 459–461. de.wikipedia.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Lloyd 300, read in full; used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  3. Lane Motor Museum, “Lloyd LP 300”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  4. Louwman Museum, “Lloyd LP 300”, collection page. louwmanmuseum.nl
  5. museum-digital Baden-Württemberg, “Kleinwagen Lloyd LP 300”, ErfinderZeiten Auto- und Uhrenmuseum, Schramberg, object record. bawue.museum-digital.de
  6. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1952 Lloyd LS 300”, tour page, archived, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  7. German Wikipedia, Lloyd 400, read in full; it cites Oswald, Deutsche Autos 1945–⁠1990, vol. 4 (2001), pp. 446–447. de.wikipedia.org
  8. Japanese Wikipedia, スズキ・スズライト (Suzuki Suzulight), read in full; on Suzuki’s choice of the Lloyd 400 as its model. ja.wikipedia.org

Mauser Einspurauto: the rifle maker’s two-wheeled car

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Unrestored Mauser Einspurauto of 1923 among motorcycles at the Fahrzeugmuseum Marxzell, Germany, in 1999. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Winkler Einspurauto, the successor to the Mauser, at the Deutsches Automuseum, Schloss Langenburg, in 1998. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A Mauser Einspurauto, registered IIIK 778, with two men aboard in tandem at the time of the Berlin motor show, October 1923. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A Mauser Einspurauto, registered IIIK 778, from the front quarter with driver and passenger in tandem in Berlin, October 1923. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Roten’s Monotrace, number 165, at the weighing-in for the 1928 Paris–Nice trial at Levallois, March 1928. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A Monotrace, the French version of the Mauser Einspurauto, from a low front quarter at the Technik Museum Speyer in December 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Black Monotrace of 1928 at the Musée Henri Malartre, Rochetaillée-sur-Saône, in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Blue Monotrace sports model of 1924 in profile at Époqu’Auto, Lyon, in November 2024. Photo: Finoskov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A Monotrace, the French version of the Mauser Einspurauto, from the rear quarter at the Technik Museum Speyer in December 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A Monotrace, the French version of the Mauser Einspurauto, head-on at the Technik Museum Speyer in December 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. Blue Monotrace sports model of 1924 head-on at Époqu’Auto, Lyon, in November 2024. Photo: Finoskov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. Red Monotrace of 1926 with its door open among motorcycles at the Musée de la Moto et du Vélo, Amnéville, in August 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. Blue Monotrace of 1928 beside a museum board headed “Monotrace mode d’emploi en six leçons”, November 2014. Photo: Angelus YODASON, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  14. The dashboard of a Monotrace, the French version of the Mauser Einspurauto, at the Technik Museum Speyer in December 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. Cockpit of the blue 1924 Monotrace sports model at Époqu’Auto, Lyon, in November 2024. Photo: Finoskov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. Chain-driven rear wheel under the tail of the blue 1924 Monotrace sports model at Époqu’Auto, Lyon, in November 2024. Photo: Finoskov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. Radiator mascot on the blue 1924 Monotrace sports model at Époqu’Auto, Lyon, in November 2024. Photo: Finoskov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. Brass radiator with the Monotrace script on a 1928 Monotrace at the Musée Henri Malartre, Rochetaillée-sur-Saône, in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. Goetz racing his Monotrace, number 70, in the 1928 Bol d’Or at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, May 1928. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. Goetz in his Monotrace, number 70, among spectators at the 1928 Bol d’Or, Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. Two Monotraces at a control of the Six Jours d’Hiver trial at Versailles, January 1928. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. Green 1921 Slaby-Beringer electric single-seater IA-7421 in a museum, photographed in October 2015. Photo: 1971markus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. White Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet of 1925 before the German Pavilion on the Expo grounds, Hanover, in September 2013. Photo: Hmg210, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Mauser (Waffenhersteller), section on vehicles. It cites “Abgasgünstiger Veteran”, Kraftfahrzeugtechnik 2/1977, pp. 56–57. de.wikipedia.org
  2. German Wikipedia, Winkler (Automarke). It cites Reese, Automobil- und Motorradchronik 4/1978; Tragatsch, Oldtimer Markt 12/1984; Oswald; and a Mauser brochure of about 1925. de.wikipedia.org
  3. German Wikipedia, Einspurwagen, read in full. It cites Linz and Schrader, Die Internationale Automobil-Enzyklopädie. de.wikipedia.org
  4. English Wikipedia, Monotrace (automobile), read in full. It cites Georgano (1968) and Toutes les voitures françaises 1927 (Automobilia, 2006). en.wikipedia.org
  5. R. F. Currie, “The Monotrace”, letter to Motor Sport, October 1976. www.motorsportmagazine.com

Mazda Carol: the kei car with a four-cylinder, 1962–⁠70

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red Mazda Carol 360 at a classic car meeting in Japan in 2019. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A pale blue Mazda Carol 360 two-door in profile at a meeting in Japan in 2014. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The 358 cc water-cooled four-cylinder engine in a 1970 Carol, with the spare wheel above it. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The gold Carol 600 that was Mazda’s one-millionth vehicle (1963), in the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, in 2017. Photo: NAParish, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A blue-grey early Mazda Carol 360 (1962–⁠66) from the front three-quarter at a meeting in 2024. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A 1965 Mazda Carol 360 in the Cyprus Historic and Classic Motor Museum, Limassol, in 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A white 1968 Mazda Carol 360 with a blue roof at a meeting in 2024. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A pale blue Mazda Carol 360 two-door (KPDA) in a car park in 2009. Photo: Ypy31, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A cream Mazda Carol 360 four-door with a roof rack, photographed in 2008. Photo: Tam0031, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A cream Mazda Carol 360 with a blue roof in the Japanese Famous Car Museum, Fukuoka, in 2026. Photo: 攻殼機動隊員, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A white 1970 Mazda Carol 360 in club livery on a trailer at Japan Classic Sunday, Gemert, in 2022. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A cream Mazda Carol 360 four-door at the Mazda R&D Centre, Yokohama, in 2007. Photo: 160SX, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The one-millionth Mazda, a gold 1963 Carol 600, in the Mazda Museum in 2022. Photo: dennis bloodnok, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A 1968 Mazda Carol 360 four-door Deluxe in the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A Mazda Carol 360 four-door Deluxe with a red roof in the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A white Mazda Carol, probably a Carol 600, at a show in 2013. Photo: René, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A 1969 Mazda Carol 360 Deluxe in the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2025. Photo: Coolalabright, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A Mazda Carol 360 in profile on a red stand at the Megaweb History Garage, Odaiba, Tokyo, in 2007. Photo: Luis Villa del Campo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A red Mazda Carol 360 in profile at a meeting in 2019. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A two-tone late Mazda Carol 360 from behind at a meeting in Japan in 2024. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. The cream four-door Carol from behind, showing its reverse-rake rear window, in 2008. Photo: Tam0031, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A Mazda Carol 360 from behind at the Japanese Famous Car Museum, Fukuoka, in 2026. Photo: 攻殼機動隊員, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A grey Mazda Carol 360 from behind at a meeting in 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A Mazda Carol 360 four-door from behind at the Mazda R&D Center, Yokohama, in 2007, with its reverse-rake rear window. Photo: 160SX, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. The gold one-millionth Carol from behind in the Mazda Museum in 2022. Photo: dennis bloodnok, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A red Mazda Carol 360 from directly behind at a meeting in 2019, showing its louvres and MAZDA letters. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A grey Mazda Carol 360 with fog lamps, head-on, at a meeting in 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A Mazda Carol 360 four-door in the Megaweb History Garage, Odaiba, Tokyo, in 2007. Photo: Mytho88, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A cream Mazda Carol 360 four-door with a blue roof in the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1969 Carol 360 Deluxe beside its toy display in 2013. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A Mazda Carol 360 head-on at the Megaweb History Garage, Odaiba, Tokyo, in 2007. Photo: Luis Villa del Campo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. The cabin of the one-millionth Carol, seen through its open door in 2022. Photo: dennis bloodnok, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A 1965 Mazda Carol 360 with its rear engine lid open beside a Subaru 360 at the Cyprus Historic and Classic Motor Museum, Limassol, in 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. The CAROL lettering and Mazda badge on the nose of a 1965 Mazda Carol 360 at the Cyprus Historic and Classic Motor Museum, Limassol, in 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. The early Mazda m badge on a Carol’s bonnet in the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A Mazda Carol 600 from behind, wearing a CAROL 1961 plate, at a show in 2013. Photo: René, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A white 1962 Mazda Carol P600 on the Augsburg Mazda museum’s stand at a show in 2010. Photo: MartinHansV, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. The 1962 Carol P600 from behind on the Augsburg museum’s stand in 2010. Photo: MartinHansV, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A maroon Mazda R360 Coupe at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, Germany, in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1958 Subaru 360 from the left front three-quarter in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A pale green first-generation Mitsubishi Minica Deluxe at a meeting in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. The white Fellow Super Deluxe from the front at Daihatsu Humobility World in 2025. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. The Honda Collection Hall’s red N360 from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A very early 1967 Suzuki Fronte 360 Deluxe, with the thicker first-year mouldings, at Suzuki Plaza, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. JSAE (Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan), 330 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology, 1-30: Mazda Carol 360 (KPDA), read in full; its reference is Tōyō Kōgyō’s fifty-year company history. www.jsae.or.jp
  2. Japanese Wikipedia, Mazda Carol, the first-generation section, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  3. Toyota Automobile Museum, collection database, records 266 (Carol KPDA, 1969) and 120 (Familia), read in full. toyota-automobile-museum.jp
  4. English Wikipedia, Mazda Carol, read as wikitext; used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  5. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, the Mazda R‑360 page, which mentions the Carol, read in full from an archived copy. www.microcarmuseum.com
  6. Kuruma News, five great Mazdas, read in summary. kuruma-news.jp
  7. Japanese Wikipedia, Mazda B360, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  8. Japanese Wikipedia, Subaru 360, read in full on 7 October 2026. ja.wikipedia.org
  9. Subaru Museum, the Subaru 360 story: the 1964 Grand Prix, read in full. members.subaru.jp

Mazda-Go: Mazda’s first vehicle, a three-wheeled truck

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A green 1935 Mazda-Go Type TCS at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, in September 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A Tōyō Kōgyō photograph of the Mazda-Go Type GA, introduced in Japan in 1938. Photo: Tōyō Kōgyō (photographer unknown), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The rider’s view of a 1949-built Mazda-Go Type GA in a small museum in Japan in September 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A Tōyō Kōgyō photograph of the Mazda-Go Type DA, the first model, launched in Japan in 1931. Photo: Tōyō Kōgyō (photographer unknown), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The five Mazda-Gos of the 1936 Kagoshima–Tokyo promotional run lined up before a torii gate in Japan. Photo: Tōyō Kōgyō (photographer unknown), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A teal Mazda-Go Type DC three-wheeler at the Otaru Museum, Hokkaido, in July 2007. Photo: 100yen, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A blue Mazda-Go Type GA built in 1949, in a small museum in Japan in September 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A dark blue Mazda-Go three-wheeler shown as a 1938 Type GA at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, in September 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A green 1935 Mazda-Go Type TCS from the left front at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, in November 2022. Photo: dennis bloodnok, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A green 1935 Mazda-Go Type TCS from the rear at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, in November 2022. Photo: dennis bloodnok, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. The cargo box of a 1935 Mazda-Go Type TCS from behind at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, in September 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A 1935 Mazda-Go Type TCS seen head-on at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, in November 2022. Photo: dennis bloodnok, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A green 1935 Mazda-Go Type TCS at the entrance of the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, in February 2005. Photo: Taisyo, CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A bright blue 1950 Mazda-Go Type GB at the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in November 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A red 1949 Mazda-Go Type GB at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, in September 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A blue-grey Mazda-Go Type GB in profile at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, in November 2022. Photo: dennis bloodnok, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A bright blue 1950 Mazda-Go Type GB from the side at the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in November 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. The front of a Mazda-Go Type GB at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, in November 2022. Photo: dennis bloodnok, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The speedometer and filler caps on the tank of a 1935 Mazda-Go Type TCS at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, in November 2022. Photo: dennis bloodnok, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The 669 cc side-valve engine of a 1949-built Mazda-Go Type GA in a small museum in Japan in September 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. The engine and footboard of a Mazda-Go Type GB at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, in November 2022. Photo: dennis bloodnok, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. The air-cooled single-cylinder engine of a 1935 Mazda-Go Type TCS at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, in November 2022. Photo: dennis bloodnok, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. The rear plate of the 1935 Mazda-Go Type TCS at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, in November 2022. Photo: dennis bloodnok, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A Tōyō Kōgyō photograph of the Mazda-Go Type DC three-wheeler from 1930s Japan. Photo: Tōyō Kōgyō (photographer unknown), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A Tōyō Kōgyō photograph of the post-war Mazda-Go Type GB from Japan in about 1949. Photo: Tōyō Kōgyō (photographer unknown), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A Tōyō Kōgyō photograph of the heavy-duty Mazda-Go Type KC36 from Japan in 1936. Photo: Tōyō Kōgyō (photographer unknown), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A Tōyō Kōgyō photograph of the Mazda-Go Type TCS from Japan in 1935. Photo: Tōyō Kōgyō (photographer unknown), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. The Otomo reproduction built in 1997–⁠99 from the offside front at the National Museum of Nature and Science, Ueno, Tokyo, in September 2013. Photo: Morio, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A 1932 Datsun Type 11 phaeton from the front quarter in the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, Japan, in February 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A maroon and cream 1936 Ohta OC phaeton at the Classic Car Festival in Kiryū, Gunma, in November 2014. Photo: NEXT-EXIT, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A 1957 Daihatsu Midget DKA at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2018. Photo: Rikita, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. An orange and white 1962 Mazda K360 in the Mazda Classic museum, Augsburg, Germany, in 2017. Photo: Bergfalke2, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A maroon Mazda R360 Coupe at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, Germany, in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Mazda-Go, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Mazda’s “Great Cars of Mazda: Mazda-Go”, Mazda’s The Globe: In Search of the Origins of Mazda (1990) and a 2011 blog of the Fukuyama Auto & Clock Museum. en.wikipedia.org
  2. Inside Mazda (Mazda Motors UK), “Mazda at 100: love of the epic drive”, 6 May 2020, read in full. www.insidemazda.co.uk
  3. SlashGear, “Has Mazda Ever Made Motorcycles?”, read in full. www.slashgear.com

Mazda K360: the two-tone three-wheeled kei truck, 1959

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. An orange and white 1962 Mazda K360 in the Mazda Classic museum, Augsburg, Germany, in 2017. Photo: Bergfalke2, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A well-worn yellow Mazda K360 with a built-up cargo body, still at work in Mandalay, Myanmar, in 2009. Photo: Sam Berry, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Mazda K360 three-wheeler with a canvas tilt driving away down a shopping street hung with bunting in Ishinomaki, Miyagi, Japan, in the 1960s. Photo: Yasuhiko Ito, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A grey 1964 Mazda K360 with rally number 57 at a classic car meeting in Japan in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The Motorcar Museum of Japan’s grey 1964 K360 on the museum’s second floor in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A grey 1967 Mazda K360 from the front at a festival in Japan in 2017. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A blue 1967 Mazda K360 in the Showa Era Lifestyle Museum, Kitanagoya, in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The pale green 1967 Mazda K360 in the Showa Era Lifestyle Museum, Kitanagoya, in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A blue Mazda K360 parked by the road in Kita-Aoyama, Tokyo, in 2010. Photo: tomohisa suna, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A grey 1967 Mazda K360 (KTBA43) at a classic car festival in Japan in 2017. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A blue Mazda K360 turning through traffic in Kita-Aoyama, Tokyo, in 2010. Photo: tomohisa suna, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A grey 1964 Mazda K360 in the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A two-tone orange and white Mazda K360 in the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, in 2005. Photo: Taisyo, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. The cab of a Mazda K360: steering wheel, column-mounted controls and bench seat. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. The single front wheel, mudguard and bumper strip of a blue 1961 Mazda K360. Photo: Ka23 13, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. The Mazda script and headlamps on the nose of the green 1967 K360 at the Showa Era Lifestyle Museum in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A yellow K360-type three-wheeler sign-written for a shop in Tainan, Taiwan, in 2014. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. Mazda K360 three-wheeler in the middle distance of a shopping street in Ishinomaki, Miyagi, Japan, in the early 1960s, a Daihatsu Hijet in front. Photo: Yasuhiko Ito, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A 1957 Daihatsu Midget DKA at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2018. Photo: Rikita, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A green 1935 Mazda-Go Type TCS at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, in September 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A maroon Mazda R360 Coupe at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, Germany, in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. The Suzuki museum’s Carry FB from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Japanese Wikipedia, Mazda K360, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Mazda K360, read in full; used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  3. Kia Heritage Archive, “K‑360”, read in summary. worldwide.kia.com
  4. Kia Heritage, history, chapter 1, with search-result summaries on the Shiheung line; not read in full. heritage.kia.com
  5. Japanese Wikipedia, Mazda B360, the section on Myanmar, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  6. Japanese Nostalgic Car, “Kia has restored two Mazda-based examples of its earliest cars”, read in summary. japanesenostalgiccar.com
  7. Korean Wikipedia, Kia K‑360, read in full; used as a lead for the specification. ko.wikipedia.org
  8. Japanese Wikipedia, Mitsubishi Mizushima, the section on the Leo, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  9. Japanese Wikipedia, Mazda R360 Coupe, on the K360’s engine, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org

Mazda R360 Coupe: Mazda’s first car, 1960

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A maroon Mazda R360 Coupe at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, Germany, in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The air-cooled 356 cc V-twin in the tail of a Mazda R360 Coupe, lid open, in 2006. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The MAZDA TORQDRIVE badge on the tail of a cream Mazda R360 Coupe in 2020, marking the automatic version. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A Mazda R360 Coupe passing a festival float in Minatogawa Park, Kobe, in about 1963. Photo: 松岡明芳, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Light blue Mazda R360 Coupe of 1964 on the grass at a Mazda club show in California. Photo: Rex Gray, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  6. A pale blue Mazda R360 Coupe with its engine lid raised at a Sydney show in 2014. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A cream Mazda R360 Coupe with a red roof in a showroom in Japan in 2020. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A cream Mazda R360 Coupe with a red roof on a dark show stand in 2018. Photo: Accord14, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A blue-green 1963 Mazda R360 Coupe in the paddock at Eastern Creek Raceway, Sydney, in 2009. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. The metallic green R360 from the front in the Fukuoka museum in 2026. Photo: 攻殼機動隊員, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A maroon Mazda R360 Coupe from a low front angle at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A red Mazda R360 Coupe on Mazda’s stand at the Mondial de l’Automobile, Paris, in 2010. Photo: Mic, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A red Mazda R360 Coupe on a show stand. Photo: MartinHansV, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1961 Mazda R360 Coupe (KRBB) in 2025. Photo: Coolalabright, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A white Mazda R360 Coupe with whitewall tyres from the front at a meeting in Japan in 2024. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A cream Mazda R360 Coupe on a wet day at the Australia Day CARnivale, Sydney, in 2015. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A pale green Mazda R360 Coupe in profile at an outdoor show in Australia in 2016. Photo: FotoSleuth, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. Light blue Mazda R360 Coupe of 1964, Japanese plate 13-45, from the rear quarter at a Mazda club show in California. Photo: Rex Gray, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  19. The cream-and-red R360 from behind in 2020. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A metallic green Mazda R360 Coupe in the Japanese Famous Car Museum, Fukuoka, in 2026. Photo: 攻殼機動隊員, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A silver-grey Mazda R360 Coupe from behind at an outdoor meeting in Japan in 2006. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. The Mazda Museum’s R360 from behind with its 1960 label, in 2008. Photo: Motokoka, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A maroon Mazda R360 Coupe from behind at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A Mazda R360 Coupe from behind at the Paris Motor Show in 2010. Photo: Mic, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. The Toyota museum’s 1961 R360 from behind in 2012. Photo: Iwao, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A white Mazda R360 Coupe with whitewall tyres from behind at a meeting in Japan in 2024. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A cream Mazda R360 Coupe from behind at CARnivale, Sydney, on Australia Day 2015, showing its louvres and fuel filler. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. The 1963 R360 driving away across the Eastern Creek paddock in 2009. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. The Mazda Museum’s R360 from behind in 2022. Photo: dennis bloodnok, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A Somerset Blue 1960 Mazda R360 Coupe on the street at the Coppa di Tokyo in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A blue 1964 Mazda R360 Coupe in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A cream R360 Coupe with a blue roof in the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, labelled 1960, in 2005. Photo: Taisyo, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. The cream-and-red R360 Coupe in the Mazda Museum’s display in 2022. Photo: dennis bloodnok, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A pale blue 1962 Mazda R360 Coupe in the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A pale turquoise Mazda R360 Coupe in the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A grey Mazda R360 Coupe in profile at the Petersen Automotive Museum, Los Angeles, in 2008. Photo: Craig Howell, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A pale blue Mazda R360 Coupe in the Petersen Automotive Museum display in 2018. Photo: Shelby Asistio, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. Inside the Mazda Museum R360 in 2022: red seats, two-spoke wheel and dashboard. Photo: dennis bloodnok, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. The early Mazda m badge above the MAZDA letters on the green R360’s bonnet in 2016. Photo: FotoSleuth, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. MAZDA lettering on the nose of a cream R360, beaded with rain, at the Australia Day CARnivale, Sydney, in 2015. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. An R360 wheel with a whitewall tyre and red-centred Mazda hub cap, on the Toyota museum’s 1961 car in 2012. Photo: Iwao, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. The ‘R360 coupe’ script on the flank of a pale blue Mazda R360 Coupe in Sydney in 2014. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A green 1935 Mazda-Go Type TCS at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, in September 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. An orange and white 1962 Mazda K360 in the Mazda Classic museum, Augsburg, Germany, in 2017. Photo: Bergfalke2, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A red Mazda Carol 360 at a classic car meeting in Japan in 2019. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1958 Subaru 360 from the left front three-quarter in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. The 1955 Suzulight SS saloon in the Suzuki History Museum, Hamamatsu, in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A red 1962 Cony Guppy at a classic car meeting in Hisaya Odori Park, Nagoya, in 2022. Photo: KKPCW（Kyu3）, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. JSAE (Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan), 330 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology, 1-22: Mazda R360 Coupe, read in full; its reference is Tōyō Kōgyō’s fifty-year company history. www.jsae.or.jp
  2. Japanese Wikipedia, Mazda R360 Coupe, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  3. Toyota Automobile Museum, collection database, records 100 (Mazda R360 Coupe KRBB) and 5234 (Bandai tin toy), read in full. toyota-automobile-museum.jp
  4. Lane Motor Museum, “Mazda R360 1964”, read in summary. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  5. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1962 Mazda R‑360 Coupe ‘De Luxe’”, read in full from a copy archived about 2015. www.microcarmuseum.com
  6. Mazda, company history page, the passage on 1960. www.mazda.com
  7. Carscoops, feature on the Mazda R360, read in summary. www.carscoops.com
  8. Kuruma News, five great Mazdas, read in summary. kuruma-news.jp
  9. English Wikipedia, Mazda R360, read as wikitext; used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  10. Japanese Wikipedia, Cony Guppy, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org

Meera: India’s lost people’s car, 1949–⁠75

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A yellow Tata Nano from the front three-quarter in a street in Bengaluru, India, in March 2011. Photo: Krokodyl, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A blue 1975 Badal three-wheeler in the Gedee Car Museum. Photo: Rainer Halama, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1958 Subaru 360 from the left front three-quarter in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 N with fixed side windows from the front in Bristol in 2017, its show card on the windscreen. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Jason Torchinsky, “Before The Tata Nano There Was The Meera, India’s First Cheapest Car”, Jalopnik, 20 December 2018, read in full. jalopnik.com
  2. Asianet News Malayalam, “What we did then to that 7th-standard boy who made a ₹12,000 car” (in Malayalam, content credited to Cartoq), updated 3 February 2019, read in full in translation. www.asianetnews.com

Messerschmitt KR175: the first production Kabinenroller

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A turquoise and white Messerschmitt KR175 at the Oldtimer show in Moscow in 2013. Photo: Svetlov Artem, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A green 1953 Messerschmitt KR175 Series 1 with its canopy open at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, in 2025, showing its narrow front and motorcycle-style mudguards. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A crowd round a new Messerschmitt KR175 in a Den Haag street on 12 April 1954. Photo: van Duinen / Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. KR175s and KR200s lined up in Amsterdam on 23 November 1955 to advertise the film A Prize of Gold. Photo: Ben van Meerendonk / AHF, collection IISG, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A Mivalino at the Forlì Old Timer Show in 2008. Photo: Luc106, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A blue 1953 Messerschmitt KR175 with a fabric-covered roof in a museum, 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A red mid-1954 KR175 with soft top on display in Japan in 2018. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. White Messerschmitt KR175 with its canopy raised at the National Polytechnic Museum, Sofia, Bulgaria, in March 2017. Photo: Georgy Palpurin, ShareBulgaria, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A red KR175 in racing livery, number 24, at the Megaweb History Garage, Tokyo, in 2007. Photo: Mytho88, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. An unrestored grey 1954 KR175 in the Top Mountain Motorcycle Museum, Hochgurgl, in 2018. Photo: Rikki Mitterer, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A blue 1953 Messerschmitt KR175 in profile in 2015, showing its tandem layout. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A turquoise KR175 with a bubble canopy in a Bratislava street at a veteran-car event in 2017. Photo: Bratislavská župa from Bratislava, Slovakia, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. Side profile of a turquoise and white KR175 at the Oldtimer 2013 show, Moscow, canopy closed. Photo: Svetlov Artem, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A grey and red Messerschmitt KR175 in profile at a show in 2012. Photo: Tony Lam, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  15. A blue 1953 Messerschmitt KR175 from the rear three-quarter in 2015, with its louvred engine cover. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. The rear of a red mid-1954 Messerschmitt KR175 with its luggage rack in Japan in 2018. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A brown KR175 head-on at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in 2019. Photo: Rob Oo from NL, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A red KR175 in the Automobiles of the World museum, Moscow, in 2025. Photo: Sergey A. Demidov, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A red KR175 with a soft top in the Moscow museum. Photo: Sergey A. Demidov, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A blue KR175 at the Nostalgiewelt Eggenburg in 2016. Photo: Karl Gruber, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A grey KR175 with its canopy closed at a US show in 2012. Photo: Tony Lam, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  22. An unrestored 1954 Messerschmitt KR175 head-on at the Top Mountain Motorcycle Museum, Hochgurgl, Austria, in 2018. Photo: Nici Troppe, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. Cockpit of a KR175 at the National Polytechnic Museum, Sofia. Photo: Georgy Palpurin, ShareBulgaria, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. The bubble canopy of a Messerschmitt KR175 seen from the front in Bratislava, Slovakia, in 2017. Photo: Bratislavská župa from Bratislava, Slovakia, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A Messerschmitt KR175 seen from above at the Nostalgiewelt Eggenburg, Austria, in 2016, showing its tandem cockpit. Photo: Karl Gruber, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A red Mi-Val Mivalino of 1954–⁠55 in a museum. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A Mi-Val Mivalino KR 175 Extra, the Italian licence-built Messerschmitt, at Pasolini Day 2007. Photo: Midnight bird, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. The interior of a Mi-Val Mivalino in Forlì, Italy, in 2008, with its handlebar and tandem seats. Photo: Luc106, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A Mi-Val Mivalino from the rear three-quarter in Forlì, Italy, in 2008. Photo: Luc106, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. Rear of the Mivalino KR 175 Extra at Pasolini Day 2007. Photo: Midnight bird, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A KR175 on a long-distance journey, parked by an arched building with uniformed men, 1955. Photo: IISG, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  32. A 1950 Fend Flitzer 101 coupé on display in a museum in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A turquoise 1960 KR200 with whitewall tyres at an Australian show in 2014. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A pale yellow 1959 FMR Tg500 with its Plexiglas canopy at Sherborne Castle, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  35. A 1953 Fuldamobil N‑2 with its hammered-aluminium body, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A pale green 1953 Champion 400 H, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A grey 1955 bubble-window Isetta 250 at the Isetta Club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Messerschmitt Kabinenroller, read in full with its references. It cites Rosellen, Deutsche Kleinwagen (1991), pp. 27–35, and auto motor und sport 3/1955. de.wikipedia.org
  2. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “Messerschmitt KR-175”, tour page. www.microcarmuseum.com
  3. English Wikipedia, Messerschmitt KR175, read in full. Used as a lead; its data come from Carl Wagner, Automobile Quarterly 11 (2), 1973, and the Weiner museum. en.wikipedia.org
  4. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1954 Messerschmitt KR-175” (the white Series 1 car), tour page. www.microcarmuseum.com
  5. “Vor fünfzig Jahren kam der Messerschmitt-Kabinenroller auf die deutsche Straße: Menschen in Aspik”, Berliner Zeitung, 19 March 2003. www.berliner-zeitung.de
  6. Messerschmitt Owners’ Club (UK), model list and Phil Boothroyd and David Garner, “Messerschmitt KR175: the Kabinenroller comes to Britain”. messerschmitt.co.uk
  7. Dr Paul Simsa, “Unser Test: Messerschmitt Kabinenroller KR 200”, auto motor und sport 22/1955, quoting the magazine’s KR175 test in 15/1954 and listing what changed. archive.org

Messerschmitt KR200: the tandem bubble car, 1955–⁠64

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A turquoise 1960 KR200 with whitewall tyres at an Australian show in 2014. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A grey and blue Messerschmitt KR200 with its canopy open in 2009: the whole top hinges to the right, and you climb in over the side. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A KR200 service car (Abholfahrzeug) towed behind a customer’s car by its tow bar, 2014. Photo: Ralf Hermanns, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A Messerschmitt KR200 in Új utca, Hungary, in 1969. Photo: Fortepan / Lechner Nonprofit Kft., CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. An FMR Tg500, no. 2, leads two saloons round a bend at Zandvoort on Whit Monday, 18 May 1959. Photo: Harry Pot / Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A long line of Messerschmitts at a 2019 club rally. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  7. A KR200 Super-style record car in the Technik Museum Speyer in 2012. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A grey 1955 KR200 with a chrome rack at Autoworld Brussels in 2014. Photo: Sandra Fauconnier, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A white and red 1955 KR200 at the Ennepetal town festival in 2022. Photo: Im Fokus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A 1955 Messerschmitt KR200 from the front three-quarter at the Rahmi M. Koç Museum, Istanbul, in 2014. Photo: Rahil Rupawala, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A red 1955 Messerschmitt KR200 towing its matching trailer at a meeting in Germany in 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A red 1957 KR200 with chrome bumper hoops at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A 1957 Messerschmitt KR200, TLM 427, with its Llandudno Tour plate in 2014. Photo: Steve Glover, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  14. The white 1957 KR200 DZ-38-55 by a brick building, 2022. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  15. A red 1958 KR200 at the Deutsches Automuseum Langenburg in 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A silver 1958 FMR KR200, 341 DKM, on grass in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  17. A blue 1959 FMR KR200, 239 UXT, with its canopy open, 2023. Photo: Steve Knight, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  18. A cream 1959 KR200 with whitewall tyres on a quay. Photo: Gjermundsen, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A red and white 1959 KR200 at a show in Nagoya, Japan, in 2022. Photo: KKPCW（Kyu3）, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A pale-blue 1959 KR200, TPY 584, with soft top, 2021. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  21. A yellow and black 1960 KR200 with rally number 122 at the Statesman rally, Kolkata, in 2017. Photo: Biswarup Ganguly, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A pale-blue 1960 KR200 at Sibbertoft in 2010. Photo: Mick from Northamptonshire, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A red 1960 KR200 at a British show in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A red 1961 KR200 with its canopy open beside a BMW Isetta at Waterford, Western Australia, in 2021. Photo: ZidaneHartono, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A blue KR200 with a soft top at Great Whelnetham, 2009. Photo: Martin Pettitt, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  26. A metallic blue KR200 with its canopy open, 2008. Photo: Akela NDE, CC BY-SA 2.0 fr, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A KR200 at the Classic Car Boot Sale, London, in 2014. Photo: Robert Lamb, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A maroon KR200 at the Forney Transportation Museum, Denver, in 2012. Photo: Piotrus, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A grey and blue KR200 with its bubble canopy at a meeting, 2008. Photo: Brian Snelson from Hockley, Essex, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A white and red KR200 at ITB Berlin in 2014. Photo: Travelarz, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A two-tone orange and black KR200 at the Maine Classic Car Museum, 2024. Photo: Noah Meyerhans, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  32. A red KR200 parked among motorcycles at a show, 2004. Photo: Stefan Kühn, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A car in the livery of the Messerschmitt KR200 Super record car, lettered MESSERSCHMITT 200 Super, from the front quarter at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen, Germany, in September 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A red KR200 at the Shanghai Auto Museum in 2016. Photo: Morio, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A red KR200 at the Toyota Automobile Museum in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A red 1959 KR200, TR-EB 33, at a meeting in Germany, 2018. Photo: Berthold Werner, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A turquoise KR200 on a waterfront lawn, 2010. Photo: Mike W., CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  38. A silver KR200 with a soft top on display in Yekaterinburg, 2022. Photo: Wild Child, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A yellow FMR KR200 with whitewall tyres on cobbles, 2022. Photo: Kuroczynski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A yellow KR200, YMW 779, on a dark stand, 2025. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A yellow 1955 KR200 at the Rahmi M. Koç Museum, Istanbul, in 2014. Photo: Rahil Rupawala, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A light-blue 1959 KR200 in a museum, 2009. Photo: GorissM, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  43. A yellow 1960 Messerschmitt KR200 in profile on the move in Kolkata in 2016. Photo: Biswarup Ganguly, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A Messerschmitt KR200 in profile in Denver in 2012. Photo: Piotrus, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. Side profile of the red KR200 in Finland, 2013. Photo: Lojo77, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A KR200 Super-style record car on display at Speyer in 2012, seen from the side. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A Messerschmitt KR200 in profile at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Japan, in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A 1955 Messerschmitt KR200 from the rear three-quarter in Ennepetal, Germany, in 2022, showing its louvred tail. Photo: Im Fokus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A red 1957 KR200, TLM 427, with soft top, 2014. Photo: Steve Glover, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  50. A silver 1958 Messerschmitt KR200, 341 DKM, from the rear three-quarter in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  51. The rear of a pale blue 1959 Messerschmitt KR200, TPY 584, in 2021. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  52. A blue 1960 KR200 with a white roof, 2009. Photo: order_242 from Chile, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. The rear of a Messerschmitt KR200 at the Maine Classic Car Museum in 2024, with its spare wheel on the rack. Photo: Noah Meyerhans, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  54. A red and white Messerschmitt KR200 from the rear three-quarter at the Oldtimer Show in Budapest in 2008, its tail tapering like a fuselage over the single rear wheel. Photo: János Tamás, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. The rear of a Messerschmitt KR200 at the Shanghai Auto Museum in 2016. Photo: Morio, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. The rear of a grey Messerschmitt KR200 with its bubble canopy in 2011. Photo: Janee, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. The rear of a 1959 Messerschmitt KR200, TR-EB 33, with a suitcase on its rack in 2018. Photo: Berthold Werner, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. A turquoise Messerschmitt KR200 from the rear three-quarter in 2010. Photo: Mike W., CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  59. A white and blue KR200 with a black soft top at Great Whelnetham, 2009. Photo: Martin Pettitt, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  60. The rear of a yellow Messerschmitt KR200 with its chrome luggage rack in 2022. Photo: Kuroczynski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. A 1955 KR200 from behind, its suitcase strapped to the rack and a trailer on the hitch. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. Rear of a white 1957 KR200, DZ-38-55, in a Dutch village, 2022. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  63. A white and red 1955 KR200 head-on at Ennepetal. Photo: Im Fokus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. A yellow 1960 Messerschmitt KR200 with rally number 135 head-on in Kolkata in 2016. Photo: Biswarup Ganguly, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  65. A red 1960 KR200, PHH 772, head-on, 2023. Photo: Steve Knight, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  66. A green KR200 parked in a Japanese street, 2016. Photo: Jin Kemoole, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  67. A red and white KR200 head-on at the Oldtimer Show, Budapest, in 2008. Photo: János Tamás, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  68. A red KR200 head-on at Redcliffe, Queensland, in 2009. Photo: Sheba_Also, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  69. A teal KR200 among other Messerschmitts at the Technik Museum Speyer, 2012. Photo: Clemens Vasters from Viersen, Germany, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  70. A silver-grey KR200 head-on, 2011. Photo: Janee, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  71. A Messerschmitt KR200 head-on at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Japan, in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  72. A white KR200 with a clear bubble at a US meet, 2014. Photo: Tap Tapzz, CC0, via Flickr.
  73. A grey KR200 head-on in Winterthur, 2017. Photo: JoachimKohler-HB, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  74. A white Messerschmitt KR200, W-X 33, head-on at the Wuppertal history festival in 2012. Photo: Nicola, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  75. A 1957 KR200 driven in a parade at Stowe, Vermont, in 2009. Photo: Patrick from Merrimack, NH, United States, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  76. A yellow 1960 Messerschmitt KR200 being driven at the Statesman Vintage & Classic Car Rally, Kolkata, in 2016. Photo: Biswarup Ganguly, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  77. A light-blue 1963 KR200 pulling away at an oldtimer festival in the Netherlands, 2023. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  78. A white KR200 leaving in a puff of two-stroke smoke, 2023. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  79. A cream and red KR200 being driven along a country road, 2018. Photo: Ermell, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  80. A cream 1955 KR200 on a raised display shelf at Autoworld Brussels in 2021. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  81. A white 1959 FMR KR200 at the Autostadt, Wolfsburg, in 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  82. A metallic blue KR200 with a trailer in the Technik Museum Speyer, 2012. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  83. A yellow and black KR200 at the Dornier Museum, Friedrichshafen, in 2018. Photo: indeedous, Attribution (Wikimedia Commons), via Wikimedia Commons.
  84. A yellow KR200 with a soft top beside a BMW Isetta at the Verkehrsmuseum Karlsruhe, 2010. Photo: Klaus Nahr from Germany, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  85. A red KR200 at the Autosammlung Steim, Schramberg, in 2012. Photo: Klaus Nahr from Germany, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  86. A blue KR200 with luggage and a trailer in the Zylinderhaus museum, Bernkastel-Kues, 2019. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  87. A black 1961 KR200 beside a red and white 1957 BMW Isetta 250, 2025. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  88. A French-registered FMR Tg500 Kabrio leads two Messerschmitt KR200s at the National MicroCar Rally, Somerset, in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  89. A turquoise KR200 with a striped top leading a line-up at the 2019 rally. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  90. A red KR200 with a soft top, 9905 MY, at a show in 2023. Photo: Phil Parker, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  91. The black KR200 De Luxe RSY 333 in a glass display case, 2013. Photo: Andrew West, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  92. Rear of a red KR200 with a chrome rack, Finland, 2013. Photo: Lojo77, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  93. A grey KR200 seen from behind with its matching trailer, 2008. Photo: Brian Snelson from Hockley, Essex, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  94. A red 1963 FMR KR200, 401 BSR, head-on with its bubble canopy, 2026. Photo: Steve Knight, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  95. A red KR200 head-on at Le Bourget, 2008. Photo: Strainu, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  96. A yellow KR200 at the Gedee Car Museum, Coimbatore. Photo: Rainer Halama, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  97. A red KR200 head-on at a show in 2012, with information sheets on its wings. Photo: Jeff Buck, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  98. Cream and maroon Messerschmitt KR200 De Luxe of 1955 with its canopy open, at the Tupelo Automobile Museum, Mississippi, in November 2014. Photo: CapCase, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  99. A cream and red 1956 KR200 De Luxe, JRC 279, in 2018. Photo: Steve Glover, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  100. Cream and maroon Messerschmitt KR200 De Luxe of 1955 in profile with its canopy open, at the Tupelo Automobile Museum, Mississippi, in November 2014. Photo: CapCase, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  101. The rear of a 1956 Messerschmitt KR200 De Luxe, JRC 279, in 2018, with its louvred tail. Photo: Steve Glover, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  102. The rear of a 1960 Messerschmitt KR200 De Luxe with its chrome rack at the Science Museum, London, in 2016. Photo: Jonathan Cardy, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  103. Front of the black 1960 KR200 De Luxe at the Science Museum, London, in 2024. Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  104. A green 1959 Messerschmitt KR200 Kabrio-Limousine with its soft top and flag from the front three-quarter in 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  105. A red 1959 KR200 Kabrio-Limousine with a soft top in Chicago, 2015. Photo: order_242 from Chile, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  106. A white 1962 KR200 Kabrio-Limousine with flowers in the Netherlands, 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  107. A yellow and red KR200 Kabrio-Limousine from the front three-quarter in 2017. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  108. A red and white 1957 KR200 Kabrio-Limousine offered by RM Sotheby’s in Paris, 2016. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  109. A blue KR200 with its top removed in Geneva, 2006. Photo: Norbert Aepli, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons.
  110. A yellow and red Messerschmitt KR200 Kabrio-Limousine with its period luggage rack at a club meeting in Germany in 2017. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  111. A Messerschmitt KR200 Kabrio-Limousine, catalogued as a 1957 car, in profile at the RM Sotheby’s sale in Paris in 2016, its top folded and luggage on the rack. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  112. The rear of a white 1962 Messerschmitt KR200 Kabrio-Limousine with a picnic basket on its rack in the Netherlands in 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  113. A Messerschmitt KR200 Kabrio-Limousine, catalogued as a 1957 car, with luggage, from the rear three-quarter at the RM Sotheby’s sale in Paris in 2016. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  114. An open blue Messerschmitt KR200 Kabrio from the rear three-quarter in Geneva in 2006, with its luggage rack. Photo: Norbert Aepli, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons.
  115. A green 1959 KR200 Kabrio-Limousine head-on in a museum. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  116. A close head-on view of a red 1959 Messerschmitt KR200 Kabrio-Limousine in 2018, with its twin headlamps and FMR badge. Photo: Tap Tapzz, CC0, via Flickr.
  117. A red 1959 KR200 Kabrio-Limousine splashing along a wet woodland track, 2018. Photo: Tap Tapzz, CC0, via Flickr.
  118. A white KR201 Roadster at Rétromobile, Paris, in 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  119. An orange-red 1958 KR201 Roadster in a museum, 2016. Photo: Tony Hisgett, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  120. A yellow 1958 KR201 Roadster at a US show in 2014. Photo: Bob Adams from George, South Africa, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  121. A white and red 1959 KR201 Roadster from the front three-quarter. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  122. A Signal Red KR201 Roadster with its hood folded, 2018. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  123. Rear of the white KR201 Roadster at Rétromobile 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  124. The rear of a yellow 1958 Messerschmitt KR201 Roadster with its flag in 2014. Photo: Bob Adams from George, South Africa, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  125. A white and red 1959 KR201 Roadster head-on in a museum. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  126. A blue KR201 Roadster with a tan hood being driven past fields, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  127. Cockpit of a cream 1960 KR200 with the canopy open. Photo: granada_turnier, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  128. Inside a 1961 Messerschmitt KR200 at Waterford, Western Australia, in 2021: one seat in front, one behind, and car-type pedals. Photo: ZidaneHartono, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  129. A red-trimmed KR200 interior with handlebar, seen through the open canopy. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  130. The handlebar steering of a red 1955 Messerschmitt KR200 in 2015: no wheel and no steering box, the track rods acting directly on its column. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  131. The cockpit of a yellow Messerschmitt KR200 Kabrio-Limousine from the back seat in 2017: the dials, the bar and the driver’s seat in front. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  132. KR200 dashboard and handlebar. Photo: Moki8, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  133. Cream KR200 dashboard with switches and instruments, the handlebar in front. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  134. KR201 Roadster dashboard and handlebar, seen from above. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  135. The FMR diamond badge on the nose of a 1962 KR200. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  136. The Messerschmitt script on the flank of a blue KR200 in Geneva in 2006, a badge FMR kept after it took over production in 1957. Photo: Norbert Aepli, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons.
  137. A KR200 Super-style record car at Speyer in 2012, seen from above, showing its single-seat cockpit. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  138. Looking into a blue Messerschmitt KR200 from behind in 2008. Photo: Akela NDE, CC BY-SA 2.0 fr, via Wikimedia Commons.
  139. Looking down into a KR200 cockpit: yellow dashboard, handlebar and pedals. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  140. The cockpit of an open blue Messerschmitt KR200 Kabrio in Geneva in 2006: handlebar, instruments and tandem seats. Photo: Norbert Aepli, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons.
  141. Engine bay of a red KR200, with the spare wheel on the raised tail panel. Photo: EPei, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  142. An unpainted bare-metal 1957 KR200 on a show stand, 2024. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  143. White Messerschmitt of 1959, 660 MBH, lettered Messerschmitt Sport, with an aero screen and tonneau in place of a canopy, at a rally in September 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  144. A red Messerschmitt KR201 Roadster with its scissor hood raised in 2018. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  145. A red KR201 Roadster with its hood up, 2010. Photo: Bin im Garten, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  146. A cream 1964 KR201 with tonneau, labelled KR201 Sport, at Autoworld Brussels in 2021. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  147. Hungary, 1956: a pale Messerschmitt KR200 at the roadside, its canopy swung open to the right. Photo: Fortepan / Négyesi Pál, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  148. A Messerschmitt KR200 with its canopy open by a country road in Hungary in 1956, on a period colour slide that has faded warm. Photo: Fortepan / Négyesi Pál, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  149. Messerschmitt KR200 parked at the kerb of a Helsinki street with tram tracks, about 1960. Photo: Constantin Grünberg, Helsinki City Museum, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  150. A 1950 Fend Flitzer 101 coupé on display in a museum in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  151. A turquoise and white Messerschmitt KR175 at the Oldtimer show in Moscow in 2013. Photo: Svetlov Artem, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  152. A pale yellow 1959 FMR Tg500 with its Plexiglas canopy at Sherborne Castle, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  153. A blue 1957 Heinkel Kabine at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  154. A grey 1955 bubble-window Isetta 250 at the Isetta Club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  155. A green and white 1958 Zündapp Janus at the Deutsches Automuseum Langenburg in 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. David Garner, “Fritz Fend: father of the Messerschmitt Kabinenroller”, Messerschmitt Owners’ Club, 14 January 2014. messerschmitt.co.uk
  2. German Wikipedia, Messerschmitt Kabinenroller, read in full. Used as a lead; its references include Rosellen, Deutsche Kleinwagen (1991). de.wikipedia.org
  3. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1955 Messerschmitt KR-200” (the Vic Hyde car), tour page. www.microcarmuseum.com
  4. “KR 200 heißt der neue Kabinenroller”, news item, auto motor und sport 3/1955 (5 February 1955). archive.org
  5. Dr Paul Simsa, “Unser Test: Messerschmitt Kabinenroller KR 200”, auto motor und sport 22/1955 (October 1955), pp. 12–15. archive.org
  6. English Wikipedia, Messerschmitt KR200, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Automobile Quarterly 11 (2), 1973, and Jornal dos Clássicos, 2017. en.wikipedia.org
  7. “Produktionszahlen 1957”, West German car production 1955–⁠57, auto motor und sport 4/1958. archive.org
  8. Wolfgang Kraus, Uschi Kettenmann and Heiko Zimmermann, KR201 History, translated by David Garner, Messerschmitt Owners’ Club. messerschmitt.co.uk
  9. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “Messerschmitt KR-201 Roadster”, tour page. www.microcarmuseum.com
  10. Messerschmitt Owners’ Club (UK), model pages and “Messerschmitt 200 Super: a world record breaker!” (Messerschmitt Foundation of Great Britain, May 1994). messerschmitt.co.uk
  11. Günther Molter, “Rekorde der Kleinsten”, auto motor und sport 19/1955, p. 25, with the record table. archive.org
  12. Lane Motor Museum, “Messerschmitt KR200, 1957”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  13. Report on RM Auctions’ sale of the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia, 15–16 February 2013. www.supercars.net
  14. BMW Group, 50 years of the BMW Isetta, press kit, February 2005 (1960 price comparison). www.press.bmwgroup.com
  15. neue-kabinenroller.de, “Historical example KR 200” (a maker of modern replicas). www.neue-kabinenroller.de

Microcar concept cars since 1990

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The Nissan Pivo concept of 2005, with its round doors open, at the Tokyo Motor Show, Japan, in November 2005. Photo: machu., CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  2. The 1992 Renault Zoom concept by Matra, in its short configuration, at the Espace Automobiles Matra, Romorantin, France, in June 2012. Photo: Rémi, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The Nissan Pivo concept of 2005 with its cabin turned sideways, on display at the Science Museum, London, in June 2008. Photo: Giac83, CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A GM EN-V two-wheeled pod on display at Epcot’s Test Track, Florida, in December 2015. Photo: Theme Park Tourist, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The Hiriko folding electric microcar in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain, in June 2012. Photo: Robert Hextall, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. The Dacia Hipster concept of 2025 at the Brussels Motor Show, Belgium, in January 2026. Photo: Le Sharkoïste, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A red Lumeneo Smera tilting two-seater on a show stand in October 2008. Photo: El monty, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A white Lumeneo Smera at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2010. Photo: Lukasdesign, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. The Nissan Land Glider tilting concept of 2009 at the Tokyo Motor Show, Japan, in October 2009. Photo: kosabe, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. The gold Nissan Nuvu concept of 2008 on a show turntable in October 2008. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. The Nissan Pivo 2 concept of 2007, with its bubble cabin and wheel pods, on a show stand photographed in August 2009. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. The Opel RAK e tandem concept of 2011 at the Festival Automobile International, Paris, France, in January 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The silver Peugeot BB1 concept of 2009 from the front three-quarter on a show stand in September 2009. Photo: Overlaet, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. The SEAT Minimó concept of 2019 at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2019. Photo: Óscar Micó Cerdán, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. The Volkswagen Nils single-seat concept of 2011, front three-quarter, on a show stand in December 2011. Photo: NJo, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. The Nissan Pivo concept of 2005 from the rear three-quarter on its stand at the Tokyo Motor Show, Japan, in November 2005. Photo: machu., CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  17. The Nissan Pivo 3 concept with its door open at the Paris Motor Show, France, in September 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. The Volkswagen Nils single-seat concept of 2011 in profile on a show stand in December 2011. Photo: NJo, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The gold Nissan Nuvu concept of 2008 from the rear three-quarter on a show turntable in October 2008. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The Nissan Pivo 3 concept of 2011 from the rear three-quarter at a motor show in October 2012. Photo: Overlaet, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. The Opel RAK e tandem concept of 2011 from the rear three-quarter at the Festival Automobile International, Paris, France, in January 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. The SEAT Minimó concept of 2019 from the rear three-quarter at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2019. Photo: Óscar Micó Cerdán, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. The Nissan Pivo 3 concept of 2011 at a motor show in October 2012. Photo: Overlaet, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. The Nissan Pivo concept of 2005 with its doors open on display in a Nissan gallery in Japan in August 2009. Photo: TTTNIS, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  25. The Peugeot BB1 concept of 2009 at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, France, in April 2016. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. The Nissan Land Glider concept beside a Nissan Leaf for scale at the Tokyo Motor Show, Japan, in October 2009. Photo: kosabe, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. The Volkswagen 1-litre car study of 2002, with its tandem canopy and WOB L1 plate, photographed in November 2024. Photo: Derbrauni, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. The Volkswagen L1 concept of 2009 with its canopy raised, on a turntable, photographed in September 2009. Photo: Overlaet, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. The Volkswagen L1 concept of 2009 in profile with its canopy raised, photographed in September 2009. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. The Volkswagen L1 concept of 2009 from the rear three-quarter with its canopy raised, photographed in September 2009. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. The Nissan Pivo concept of 2005 with both round doors swung open, showing its red three-seat interior, at the Tokyo Motor Show in November 2005. Photo: machu., CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  32. The Nissan Pivo 2 concept with its door open at the Tokyo Motor Show, Japan, in October 2007. Photo: Nguyen Hung Vu, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. The Nissan Pivo 2 concept of 2007 seen from above at the Tokyo Motor Show, Japan, with its cabin turned and robot agent on the dash. Photo: MIKI Yoshihito, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  34. The Opel RAK e concept with its canopy raised at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2012. Photo: Norbert Aepli, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. The Volkswagen Nils single-seat concept with its gullwing door open on a show stand in September 2011. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. The GM and Segway P.U.M.A. two-wheeled prototype on display at a motor show in April 2009. Photo: William J Sisti, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A red 2013 Renault Twizy 80 on grass in December 2021. Photo: PabloLinoCalleBoulicaud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A green Toyota i-Road being driven in Grenoble, France, in September 2014. Photo: Maskrosen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A Toyota e-com two-seat electric city car of 1997 at Toyota MegaWeb, Tokyo, Japan, in September 2007. Photo: 韋駄天狗, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A white 2013 Mia electric parked in a village street in Lunteren, Netherlands, in February 2014. Photo: Niels, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Renault Zoom, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  2. French Wikipedia, Renault Zoom, read in full. fr.wikipedia.org
  3. English Wikipedia, Volkswagen 1-litre car, the lead and the 2002 car. en.wikipedia.org
  4. English Wikipedia, Nissan Pivo, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  5. English Wikipedia, Yamaha Tesseract, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  6. English Wikipedia, Lumeneo SMERA, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  7. English Wikipedia, Nissan Nuvu, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  8. English Wikipedia, Peugeot BB1, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  9. English Wikipedia, Nissan Land Glider, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  10. English Wikipedia, Personal Urban Mobility and Accessibility, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  11. General Motors (China), “GM Unveils EN-V Concept: A Vision for Future Urban Mobility”, Shanghai, 25 March 2010, read in an archived copy. web.archive.org
  12. English Wikipedia, General Motors EN-V, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  13. egmCarTech, “Single-seat Volkswagen NILS Concept looks at future of electric urban driving”, 1 September 2011, with Volkswagen’s release in full, read in an archived copy. web.archive.org
  14. German Wikipedia, VW Nils, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  15. English Wikipedia, Opel RAK e, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  16. English Wikipedia, CityCar, in part. en.wikipedia.org
  17. English Wikipedia, Hiriko, the lead and the history. en.wikipedia.org
  18. English Wikipedia, SEAT Minimó, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  19. English Wikipedia, Dacia Hipster, read in full. en.wikipedia.org

Microcar MC1 and MC2: the 2003 licence-free gamble

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red Microcar MC1 Dynamic in a UK street in 2010. Photo: Mick from Northamptonshire, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A black Microcar MC2 Dynamic on grass in the UK in 2010. Photo: Mick from Northamptonshire, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A blue facelifted Microcar MC2 with a chrome grille in the UK in 2010. Photo: Mick from Northamptonshire, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A silver Microcar MC1 from behind in Bochum, Germany, in 2014, with its 45 km/h disc. Photo: Raenmaen, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A silver Microcar MC1 parked in Bochum, Germany, in 2014. Photo: Raenmaen, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A light blue Microcar MC1 quadricycle on a UK car park in 2011. Photo: Mick from Northamptonshire, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A red Microcar MC1 from the front quarter in the Netherlands in 2013. Photo: free photos & art, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A red Microcar MC1 on a sandy seafront car park in Portugal in 2010. Photo: Michael Gil from Calgary, AB, Canada, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A pale blue Microcar MC1 from the front quarter in Warsaw in 2017. Photo: Raf24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A red and silver Microcar MC1 moped-car in the Netherlands in 2013. Photo: free photos & art, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A pale blue Microcar MC1 parked on a Warsaw pavement in 2017. Photo: Raf24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A silver Microcar MC2 Dynamic in a UK car park in 2011. Photo: Mick from Northamptonshire, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A red and silver Microcar MC2 from the front quarter in 2007. Photo: Thomas doerfer, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A silver Microcar MC2 Dynamic from the rear quarter in the United Kingdom in 2011. Photo: Mick from Northamptonshire, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A red and silver Microcar MC2 from the rear in 2007. Photo: Thomas doerfer, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A dark blue Ligier JS50 with a white roof at the Warsaw Motor Show in 2016. Photo: Jakub “Flyz1” Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A blue 2006 Aixam A751 Super Luxe at Preston, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A Bellier Véloto with soft top and roll-up doors at the Musée Maurice Dufresne, Azay-le-Rideau, in 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. French Wikipedia, Microcar, read in full. Used as a lead. fr.wikipedia.org
  2. German Wikipedia, Microcar (Automarke), read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Les Échos, Libération, Ouest-France Auto and Georgano. de.wikipedia.org
  3. “Microcar muscle la MC1”, Le Journal de l’Automobile, 28 May 2004, read in full. journalauto.com
  4. “Microcar prend de la hauteur”, Le Journal de l’Automobile, 6 June 2008, read in full. journalauto.com
  5. “Microcar, c’est l’Amérique”, Le Journal de l’Automobile, 29 September 2006, read in full. journalauto.com
  6. “Microcar MC1 (2007) review”, CAR magazine, read in full. carmagazine.co.uk
  7. France 3 Pays de la Loire, “Ligier arrête la production de ses voitures sans permis en Vendée”, 9 January 2025, read in full. france3-regions.franceinfo.fr
  8. Génération Sans Permis, “Microcar F8C 2012” and “Microcar M8, l’anti-Chatenet”, read. www.gsanspermis.com

Microcar RJ49: Jeanneau’s licence-free car of 1980

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red Minicat in a museum line-up in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A red Microcar MC1 Dynamic in a UK street in 2010. Photo: Mick from Northamptonshire, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The Lane Motor Museum’s 1980 Ligier JS4 from the left front in 2024, with G. Rendu lettering on its door. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A blue 2006 Aixam A751 Super Luxe at Preston, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A red and grey Erad Junior, a model of 1988 or later, at the Association Lorraine des Amateurs d’Automobiles in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A gold JDM Abaca in profile in a French street in 2008. Photo: Kamel15, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Lane Motor Museum, “Microcar RJ 49E – 1985”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  2. German Wikipedia, Microcar (Automarke), read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  3. German Wikipedia, Mini-Cat, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  4. “Après la France, l’Europe…”, L’argus, 11 October 1999. www.largus.fr
  5. Ligier, “Notre histoire”, company website. www.ligier.fr
  6. English Wikipedia, Microcar (brand), read in full. en.wikipedia.org

Microlino: the electric Isetta from Switzerland, 2022–

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A matt-green Microlino in a courtyard in May 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The production Microlino and its bare body shell on the Micro stand at IAA Mobility, Munich, Germany, in September 2021. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A blue and white Microlino with its front door and rear hatch open in a Swiss showroom in March 2024. Photo: Corvettec6r, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A light-blue Microlino Lite, the 45 km/h version, at the Geneva International Motor Show, Switzerland, in February 2024. Photo: Alexander-93, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The first Microlino prototype at its debut on the Micro stand at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2016. Photo: Norbert Aepli, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. The blue and white Artega Karo, a Microlino-derived car, at the Frankfurt Motor Show, Germany, in September 2019. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A pale-green Evetta Prima at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen, Germany, in September 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A blue and white Microlino at the Seoul Mobility Show, South Korea, in April 2023. Photo: Damian B Oh, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A navy Microlino at an outdoor car show in November 2023. Photo: Alexandre Prevot, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. An orange Microlino in ‘Size Matters’ livery at the Motortreff Bella Italia meeting, Motorworld München, Germany, in July 2024. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A pale-green Microlino with a white roof on a dealer stand at IAA Mobility, Munich, Germany, in September 2023. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A crimson Microlino with a black roof at Auto Zürich, Switzerland, in October 2025. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A red right-hand-drive Microlino in a parking bay in London, England, in July 2026. Photo: Mike Peel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A white Microlino in profile in a street in Berlin, Germany, in May 2026. Photo: JoachimKohler-HB, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A blue and white Microlino from the rear three-quarter at the Seoul Mobility Show, South Korea, in April 2023. Photo: Damian B Oh, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A navy Microlino from the rear three-quarter at IAA Mobility, Munich, Germany, in September 2023. Photo: Alexander-93, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A white Microlino seen head-on in a street in Berlin, Germany, in May 2026. Photo: JoachimKohler-HB, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A matt-green Microlino with a Swiss map graphic at Auto Zürich, Switzerland, in November 2024. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A blue Microlino Lite from directly behind at the Geneva International Motor Show, Switzerland, in February 2024. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A red Microlino from directly behind in a London parking bay, England, in July 2026. Photo: Mike Peel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A red and white Microlino at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2018. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A Microlino prototype (#1), lettered Tazzari EV, in profile with its front door open near Zürich, Switzerland, in October 2016. Photo: Nicolás Boullosa, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  23. The cream and white 2019 Microlino concept car at the Haynes Motor Museum, Sparkford, England, in August 2023. Photo: David Merrett, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  24. The cream and white 2019 Microlino concept car on display in a museum in September 2025. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. The bench seat and floor of a Microlino seen through its open front door at Motorworld München, Germany, in September 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. The dashboard of a Microlino, with its steering wheel and patterned trim panel, at Motorworld München, Germany, in September 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A blue and white Microlino with its front door open, showing the bench seat, at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2018. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. The bare body structure of a production Microlino, with its front door, at the Geneva International Motor Show, Switzerland, in February 2024. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. The bare Microlino body shell from behind, with its tailgate raised, at the Geneva International Motor Show, Switzerland, in February 2024. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A blue and white Microlino prototype (#1), lettered Tazzari EV, with its front door open in a courtyard near Zürich, Switzerland, in October 2016. Photo: Nicolás Boullosa, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  31. A silver Evetta Openair First Edition with leather seats at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen, Germany, in September 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. The Microlino Spiaggina from the rear three-quarter at Auto Zürich, Switzerland, in November 2024. Photo: Alexander-93, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A blue Evetta Cargo pick-up with a canvas-covered load bed at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen, Germany, in September 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. An Evetta Prima with its front door open at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen, Germany, in September 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. The Microlino Spiaggina beach car with its striped canopy at Auto Zürich, Switzerland, in November 2024. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A grey 1955 bubble-window Isetta 250 at the Isetta Club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A 1953 Iso Isetta at the Bonhams sale in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A red Tazzari Zero with a black roof parked in a street in Rome, Italy, in July 2013. Photo: 罗布泊, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A grey 2021 Citroën Ami with orange wheel inserts in Valbonne, France, in October 2021. Photo: John K, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A black and grey Mobilize Duo at a kerb in a town street in France in January 2026. Photo: Alexandre Prevot, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A red 2013 Renault Twizy 80 on grass in December 2021. Photo: PabloLinoCalleBoulicaud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Microlino, read in full, with its infobox and references. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  2. German Wikipedia, Microlino, read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  3. “Micro Mobility manages to block Artega Karolino”, electrive, 26 August 2019, updated 27 August. www.electrive.com
  4. “No go for little Karo(lino) aka Microlino”, electrive, 28 September 2019. electrive.com
  5. “Microlino y Artega llegan a un acuerdo extrajudicial”, electrive (Spanish edition), 5 January 2020. www.electrive.com
  6. Sebastian Renz, “Microlino Pioneer: Erste Fahrt im Isetta-E-Klon”, auto motor und sport, 24 April 2023. www.auto-motor-und-sport.de
  7. German Wikipedia, Evetta, read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  8. “Artega stellt Elektro-Leichtfahrzeug Karo vor”, ecomento.de, 20 September 2019. ecomento.de
  9. “E-Isetta kostet als Cabrio bis zu 33.333 Euro”, auto motor und sport, updated 17 February 2023. www.auto-motor-und-sport.de

Mikrus MR-300: Poland’s only series-built microcar

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A blue Mikrus MR-300 on the quay at Szafarnia, Gdańsk, in 2012. Photo: Artur Andrzej, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A Mikrus MR-300 beside the Smyk prototype, its rival of 1957, in the Kraków museum in 2023. Photo: Andrzej Otrębski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The WSK Meduza prototype, an alternative body on the Mikrus floor pan, at the Classic Moto Show in Kraków in 2015. Photo: Dawid Skwarczeński, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The louvred engine lid of the blue Mikrus MR-300 at the Kraków museum, 2010. Photo: Dawid783, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A cream Mikrus MR-300 at the Classic Moto Show in Kraków in 2015. Photo: Dawid Skwarczeński, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A pale blue Mikrus MR-300 in the technical museum in Kraków in 2007. Photo: photobeppus, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A red Mikrus MR-300 at the classic-car festival in Mielec, where it was built, in 2007. Photo: Michał Rydzy, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A blue Mikrus MR-300 at the Museum of Technology and Transport, Szczecin, in 2010. Photo: Kerim44, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A turquoise and white Mikrus MR-300 at Motoclassic Wrocław in 2015. Photo: MartinHansV, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A red and white Mikrus MR-300 at the “Klasyki w FSO” show in Warsaw in 2019. Photo: strowger, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A turquoise Mikrus MR-300 in profile at a show in 2015. Photo: Jakub Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A turquoise and white Mikrus MR-300 in profile at a meeting in Wrocław in 2016. Photo: Yeupou, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The Gdańsk Mikrus MR-300 from behind on the quay, 2012. Photo: Artur Andrzej, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A pale blue Mikrus MR-300 in a museum in 2024, from the rear three-quarter. Photo: Pibwl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. The turquoise Mikrus MR-300 from behind at Motoclassic Wrocław in 2015, showing its louvred engine lid. Photo: MartinHansV, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. The Mikrus MR-300 at the Kraków museum seen square from behind, 2010. Photo: Dawid783, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A blue Mikrus MR-300 at the motoring and technology museum in Białystok in 2023. Photo: Zala, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A cream Mikrus MR-300 at the Chlewiska museum in 2016. Photo: Jakub Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A blue Mikrus MR-300 head-on at the Museum of Municipal Engineering, Kraków, in 2010. Photo: Dawid783, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The turquoise and white Mikrus MR-300 head-on at Wrocław in 2016. Photo: Yeupou, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A pale blue Mikrus MR-300 on the move along a street in 2014. Photo: Michał Krawiec, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A bright blue Mikrus MR-300 in the Kraków museum in 2017. Photo: Jakub Hałun, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A cream Mikrus MR-300 at the Museum of Municipal Engineering, Kraków, in 2016. Photo: Jakub Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A Mikrus MR-300 and a Syrena 105 on the quay by the old crane in Gdańsk, 2011. Photo: Andrzej Otrębski, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A cream Mikrus MR-300 head-on in a Polish museum in 2006. Photo: Hubert Śmietanka, CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A turquoise Mikrus MR-300 at the motor museum in Nieborów in 2016. Photo: Polimerek, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. Inside a cream Mikrus MR-300 at the Chlewiska museum in 2016: white wheel, dashboard and seats. Photo: Jakub Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. The dashboard of a Mikrus MR-300: speedometer, switches and steering wheel. Photo: Jakub Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. The WSK emblem on the nose of a Mikrus MR-300, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. The chrome “Mikrus” script on the blue body of a Mikrus MR-300 in Gdańsk in 2011. Photo: Andrzej Otrębski, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. The WSK Meduza prototype from behind, showing its oval engine grille, Kraków, 2016. Photo: Jakub Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A pale blue Goggomobil saloon at a meeting in Wingst, 2019. Photo: © Ra Boe / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A brown Velorex 16/350 with its black hood up, parked by a lawn in the Netherlands in 2011. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A white 1973 Fiat 126 of the first series on a woodland verge in England in 2009. Photo: Tony Harrison, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Polish Wikipedia, Mikrus MR-300, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites the Encyklopedia miasta Mielca, Motor (1959) and oldtimery.com. pl.wikipedia.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Mikrus MR-300, read in full; used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  3. German Wikipedia, Mikrus MR-300, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Linz and Schrader and Georgano’s Beaulieu Encyclopedia, vol. 2, p. 1036. de.wikipedia.org
  4. Eugeniusz Guliński (WSK Mielec), “MIKRUS a GOGGOMOBIL”, Motor 16/1959, transcribed on mikrus.net.pl (20 June 2018), read in full. mikrus.net.pl
  5. Eugeniusz Guliński (WSK Mielec), “Rozwój – Cena – Zmiany – Usterki – Modernizacja – Projekty”, Motor 16/1959, transcribed on mikrus.net.pl (12 December 2018), read in full. mikrus.net.pl
  6. “MIKRUSY na sportowo”, Motor 16/1959, transcribed on mikrus.net.pl, read in full. mikrus.net.pl
  7. Polish Wikipedia, WSK Meduza, read; it cites Szelichowski (2003) and Zieliński (2006). pl.wikipedia.org
  8. Polish Wikipedia, Smyk (samochód), read; it cites Szczerbicki, Samochody PRL (2014). pl.wikipedia.org
  9. Polish Wikipedia, WFM Fafik, read. pl.wikipedia.org

Minicat: a Peugeot moped in a plastic shell

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red Minicat in a museum line-up in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A Bellier Véloto with soft top and roll-up doors at the Musée Maurice Dufresne, Azay-le-Rideau, in 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A turquoise Arola 20, one of the last four-wheeled Arolas of the early 1980s, on a Dutch pavement in 2010. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A white Mini Comtesse with its MC emblem at Rétromobile in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A beige and brown 1978 SEAB Flipper I in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A red and grey Erad Junior, a model of 1988 or later, at the Association Lorraine des Amateurs d’Automobiles in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Mini-Cat, read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader, Georgano and René Bellu’s Automobilia issues on the Salons of 1978 and 1979. de.wikipedia.org
  2. German Wikipedia, Microcar (Automarke), read in full. de.wikipedia.org

Minissima: William Towns’s end-on city car, 1972

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The Minissima shown outdoors at the London to Brighton Mini Run in 2007. Photo: foshie, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The Minissima in profile in 2010, with no side doors: entry was through the rear. Photo: Smu95rp, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. An Elswick Envoy with its doors open, showing the wheelchair space behind, in 2018. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  4. William Towns’s Microdot and Minissima concepts side by side in 2010. Photo: Smu95rp, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The Minissima on museum display with a Volkswagen bus and a Renault 4 behind it in 2022. Photo: amanderson2, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  6. The Minissima at Gaydon in 2006. Photo: DeFacto, CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The Minissima’s interior and dashboard seen from the rear door in 2010. Photo: Smu95rp, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A green 1984 Elswick Envoy, A693 VVP, the wheelchair-accessible car developed from the Minissima, at a show in 2019. Photo: kieranwhite599, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  9. A 1984 Elswick Envoy, A693 VVP, on a trailer with its bonnet raised in 2018. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  10. The Elswick Envoy in profile on its trailer in 2018. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  11. The dashboard and striped seats of the Towns Microdot in 2010. Photo: Smu95rp, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. The Towns Microdot’s cabin through its open roof panel in 2010. Photo: Smu95rp, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The Towns Microdot concept at an outdoor event around 1980. Photo: Malcolma, CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A pale blue 1976 AC Model 70, NPN 924P, on the grass at a show in 2010. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A red and black 2001 Smart City-Coupé passion (450) ‘Softouch’ in Leamington Spa, England, in January 2020. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A blue July 1975 Mk1 Robin 750 at the Knebworth House Classic Motor Show in 2013. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Minissima, revision of 21 September 2025, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Keith Adams, AROnline, the Science Museum and IndieWire of 17 April 2008. en.wikipedia.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Microdot (car), read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Motor of 30 October 1976, AROnline (2016), the Oxford Mail (2017) and Companies House. en.wikipedia.org
  3. Hagerty UK, “Elswick Envoy: the 1970s concept car you can buy”, read in full. www.hagerty.co.uk
  4. Classic & Sports Car, “Tailored by Towns”, read in full. classicandsportscar.com
  5. Hagerty UK, “10 cars by William Towns”, read in full. www.hagerty.co.uk
  6. Auto Motor Klassiek, “De Minissima. Het leek zo’n leuk idee”, 22 August 2018, English edition, read in full; partly drawn from Wikipedia, with errors. en.amklassiek.nl
  7. Science Museum Group, “Elswick Envoy Road Car”, 1986, object 2007-39, read. collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk

Mitsubishi 500: Mitsubishi’s first post-war car, 1960

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A cream 1960 Mitsubishi 500 in the Mitsubishi Auto Gallery, Okazaki, in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A sectioned Mitsubishi NE19A engine, the 500’s 493 cc air-cooled twin, on display in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A grey 1962 Mitsubishi Colt 600, the 500’s successor with tail fins and a larger engine, in the Mitsubishi Auto Gallery in 2010. Photo: Yones, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A blue Mitsubishi 500 with whitewall tyres on display. Photo: Syced, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A green 1960 Mitsubishi 500 (A10) at the Petersen Automotive Museum, Los Angeles, in 2018. Photo: Cars Down Under, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A cream Mitsubishi 500 carrying the number A48 at a show in the United States in 2008. Photo: Michael Hicks, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A Mitsubishi 500 and a Colt 600 together in the Mitsubishi Auto Gallery, Okazaki, in 2006. Photo: Ooyubari9201, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A turquoise Mitsubishi 500 in the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A green Mitsubishi 500 Super Deluxe in the Mitsubishi Auto Gallery, Okazaki, in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A blue 1961 Mitsubishi 500 Super Deluxe (A11) in the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1961 Mitsubishi 500 Super Deluxe from the front right in 2025. Photo: Coolalabright, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A green Mitsubishi 500 Super Deluxe from behind at the Mitsubishi Auto Gallery, Okazaki, in 2025, showing its engine-lid slots and tail lamps. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A 1961 Mitsubishi 500 Super Deluxe from behind in the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. The cabin of a 1960 Mitsubishi 500 at the Mitsubishi Auto Gallery, Okazaki, in 2026, with maroon seats, a thin steering wheel and a painted dashboard. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. The dashboard and two-spoke steering wheel of a cream Mitsubishi 500, seen through its window at a show in the United States in 2008. Photo: Michael Hicks, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. The air-cooled NE19 twin in the tail of a cream Mitsubishi 500 at a show in the United States in 2008. Photo: Michael Hicks, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A red Colt 600 convertible, a replica of the show car, in the Mitsubishi Auto Gallery in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. The red Colt 600 convertible replica from behind in the Mitsubishi Auto Gallery in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A Mitsubishi Colt 600 Deluxe (A13) in the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1958 Subaru 360 from the left front three-quarter in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A maroon Mazda R360 Coupe at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, Germany, in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A pale green first-generation Mitsubishi Minica Deluxe at a meeting in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. The Suzuki museum’s Carry FB from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. JSAE (Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan), 330 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology, 1-23: Mitsubishi 500 A10, read in full; its reference is Shin Mitsubishi Heavy Industries’ technical review, vol. 2, no. 1. www.jsae.or.jp
  2. Japanese Wikipedia, Mitsubishi 500, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  3. Toyota Automobile Museum, collection database, record 194 (Mitsubishi 500 A11), read in full. toyota-automobile-museum.jp
  4. Mitsubishi Motors, “Car History”, read in summary. www.mitsubishi-motors.com
  5. English Wikipedia, Mitsubishi 500, read as wikitext; its motorsport section cites Mitsubishi’s archived “A Glorious Heritage” page. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org

Mitsubishi Minica: the long-lived kei car, 1962–⁠89

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A pale green first-generation Mitsubishi Minica Deluxe at a meeting in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The white first-generation Minica from behind in 2006, showing its upright rear window and small fins. Photo: ignis, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. An orange 1970 Mitsubishi Minica 70 GSS, the twin-carburettor sports model, in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A 1973 Mitsubishi Minica Skipper IV from behind at the Mitsubishi Auto Gallery, Okazaki, in 2025, showing its scooped rear glass. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A pale green 1964 Mitsubishi Minica with whitewall tyres on a show stand in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A pale blue 1966–⁠67 Mitsubishi Minica with a for-sale card at a meeting in 2014. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A white first-generation Mitsubishi Minica (1962–⁠69) parked in a Japanese street in 2006. Photo: ignis, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A grey 1967 Mitsubishi Minica with rally number 78 at a meeting in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A red 1969 Mitsubishi Minica Super Deluxe at a meeting in 2014. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A pale green first-generation Mitsubishi Minica Deluxe from behind at a meeting in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. The Fukuoka museum’s Minica from behind in 2026. Photo: 攻殼機動隊員, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A grey 1967 Mitsubishi Minica from behind in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The red 1969 Minica Super Deluxe from behind in 2014. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A cream 1966 Mitsubishi Minica in a museum display in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A cream first-generation Mitsubishi Minica Deluxe in the Japanese Famous Car Museum, Fukuoka, in 2026. Photo: 攻殼機動隊員, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A grey 1967 Mitsubishi Minica Deluxe (LA21) in the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A cream Mitsubishi Minica Super Deluxe (LA23) in the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in 2023. Photo: MikaPr65, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A white fourth-generation Mitsubishi Minica in 2010. Photo: Kuha455405, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A silver Mitsubishi Minica Ami 55 GL at a meeting in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A white Mitsubishi Minica Ami 55 Super Deluxe beside a yellow Minica at the Onkochishin spring meeting, Gifu, in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A copper Mitsubishi Minica Ami 55 XL in 2015. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A silver Mitsubishi Minica Ami 55 XL with a roof rack and period toys at the Just My Taste meeting, Tarui, in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A white 1981 Mitsubishi Minica 55 UtiLica, the commercial version, at a meeting in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A white fourth-generation Minica from behind in 2010. Photo: Kuha455405, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A copper Mitsubishi Minica Ami 55 XL from behind in 2015. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. The 1981 UtiLica from behind in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A white fifth-generation Mitsubishi Minica 4WD in the snow in 2009. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A 1988 Mitsubishi Minica Econo ZEO, a late 550 cc hot hatch, in Okazaki in 2013. Photo: Ken T1381, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. The fifth-generation Minica 4WD from behind in 2009. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A white Mitsubishi Minica Exceed, of the fifth generation, at a meeting in 2011. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A white 1971 Mitsubishi Minica 70 with quad headlamps in 2014. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. An orange Mitsubishi Minica 70 Hi-Deluxe in 2009. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. The 1970 Minica 70 GSS from behind in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. An orange Minica 70 Hi-Deluxe from behind in 2012. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A green 1973 Mitsubishi Minica F4 Custom indoors in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A silver 1972 Mitsubishi Minica F4 GL on a wet day at a meeting in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A green third-generation Mitsubishi Minica F4 in 2008. Photo: Ypy31, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A green 1973 Mitsubishi Minica F4 Custom from behind in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A silver 1972 Mitsubishi Minica F4 GL from behind in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A yellow 1972 Mitsubishi Minica Skipper at an indoor show in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. An orange 1973 Mitsubishi Minica Skipper IV in the Mitsubishi Auto Gallery, Okazaki, in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A white 1973 Mitsubishi Minica Skipper IV L/L with a side stripe at a meeting in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. An orange Mitsubishi Minica Skipper IV in profile in 2010. Photo: M m skipper2006, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A white 1973 Mitsubishi Minica Skipper IV L/L from behind in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A white Mitsubishi Minica Skipper GT from behind in 2012. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A white Mitsubishi Minica Skipper GT head-on, with club badges, in 2012. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. The cabin of a 1964 Mitsubishi Minica in 2026: two-spoke wheel, painted dashboard and green-and-white seats. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. The cab of the 1969 Minica pickup at Gifu in 2024: red bench seat and large steering wheel. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. The cabin of a 1973 Mitsubishi Minica Skipper IV at the Mitsubishi Auto Gallery, Okazaki, in 2025: three-spoke wheel and round dials in a woodgrain-effect fascia. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. The turbocharged, intercooled 3G81 engine of a Minica Econo (H14V) in 2013. Photo: Ken T1381, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. The 2G23 engine in a fourth-generation Mitsubishi Minica Econo, photographed in 2009. Photo: Ken T1381, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. The ME24 two-stroke twin under the bonnet of a 1967 Mitsubishi Minica in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. The 2G10 water-cooled two-stroke twin in a Minica Skipper, photographed in 2003. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. The MINICA ami55 script and tail lamp on the silver Ami 55 at Tarui in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. A white Mitsubishi Minica 70 van in 2009. Photo: Ypy31, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. A derelict fourth-generation Minica Econo van beside a 1990s Minica van in 2013. Photo: Hd207, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. A white 1969 Mitsubishi Minica pickup (LT25) at a meeting in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. A white 1969 Minica pickup with a MINICA display board at the Onkochishin spring meeting, Gifu, in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. A cream 1960 Mitsubishi 500 in the Mitsubishi Auto Gallery, Okazaki, in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  60. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1958 Subaru 360 from the left front three-quarter in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. A red Mazda Carol 360 at a classic car meeting in Japan in 2019. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. The white Fellow Super Deluxe from the front at Daihatsu Humobility World in 2025. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  63. The Honda Collection Hall’s red N360 from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. A very early 1967 Suzuki Fronte 360 Deluxe, with the thicker first-year mouldings, at Suzuki Plaza, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Japanese Wikipedia, Mitsubishi Minica, generations one to six, read in full to 1989. ja.wikipedia.org
  2. Mitsubishi Motors, “Car History”, read in summary. www.mitsubishi-motors.com
  3. Japanese Wikipedia, Mitsubishi Minicab, the section on the change of maker in June 1970. ja.wikipedia.org
  4. Japanese Wikipedia, Mitsubishi 360, read in full; it cites 360 cc Kei Jidōsha no Subete (San’ei Shobō). ja.wikipedia.org
  5. JSAE (Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan), 330 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology, 1-22: Mazda R360 Coupe, read in full. www.jsae.or.jp

Mobilize Duo: the Twizy’s tandem successor, 2024–⁠25

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A black and grey Mobilize Duo at a kerb in a town street in France in January 2026. Photo: Alexandre Prevot, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A Mobilize Duo with its large door raised at Auto Zürich, Switzerland, in November 2024. Photo: Alexander-93, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Inside a Mobilize Duo at Auto Zürich, Switzerland, in November 2024: the driver’s seat and compact dashboard. Photo: Alexander-93, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The Mobilize Duo prototype with its door raised at the EV Experience, Zandvoort, Netherlands, in September 2023. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A Mobilize Bento with an orange cargo box at IAA Transportation, Hanover, Germany, in September 2024. Photo: MarcelX42, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A Mobilize Duo with orange accents on the Mobilize stand at Auto Zürich, Switzerland, in November 2024. Photo: Alexander-93, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A Mobilize Duo on the Mobilize stand at Auto Zürich, Switzerland, in November 2024, seen low from the front three-quarter. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A black and grey Mobilize Duo in profile at a kerb in France in January 2026. Photo: Alexandre Prevot, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A black and grey Mobilize Duo from the rear three-quarter in a street in France in January 2026. Photo: Alexandre Prevot, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A Mobilize Duo from the rear three-quarter at Auto Zürich, Switzerland, in November 2024. Photo: Alexander-93, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A Mobilize Duo seen head-on with both doors raised on the Mobilize stand at EICMA, Milan, Italy, in November 2024. Photo: AVMOTO, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A Mobilize Bento head-on with its door raised at IAA Transportation, Hanover, Germany, in September 2024. Photo: MarcelX42, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A Mobilize Bento, the one-seat cargo version of the Duo, at Auto Zürich, Switzerland, in November 2024. Photo: Alexander-93, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A Mobilize Bento from behind, showing its cargo box door, at Auto Zürich, Switzerland, in November 2024. Photo: Alexander-93, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A Mobilize Bento with its door raised at EICMA, Milan, Italy, in November 2024. Photo: AVMOTO, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A Mobilize Bento in profile at IAA Transportation, Hanover, Germany, in September 2024. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A red 2013 Renault Twizy 80 on grass in December 2021. Photo: PabloLinoCalleBoulicaud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A grey 2021 Citroën Ami with orange wheel inserts in Valbonne, France, in October 2021. Photo: John K, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A matt-green Microlino in a courtyard in May 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A blue 2006 Aixam A751 Super Luxe at Preston, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Mobilize Duo, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  2. Thanos Pappas, “Renault’s smallest and quirkiest EV is dead”, Carscoops, 15 December 2025. www.carscoops.com
  3. “Mobilize Duo: Renault-Twizy successor set to launch at €9,990”, electrive, 10 October 2024. www.electrive.com
  4. “Bye-bye Twizy”, electrive, 17 July 2023. www.electrive.com
  5. French Wikipedia, Mobilize Duo. Used as a lead. fr.wikipedia.org
  6. Inovev, “Renault is halting production of the Mobilize Duo and Bento”, 8 January 2026. www.inovev.com
  7. Matt Allan, review of the Mobilize Duo 80, EV Powered, 13 November 2024. evpowered.co.uk
  8. “Renault chiude Mobilize: stop produzione Duo”, HDmotori, 15 December 2025. www.hdmotori.it

Mochet CM-125: France’s licence-free car of the 1950s

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A yellow and maroon 1953 Mochet CM-125 Luxe in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A man and a woman in a two-seat pedal Vélocar, lettered Le Vélocar, in 1928. Photo: Spaarnestad Photo, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A blue 1948 Mochet voiturette with black wings and hood in the Musée Maurice Dufresne, Azay-le-Rideau, in 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A cream Mochet CM-125Y Berline with its sunroof folded at a meeting in Mesland, Loir-et-Cher. Photo: Daniel Jolivet, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The blue 1948 Mochet voiturette from the front quarter at the Musée Maurice Dufresne in 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A red and yellow 1954 Mochet CM-125 Luxe at a seafront display in Golfe-Juan in 2013. Photo: MarcMFresko, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A yellow Mochet CM-125 Luxe with black wings at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2005. Photo: Norbert Schnitzler, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A red 1958 Mochet two-seat cabriolet in the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne in 2011. Photo: Croquant, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A red 1958 Mochet in a museum collection in 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. An unrestored grey 1949 Mochet Type CM with cycle wings among motorcycles in a museum. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. The 1954 Mochet CM-125 Luxe in profile with its hood folded at Golfe-Juan in 2013. Photo: MarcMFresko, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. The blue 1948 Mochet voiturette head-on at the Musée Maurice Dufresne in 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A pale pink 1951 Mochet CM-125 Luxe with black wings at Époqu’auto, Lyon, in 2007. Photo: Clément Bucco-Lechat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A red 1955 Mochet CM-125Y with grey grille bars, displayed indoors. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  15. The pale blue 1956 Mochet CM-125Y Berline with cream wheels in the Lane Motor Museum. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A green 1957 Mochet CM-125Y Berline with a cream top in a museum. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A cream Mochet CM-125Y Berline in profile at Mesland, Loir-et-Cher. Photo: Daniel Jolivet, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A pale blue 1956 Mochet CM-125Y Berline from the rear in the Lane Motor Museum, showing its rows of engine air holes. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A cream Mochet CM-125Y Berline from behind at Mesland, Loir-et-Cher, showing its engine air holes and exhaust. Photo: Daniel Jolivet, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A black Mochet CM-125Y Berline, 207 RX 54, in the Musée de l’Automobile de Lorraine in 2022. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  21. The rear-mounted 125 cc Ydral single of a modified Mochet CM-125Y at Rétromobile, Paris, in 2024. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  22. The oval Automobiles Mochet Puteaux badge on a Mochet, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. The maker’s plate, speedometer and gear lever of a 1954 Mochet CM-125 Luxe at Golfe-Juan, France, in 2013. Photo: MarcMFresko, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A heavily modified green Mochet CM-125Y racer in cartoon livery at Rétromobile in 2024. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  25. A black Mochet two-seat Vélocar with a tan canopy at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A red Rovin D2 with a cream hood at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2018. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. An unrestored P. Vallée Chantecler in a store, its paint patched and worn. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A red Avolette, an open fibreglass car, at an outdoor club meeting in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Mochet, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Linz and Schrader (2008) and Georgano (2001). de.wikipedia.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Mochet, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Linz and Schrader (1986) and Georgano (1975). en.wikipedia.org
  3. French Wikipedia, Charles Mochet, read in full. Used as a lead. fr.wikipedia.org
  4. Archives de la ville de Puteaux, “Les usines Mochet”, 14 August 2024, read in full. www.archives.puteaux.fr
  5. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, tour pages for its 1945 Vélocar Type H à moteur, 1948 Type K, 1949 Type CM, 1951 CM-125 Luxe and 1956 CM-125Y Berline (© 2002), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  6. Georges Mochet, Charles Mochet et le Vélocar, January 2001, compiled by Alexandre Pépin, on velorizontal.com; read in large part. The source of the recumbent story on the Vélocar’s page. web.archive.org
  7. RM Auctions, The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 319, “1954 Mochet CM-125 Luxe”, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  8. RM Auctions, The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, February 2013, lot 602, “1956 Mochet CM-125Y Camionette”, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  9. Hagerty valuation tools, past sales of a 1951 CM-125 Luxe (VIN 2695) and a 1956 CM-125Y (VIN 4616), seen as search-result summaries only. www.hagerty.com
  10. RM Sotheby’s, Petersen Automotive Museum sale, Los Angeles, December 2018, lot 178, “1954 Mochet CM-125 Luxe”, read in full. rmsothebys.com

Mochet Vélocar: the two-seat pedal car from Puteaux

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A black Mochet two-seat Vélocar with a tan canopy at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Cockpit of the yellow Mochet two-seat pedal Vélocar at a bicycle show in the United States in March 2012. Photo: Gene Bisbee, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Yellow Mochet two-seat pedal Vélocar at a bicycle show in the United States in March 2012. Photo: Gene Bisbee, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Dashboard of a Mochet Vélocar with the “Charles Mochet, Puteaux” maker’s plate and the pedal cranks below, at the Industrion, Kerkrade, in July 2004. Photo: Norbert Schnitzler, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A Mochet pedal Vélocar in profile at the Musée Barthélemy Thimonnier, Amplepuis, France, in 2020. Photo: Romainbehar, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A pedal Vélocar with a four-wheel sports body at the Industrion, Kerkrade, in 2004. Photo: Norbert Schnitzler, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Dark plywood Mochet two-seat pedal Vélocar from the rear quarter at the Musée Barthélemy Thimonnier, Amplepuis, in September 2020. Photo: Romainbehar, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A man and a woman in a two-seat pedal Vélocar, lettered Le Vélocar, in 1928. Photo: Spaarnestad Photo, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Young woman riding a Mochet Vélocar recumbent bicycle, the ‘vélocar à pédalage horizontal’, in a Paris street in 1933. Photo: Central News, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A yellow and maroon 1953 Mochet CM-125 Luxe in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. Red Sima-Violet two-seat cyclecar of 1924 with white wings at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. Paul Arzens’s 1942 Œuf électrique from the front quarter in the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, in 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Lane Motor Museum, “Mochet Le Velocar – 1926”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  2. Lane Motor Museum, “Mochet Velocar – 1931” (the Type H), collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  3. Georges Mochet, Charles Mochet et le Vélocar, January 2001, compiled by Alexandre Pépin with a preface by Francine Mochet, on velorizontal.com; read in large part. web.archive.org
  4. Arnfried Schmitz, La Mochet Story et record de l’heure (1989; French translation by Bernard Magnouloux, 2005 version with notes from Roger Faure and Marc Tauss), France-HPV, read in full. web.archive.org
  5. Archives municipales de Puteaux, Les usines Mochet, 14 August 2024, read in full. www.archives.puteaux.fr
  6. French Wikipedia, Vélocar, read in full. It cites Brüning (2000) and Cordon Champ (2004). fr.wikipedia.org
  7. French Wikipedia, Charles Mochet, read in full. fr.wikipedia.org
  8. English Wikipedia, Velocar, read in full. It cites Brüning and Cordon Champ. en.wikipedia.org

Micro vans and utility microcars since 1990

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A black and white Goupil G4 drop-side at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, Germany, in September 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. An Alkè ATX 280E with an insulated box body in the Netherlands in August 2011. Photo: Joost J. Bakker, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A JCDecaux Goupil G3 service van at work on the Boulevard Richard-Lenoir, Paris, France, in June 2012. Photo: Coyau, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A red Japan Post Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV van in Ginza, Tokyo, Japan, in 2020. Photo: Comyu, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A Mobilize Bento cargo quadricycle at Auto Zürich, Switzerland, in November 2024. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. An Alkè ATX 280E electric utility vehicle with a drop-side bed on a city street at night in August 2010. Photo: Teflon, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A Goupil G4 tipper with red and white warning stripes at a garden show in Kirchheim bei München, Germany, in July 2024. Photo: Renardo la vulpo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A Mega e-Worker with a caged bed parked on grass in Bad Zwischenahn, Germany, in May 2023. Photo: JoachimKohler-HB, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A Mega e-Worker drop-side at Zürich Zoo, Switzerland, in November 2016. Photo: JoachimKohler-HB, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A blue and grey Aixam Mega MultiTruck box van in September 2018. Photo: JoachimKohler-HB, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A white Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV van in a car park in Japan in December 2018. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A Mega e-Worker with a caged bed and warning sign in Challes-les-Eaux, France, in December 2016. Photo: Anthony Levrot, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A Mega MultiTruck box van in profile in France in 2010. Photo: Rama, CC BY-SA 2.0 fr, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A Goupil G4 tipper at the Jardin d’Acclimatation, Paris, France, in July 2020. Photo: Romainbehar, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. An Aixam Mega MultiTruck pickup from the rear three-quarter in a car park. Photo: Corvettec6r, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A line of Goupil G5 and G4 and Mega e-Worker utility vehicles at a dealer in Challes-les-Eaux, France, in October 2016. Photo: Anthony Levrot, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A Goupil G3 electric box van in produce livery parked by a pink building in June 2014. Photo: JoachimKohler-HB, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A Goupil G3 hybrid drop-side of the Basque marinas authority on a quayside in the Basque Country, Spain, in May 2016. Photo: Vasconium, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  19. A Goupil G3 drop-side of the Basque marinas authority in Hondarribia, Spain, in October 2017. Photo: Vasconium, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A Goupil G3 tipper loaded with garden waste on the seafront at Weymouth, England, in July 2020. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. The load space of a Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV van with its tailgate up, in Japan in October 2012. Photo: Comyu, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. An Amsterdam street-cleaners’ Goupil G3 with a cage body in Amsterdam, Netherlands, in May 2013. Photo: Andy Mabbett, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV truck decorated for Christmas at the Osaka Motor Show, Japan, in December 2013. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A grey 2021 Citroën Ami with orange wheel inserts in Valbonne, France, in October 2021. Photo: John K, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A red 2013 Renault Twizy 80 on grass in December 2021. Photo: PabloLinoCalleBoulicaud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A dark green Ape 50 pick-up in an Italian piazza, 2010. Photo: Andrew Childs, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  27. A black single-seat Daihatsu Midget II Pick, imported to the United States, with its spare wheel on the nose, in October 2011. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.

Sources

  1. Polaris Industries, “Polaris to Acquire Goupil Industrie SA”, 17 November 2011, as republished by Dirt Trax Online. www.atvmag.com
  2. Trade-press articles on Goupil, among them the Journal de l’Automobile, Fleet News (6 July 2023) and The Driven (9 September 2021), read only in search summaries. journalauto.com
  3. English Wikipedia, Alkè, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  4. Alkè, the maker’s website, its list of models, 2026. www.alke.com
  5. French Wikipedia, Mega (automobile), with the Aixam articles in French and German Wikipedia. fr.wikipedia.org
  6. What Van?, “Ransomes Jacobsen appointed as new UK importer for Mega trucks”, 2012 or 2013, read in summary. www.whatvan.co.uk
  7. English Wikipedia, Piaggio Ape, its list of versions. en.wikipedia.org
  8. Luc Gagné, “Piaggio Ape Calessino Electric Lithium: an electrifying Dolce Vita!”, Auto123, 28 August 2009, the first page. www.auto123.com
  9. English Wikipedia, Mitsubishi Minicab, the section on the Minicab MiEV. en.wikipedia.org
  10. English Wikipedia, Renault Twizy, the section on the Twizy Cargo. en.wikipedia.org
  11. German Wikipedia, Renault Twizy, for the Cargo’s dates. de.wikipedia.org
  12. Stellantis & You UK, “Citroen Launches MY AMI Cargo: Made For Business Users”, 14 May 2021, Citroën’s release, read in full. www.stellantisandyou.co.uk
  13. English Wikipedia, Mobilize Duo, in part. en.wikipedia.org

Moretti: the Cita and Fiat-based minicars, 1946–⁠89

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A pale blue 1967 Fiat 500 Moretti Coupé at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A Fiat 500 Moretti Coupé of about 1960 on a show stand, in a period photograph. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A blue 1969 Moretti 500 Coupé in profile, 2009. Photo: Spicycle, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A yellow 1980 Fiat 127 Moretti Midimaxi at the Imola circuit in 2007, the larger 127-based beach car that followed the Minimaxi. Photo: Luc106, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A red Fiat 500 Moretti Coupé at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2024. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  6. A blue 1969 Moretti 500 Coupé from the left rear quarter in the United States in 2009. Photo: Spicycle, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The cabin of a 1969 Moretti 500 Coupé in the United States in 2009, with its drilled three-spoke wheel and red seats. Photo: Spicycle, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A red 1962 Moretti coupé on Fiat 600 mechanicals at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2011. Photo: Lebubu93, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 N with fixed side windows from the front in Bristol in 2017, its show card on the windscreen. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A white 1973 Fiat 126 of the first series on a woodland verge in England in 2009. Photo: Tony Harrison, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A red US-specification Ghia Jolly with a striped canopy at Ypsilanti, Michigan, in 2007. Photo: JOHN LLOYD from Concrete, Washington, United States, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A cream and black 1936 Fiat 500 A at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, in May 2026. Photo: Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A 1946 Volugrafo Bimbo 46 at the Mahymobiles museum, Leuze-en-Hainaut, Belgium, in 2014. Photo: Klaus Nahr, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A blue 1959 BMW 600 at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Italian Wikipedia, Moretti (azienda), read in full, with its picture captions. it.wikipedia.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Moretti S.p.A., read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  3. Driven to Write, “Book of the Dead — Moretti”, 4 August 2025, read as a page summary. driventowrite.com
  4. Italian Wikipedia, Moretti Cita, read in full; it cites carsfromitaly.net and carfolio.com. it.wikipedia.org
  5. Italian Wikipedia, Moretti 600, read in full. it.wikipedia.org
  6. Italian Wikipedia, Fiat 500 Moretti Coupé, read in full; its production figure is marked “citation needed”. it.wikipedia.org
  7. Artcurial Motorcars, Monaco, 2013 (sale 2426), lot 2, “1958 BMW Isetta 600 Moretti”, read as a page summary. www.artcurial.com

Morgan Three-Wheeler: the V-twin cyclecar, 1910–⁠1952

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Green 1935 Morgan Super Sports AKD 455 at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, England, in April 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Sliding-pillar front suspension of a 1927 Morgan, SV 8996, the Morgan hallmark, photographed in October 2013. Photo: Andy Dingley, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Sandford at the wheel of Morgan No. 20 with a passenger at the Circuit de la Sarthe, Le Mans, France, in August 1920. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Racing Morgan No. 77, lettered Morgan on its pointed tail, at the Gaillon hill-climb, Normandy, France, in October 1921. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Dhôme seated in Morgan No. 28 at the French motorcycle championship, Montlhéry, France, in July 1927. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Green 1918 Morgan Grand Prix with polished wood trim at a show in May 2015. Photo: Bob Adams, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Blue 1921 Morgan Sports in a museum display, photographed in February 2019. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Green Morgan three-wheeler of 1923 with yellow wheels and a suitcase on its tail at the Coupe Florio, Saint-Brieuc, France, in August 2015. Photo: Kev22, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Red 1930 Morgan Aero Super Sports No. 151 in a paddock in August 2015. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. Red 1933 Morgan Super Aero Sports XJ 5999 in a museum, photographed in June 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. Teal 1933 Morgan Super Sports in a museum, photographed in October 2016. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. White 1933 Morgan Super Sports with Matchless engine at an indoor show in September 2010. Photo: Bin im Garten, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. Blue 1934 Morgan ANC 646 with JAP V-twin on grass at a show in July 2013. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. Black 1934 Morgan Super Sports at Lime Rock, Connecticut, in September 2021. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. Blue 1934 Morgan Super Sports CA-176-514 at a show in February 2008. Photo: Bob Adams, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. Red and cream 1934 Morgan Super Sports TH 4140 at a show. Photo: Arpingstone, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. Yellow 1935 Morgan Super Sports ARU 784 at a show in May 2016. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. Red 1936 Morgan three-wheeler on a stand at a classic-car show in March 2018. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. Red Morgan V-twin sports BNP 161 in a showroom, photographed in July 2022. Photo: Seth Whales, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. Green Morgan Super Sports at the Cobble Beach concours in September 2013. Photo: Tino Rossini, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. Green Morgan DS 7781 in a museum, photographed in May 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. Green Morgan FAU 888 from the front quarter, photographed in June 2014. Photo: Thomas’s Pics, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. Morgan Super Sports at the Gaisberg rally start in the rain, Salzburg, Austria, in May 2013. Photo: MatthiasKabel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. Red JAP-engined Morgan DL-45-49 at a classic-car meeting in August 2009. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. Green Morgan Super Sports JF 4684 at the kerb, photographed in September 2008. Photo: Oxyman, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. Red Morgan No. 4 with a beetle-back racing body, parked in Liège, Belgium, in August 2015. Photo: Jean Housen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. Red Morgan Super Sports US 8130 from the front quarter at a show in June 2009. Photo: Ronald Saunders, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. Red Morgan racing special EKG 505, No. 2A, with a pointed tail, photographed in May 2025. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. Green 1930 Morgan Aero Super Sports photographed in a studio against black, in July 2024. Photo: JP Landsdale, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. Blue 1931 Morgan Super Sports in the Luray Caverns Car and Carriage Museum, Virginia, in July 2015. Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. Dark green 1938 Morgan Super Sports barrel-back with Matchless engine at a concours in June 2012. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. Red 1938 Morgan Super Sports WN 5420 from the side in the Haynes Motor Museum, Sparkford, England, in August 2013. Photo: Glen Bowman, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. Pale green 1947 Morgan F-Super with its tonneau, at a show in October 2014. Photo: Michel Curi, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. Green 1935 Morgan Super Sports AKD 455 in profile at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, England, in September 2016. Photo: Karen Roe, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. Red Morgan V-twin sports BNP 161 beside a board recording Morgan’s competition record of 1912–⁠20, photographed in April 2009. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. Blue Morgan F-Super with cream seats, photographed in September 2011. Photo: Brbbl, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. Green Morgan with its crew on the hill at Goodwood, England, in July 2009. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. Grey Morgan Super Sports with a driver aboard at a classic meeting in May 2013. Photo: KarleHorn, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. Red Morgan No. 4 in profile with its side exhausts, parked in Liège, Belgium, in August 2015. Photo: Jean Housen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. Rear of the black 1934 Morgan Super Sports at Lime Rock, Connecticut, in September 2021. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. Rear quarter of the green 1935 Morgan Super Sports AKD 455, showing its beetle-back tail, at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, England, in February 2018. Photo: DeFacto, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. Maroon Morgan with luggage on its tail at the Gaisberg rally in Salzburg, Austria, in May 2013. Photo: MatthiasKabel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. Rear of the red Morgan CNP 74 in its garden at the Chelsea Flower Show, London, in May 2019. Photo: Gareth1953, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. White Morgan Runabout of 1927, CJ 743, with its hood up and enclosed bonnet, in a microcar museum display in January 2008. Photo: Craig Howell, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. 1929 Morgan Super Aero No. 35, WM 4238, from the front in the paddock in July 2019. Photo: David Merrett, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. Red 1930 Morgan Super Sports Aero from the front at a show in June 2008. Photo: Liftarn, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. Cream 1933 Morgan ANF 64 from the front in a museum, photographed in November 2014. Photo: CapCase, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. Blue 1934 Morgan ANC 646 head-on, showing its JAP twin, headlamps and sliding pillars, in July 2013. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. Cream 1934 Morgan LJ 9729 head-on, its red-finned Matchless twin showing, at a show in June 2008. Photo: David Berry, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. Green 1935 Morgan Super Sports head-on, its Matchless V-twin with red M badges, at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim, Germany, in October 2009. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. Red 1938 Morgan Super Sports WN 5420 head-on in the Haynes Motor Museum, Sparkford, England, in January 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. Red Morgan Super Sports BLK 134 head-on with its JAP twin in Salzburg, Austria, in May 2009. Photo: MatthiasKabel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. Red Morgan BNP 161 head-on, photographed in April 2009. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. Red Morgan three-wheeler displayed in a garden at the Chelsea Flower Show, London, in May 2019. Photo: Gareth1953, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. Morgan three-wheeler ZA 209ZF from the front at the Gaisberg rally in Salzburg, Austria, in May 2013. Photo: MatthiasKabel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. Green Matchless-engined Morgan from the front quarter, photographed in October 2009. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. Red Morgan Super Sports US 8130 head-on at a show in June 2009. Photo: Ronald Saunders, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. Black 1929 Morgan Super Aero No. 35 racing on a circuit in July 2019. Photo: David Merrett, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. Green 1930 Morgan Super Aero No. 3 racing on a circuit in July 2019. Photo: David Merrett, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  60. Blue Morgan three-wheeler driving at Brooklands, Weybridge, England, in October 2013, with Concorde behind. Photo: Manhattan Research Inc., CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. Racing Morgan No. 21 driving at Brooklands, Weybridge, England, in October 2013, with Concorde behind. Photo: Manhattan Research Inc., CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. Red Morgan Super Sports BLK 134 climbing the Gaisberg, Salzburg, Austria, in May 2009. Photo: MatthiasKabel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  63. Red Morgan Super Sports BLK 134 from behind on the Gaisberg, Salzburg, Austria, in May 2009. Photo: MatthiasKabel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. Red Morgan Super Sports BLK 134 in the Salzburg town run, Austria, in June 2012, a crowd behind the barriers. Photo: MatthiasKabel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  65. A 1933 Matchless-engined Morgan racing in 1976. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  66. Racing Morgan three-wheeler No. 45 cornering on a hill-climb course in July 2021. Photo: Andrew Basterfield, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  67. Cockpit and placard of the blue 1931 Morgan Super Sports in the Luray Caverns Car and Carriage Museum, Virginia, in July 2015. Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  68. Black 1934 Morgan Super Sports behind a rope in a museum, photographed in December 2006. Photo: Stephen Foskett, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  69. Green 1935 Morgan Super Sports at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim, Germany, in October 2009. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  70. Red 1938 Morgan Super Sports WN 5420 in the Haynes Motor Museum, Sparkford, England, in August 2013. Photo: Glen Bowman, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  71. Rear of the red Morgan BNP 161, its single wheel inside the tail, photographed in April 2009. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  72. White 1933 Morgan Super Sports head-on at an indoor show in September 2010. Photo: Bin im Garten, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  73. Green 1935 Morgan Super Sports AKD 455 head-on at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, England, in September 2016. Photo: Karen Roe, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  74. Morgan SD 8560 head-on at a show in July 2006. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  75. White 1911 Morgan Runabout, a tiller-era single-seater with exposed V-twin, at a show in November 2015. Photo: Thomas’s Pics, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  76. Maroon 1912 Morgan Runabout De Luxe with its hood up on grass at a show in July 2009. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  77. Maroon 1923 Morgan Runabout De Luxe with a varnished wooden tail at a show in May 2015. Photo: Bob Adams, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  78. Green Morgan three-wheeler with a black hood at the Artcurial sale in Paris in February 2008. Photo: Maarten, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  79. White early Morgan Runabout on a show stand in November 2024. Photo: Phil Parker, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  80. White early Morgan Runabout from the front quarter in a museum, photographed in May 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  81. White early Morgan Runabout in profile, showing its tubular chassis, in a museum, photographed in May 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  82. Blue 1926 Morgan Aero MK 2313 parked beside an OM 665 Superba at a show in May 2021. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  83. Green 1927 Morgan Aero-Sports YT 1920 from the front quarter at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, England, in June 2008. Photo: Przemysław Jahr, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  84. Green 1930 Morgan Aero Sport No. 3, 186 UXY, in the paddock in July 2019. Photo: David Merrett, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  85. Green 1925 Morgan Aero XY 6540 from the front quarter at a show in May 2013. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  86. Red Morgan Aero JY 2619 with aero-screens in a motorcycle museum, photographed in October 2013. Photo: Didym, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  87. Maroon Morgan Aero AWP 27 at an indoor show in November 2022. Photo: Phil Parker, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  88. Blue Morgan Aero with tan seats at a show in June 2024. Photo: Steelkiller062005, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  89. Blue Morgan Aero No. 196 at a veteran vehicle rally in Wilster, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, in July 2018. Photo: Nightflyer, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  90. Red 1922 Morgan Aero MT 2216 in profile at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, Japan, in March 2026. Photo: Oq10pass, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  91. Green 1925 Morgan Aero XY 6540 in profile with its picnic hamper, at a show in May 2013. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  92. Green 1927 Morgan Aero YT 1920 head-on at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, England, in November 2018. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  93. Blue 1925 Morgan Aero MK 2313 head-on, with its JAP V-twin, in August 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  94. Green 1925 Morgan Aero XY 6540 head-on at a show in May 2013. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  95. Red 1922 Morgan Aero MT 2216 in the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, Japan, in November 2025. Photo: Coolalabright, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  96. Green 1927 Morgan Aero-Sports YT 1920 at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, England, in June 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  97. Yellow and green 1935 Morgan F-type CLU 81 at the Automobile Driving Museum, El Segundo, California, in May 2018. Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  98. Blue and white Morgan F-type CKC 446 with its radiator in front, at a show in June 2008. Photo: allen watkin, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  99. Dark 1935 Morgan F4 Sports with a bare-metal bonnet at the Bonhams sale in Paris in January 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  100. Red Morgan F4 DWP 969 in a museum, photographed in May 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  101. Blue and white Morgan F4 No. 37 from the front quarter at a classic rally in July 2018. Photo: Berthold Werner, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  102. 1935 Morgan F-type CLU 81 in profile at the Automobile Driving Museum, El Segundo, California, in May 2018. Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  103. 1935 Morgan F4 Sports in profile at the Bonhams sale in Paris in January 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  104. Rear of the 1935 Morgan F4 Sports at the Bonhams sale in Paris in January 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  105. Rear of the red Morgan F4 DWP 969 with its spare wheel, in a museum, photographed in May 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  106. Blue and white Morgan F4 No. 37 from the rear quarter at a classic rally in July 2018. Photo: Berthold Werner, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  107. Morgan F-type EOH 896 head-on, with its upright radiator and headlamps, photographed in June 2014. Photo: Nicholas Gemini, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  108. Red Morgan F4 DWP 969 head-on, photographed in April 2009. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  109. Red Morgan three-wheeler CAU 730, labelled a 1936 Aero Sports, in a museum, photographed in December 2016. Photo: Tony Hisgett, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  110. Red 1939 Morgan Sports RC 7442 from the front quarter at a show in June 2014. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  111. 1932 Morgan Sports from above and behind in the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  112. Rear of the red 1939 Morgan Sports RC 7442 with its spare wheel, at a show in June 2014. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  113. Red 1939 Morgan Sports RC 7442 head-on at a show in June 2014. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  114. 1932 Morgan Sports from the front in the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in July 2014. Photo: bertknot, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  115. Black and red 1932 Morgan Sports in the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  116. Seats and steering wheel of the red 1938 Morgan Super Sports WN 5420 in the Haynes Motor Museum, Sparkford, England, in August 2013. Photo: Glen Bowman, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  117. Cockpit of the blue 1925 Morgan Aero MK 2313, with its wooden wheel and aero-screens, in August 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  118. Cockpit of a red Morgan three-wheeler seen from above, in a museum, photographed in May 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  119. Cockpit of the red 1922 Morgan Aero MT 2216 at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, Japan, in March 2026. Photo: Oq10pass, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  120. Dashboard of a green Morgan three-wheeler of 1923, with a Darmont maker’s plate, at the Coupe Florio, Saint-Brieuc, France, in August 2015. Photo: Kev22, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  121. Wooden dashboard and steering wheel of the 1935 Morgan F-type CLU 81 at the Automobile Driving Museum, El Segundo, California, in May 2018. Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  122. Steering wheel and instruments of a green Morgan three-wheeler, photographed in June 2014. Photo: Thomas’s Pics, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  123. V-twin and front frame of the red 1922 Morgan Aero MT 2216 at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, Japan, in March 2026. Photo: Oq10pass, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  124. Front of a 1927 Morgan, SV 8996, with its exposed V-twin and sliding-pillar front suspension, photographed in October 2013. Photo: Andy Dingley, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  125. V-twin engine and plumbing of a cream 1933 Morgan, ANF 64, photographed in November 2014. Photo: CapCase, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  126. Front and V-twin of the red Morgan DL-45-49 on a trailer, photographed in September 2009. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  127. JAP V-twin and front wheels of the red Morgan DL-45-49, photographed in August 2009. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  128. JAP-engined Morgan LKL 50 from the front, showing its V-twin and front suspension, in August 2015. Photo: Dave_S., CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  129. Matchless V-twin with red M badges on a green Morgan, photographed in October 2009. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  130. Windscreen and filler cap of the blue 1931 Morgan Super Sports in the Luray Caverns Car and Carriage Museum, Virginia, in July 2015. Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  131. Domed radiator cowl with the winged Morgan badge and mascot on the cream 1933 Morgan ANF 64, photographed in November 2014. Photo: CapCase, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  132. Fuel tank and V-twin of a racing Morgan No. 28 at Brooklands Museum, Weybridge, England, in October 2007. Photo: DineshAdv, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  133. Domed radiator cowl and filler cap of a red Morgan No. 4 in Liège, Belgium, in August 2015. Photo: Jean Housen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  134. Blue 1932 Morgan three-wheeler delivery van HA 9268 at a show in June 2009. Photo: Mick, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  135. Blue Morgan delivery van of 1932, HA 9268, with its side door open on the load space, at a vintage rally in June 2010. Photo: Mick, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  136. Morgan three-wheeler of 1,100 cc raising dust on a bend of the Argenteuil hill-climb, France, in April 1921. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  137. Agnero’s Morgan three-wheeler on the La Turbie hill-climb above Nice, Cap Ferrat and the sea below, in March 1922. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  138. Mme Rolley taking a hairpin of the La Turbie hill-climb above Nice in a Morgan three-wheeler, March 1922. Photo: Agence Meurisse, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  139. Mahan’s 1,100 cc Morgan three-wheeler climbing Mont Ventoux past the roadside crowd, its passenger leaning out, in August 1922. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  140. British Morgan three-wheeler racing before the flag-hung grandstands in the Cyclecar Grand Prix at Amiens, France, on 13 July 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  141. Morgan three-wheeler with its two crew in goggles at the Somogy county automobile club rally in Hungary, 1930. Photo: FOTO:FORTEPAN / Vojnich Pál, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  142. Sandford’s Morgan No. 20 with driver and passenger before spectators at Le Mans, France, in August 1920. Photo: Agence Meurisse, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  143. Dhôme’s Morgan No. 1 at scrutineering the day before the Cyclecar Grand Prix, Le Mans, France, in September 1922. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  144. Dhôme, winner of the 500 cc class of the French cyclecar championship, in his Morgan No. 58 among officials at Montlhéry, France, in October 1924. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  145. Pierpont’s Morgan at the weigh-in for the Paris–Nice cyclecar trial, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, in February 1923. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  146. Pierpont in Morgan No. 107 on the Paris–Nice trial, France, in February 1924. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  147. Morgan three-wheeler carrying a radio receiver and a raised aerial at a radio rally on the Place de la Concorde, Paris, in June 1927. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  148. Old Morgan three-wheeler with its hood folded, its owner leaning over the cockpit, on the grass before stone houses in Wales, November 1958. Photo: Geoff Charles, National Library of Wales, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  149. Blue 1927 Darmont Spécial DS No. 31 at Autoworld, Brussels, in February 2014. Photo: Sandra Fauconnier, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  150. A yellow 1913 Bédélia BD2 at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in May 2022. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  151. Cream 1921 GN cyclecar from the front quarter in a museum, showing its air-cooled V-twin, photographed in April 2011. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  152. Red Coventry-Victor Midget three-wheeler of 1933 at the Arvika Fordonsmuseum, Sweden, in July 2019. Photo: Herranderssvensson, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. W. Boddy, “The vintage years of the Morgan 3-wheeler”, Motor Sport, June, July and August 1965, compiled from H. F. S. Morgan’s cuttings books; all three parts read in full. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  2. W. Boddy, “The Trikes Return”, Motor Sport, September 1996, and “The Battle of the Small Cars – 60 minutes flat out”, Motor Sport, March 1996, both read in full. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  3. H. F. S. Morgan, “How the Morgan began”, The Light Car, December 1949, reproduced on morgan3w.de with the editor’s postscript on 1945–⁠52; read in full in an archived copy of 2012. web.archive.org
  4. Morgan Three-Wheeler Club, “A short history of the models”, “The two-speed Morgan era”, “3-speeder history”, “F-type history” and home page, read in full. www.mtwc.co.uk
  5. morgan3w.de, “The Morgan Three-wheeler models” and “Technical details”, read in full in archived copies of 2012. web.archive.org
  6. English Wikipedia, Morgan Motor Company and Morgan 3-Wheeler, relevant sections read. Used as a lead; they cite Boddy in The World of Automobiles (1974). en.wikipedia.org
  7. Grace’s Guide, “Morgan Motor Co”, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  8. The Cyclecar, 16 July 1913, pp. 193–198, the Cyclecar Grand Prix reports, read in full from Grace’s Guide’s scan. graces-guide-s3-live.s3.amazonaws.com
  9. Kenneth Neve, “An account of the 1913 Cyclecar Grand Prix”, Motor Sport, January 1943, read in full. motorsportmagazine.com
  10. Bonhams, Goodwood Festival of Speed sale, 30 June 2017, lot 209, 1933 Morgan Super Sports roadster, read in full. cars.bonhams.com
  11. German Wikipedia, Morgan Threewheeler, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Ries in Motor Klassik 12/1988, Culshaw and Horrobin (2006), Robson’s A–Z British Cars 1945–⁠1980 and Vanderveen. de.wikipedia.org
  12. W. Boddy, “Gwenda Stewart – a dedicated record-breaker”, Motor Sport, July 2010, read in full. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  13. Bonhams, Beaulieu sale, 5 September 2015, lot 108, 1934 Morgan Sports, read in full. cars.bonhams.com

Nobel 200: the British-built Fuldamobil, 1958–⁠1962

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A white and blue Nobel 200 on grass at a show in 2023. Photo: Geni, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Side profile of a 1960 Nobel 200 in a museum, showing its stepped waistline. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  3. An unrestored Nobel 200 Vicky pick-up in profile at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, in 2019, showing its load-bed rails. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Rear three-quarter view of a 1959 Nobel 200 at the Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2023. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A pale green and blue 1960 Nobel 200 at InterClassics Brussels in 2024. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A 1960 Nobel 200 from the front, beside its information stand, in 2009. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  7. A 1962 Nobel 200, YOO 179, from the front three-quarter in 2015. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A white and blue Nobel 200 from the front three-quarter in 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Front three-quarter view of Nobel 200 516 JOO. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A white and blue Nobel 200 on grass at a car show in 2015. Photo: Graham Robertson, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  11. Nobel 200 TAK 319 in a museum line-up in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A white and blue Nobel 200 in profile at a show in 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A Nobel 200 at an outdoor rally in 2022. Photo: Graham Robertson, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  14. A 1960 Nobel 200 from the rear three-quarter in a museum in 2009. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  15. Rear of the 1959 Nobel 200 at the NEC, its single rear wheel hidden under the tail. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. Rear of Nobel 200 516 JOO, with its small rear window. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. Front of the 1959 Nobel 200 at the Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2023. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. The front of a Nobel 200 Vicky pick-up, TJY 90, at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, in 2019, with its folding screen frame. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The NOBEL 200 badge on a Nobel 200, photographed in 2015. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A Nobel 200 Vicky multi-purpose pick-up at the Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A 1953 Fuldamobil N‑2 with its hammered-aluminium body, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A blue 1957 Heinkel Kabine at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A 1962 Trojan 200, the Heinkel built under licence in Britain, at Leamington in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Nobel (automobile), read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Moore, Motor Makers in Ireland (1982); Who’s Who in the Motor Industry (1958); The Autocar (10 October 1958, 27 February 1959); the Daily Herald (7 October 1958); The Guardian; the Belfast News-Letter; and Glass’s guide. en.wikipedia.org
  2. German Wikipedia, York Noble Industries, read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader, and Georgano’s Beaulieu Encyclopedia. de.wikipedia.org
  3. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 627, “1958 Nobel 200”. rmsothebys.com
  4. Grace’s Guide, “York Noble Industries”, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  5. Heinkel Trojan Club, “Cabin Cruisers” (Noble Motors as the Heinkel importers), archived 2015. web.archive.org

Ohta: Japan’s other pre-war small car, 1933–⁠40

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A maroon and cream 1936 Ohta OC phaeton at the Classic Car Festival in Kiryū, Gunma, in November 2014. Photo: NEXT-EXIT, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. An Ohta N‑7 side-valve four in its engine bay at a Japanese car show in November 2014. Photo: NEXT-EXIT, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A green 1953 Ohta KC pick-up at the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in October 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. An unrestored 1953 Ohta VF light van at the Japan Classic Car Association New Year Meeting, Tokyo, in January 2015. Photo: NEXT-EXIT, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A 1932 Datsun Type 11 phaeton from the front quarter in the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, Japan, in February 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. The Otomo reproduction built in 1997–⁠99 from the offside front at the National Museum of Nature and Science, Ueno, Tokyo, in September 2013. Photo: Morio, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A green 1935 Mazda-Go Type TCS at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, in September 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1958 Subaru 360 from the left front three-quarter in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Japanese Wikipedia, オオタ自動車工業 (Ohta Jidōsha Kōgyō), read in full. Used as a lead. ja.wikipedia.org
  2. Bruno Vijverman, “Book of the dead: Ohta Jidōsha”, Driven to Write, 5 May 2025, read in full; based partly on Walter Zeichner’s book. driventowrite.com
  3. English Wikipedia, Ohta Jidosha, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  4. Japan Automotive Hall of Fame, inductee page for Sukeo Ohta, in English, read in full. jahfa.jp

VAZ-1111 Oka: the last Soviet people’s car

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red 1994 VAZ-1111 Oka, wet with rain, in 2020. Photo: gleb, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The dashboard of a hand-control SeAZ-1111 Oka in 2010, with hand-control levers fitted behind the wheel. Photo: Schlurcher, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The lime-green VAZ-1111E, the battery-electric Oka, in the AvtoVAZ Museum in 2013. Photo: W0zny, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A red SeAZ-11116, the last version of the Oka, in 2013. Photo: Kirill Borisenko, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The monument to the Oka in Serpukhov, where SeAZ built the car. Photo: Sergey Sebelev, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A weathered pale blue 2000 VAZ-11113 Oka, 2025. Photo: Throwawayacc222, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The Molėtai museum’s blue Oka from the front, 2021. Photo: Terminator216, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A green VAZ-1111 Oka under snow in Moscow, March 2023. Photo: Svetlov Artem, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A yellow Oka with factory hand controls for drivers with leg disabilities, 2010. Photo: Schlurcher, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. An Oka converted to a pick-up with a roll bar, in Moscow in 2014. Photo: Svetlov Artem, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A white and blue VAZ-1111E electric Oka in rally livery at the Pro Dvizhenie show, 2026. Photo: Kirill Borisenko, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A yellow VAZ-1111 Oka parked in the Moscow region, 2024. Photo: Artyom Svetlov, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A dark green Lada Oka in profile, 2013. Photo: W0zny, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. The orange Oka pick-up in profile, Moscow, 2014. Photo: Svetlov Artem, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A red VAZ-1111E electric Oka at the Oldtimer-Gallery show, Moscow, in 2023. Photo: Meccano.Cat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A Lada Oka parked in the village of Gidle, Poland, in 2018. Photo: Andrzej Otrębski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A red 1994 VAZ-1111 Oka from the right rear in 2020, showing its hatchback tail. Photo: gleb, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A yellow VAZ-1111 Oka from behind in Moscow in 2024. Photo: Artyom Svetlov, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The VAZ-1111E electric Oka head-on on its display in 2011. Photo: Valera N. Trubin, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A blue VAZ-1111 Oka in the Molėtai Museum of Technology, Lithuania, in 2021. Photo: Terminator216, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A white Oka in the Sochi Automobile Museum in 2015. Photo: Sergey A. Demidov, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A white SeAZ-1111 Oka in a Moscow courtyard, 2023. Photo: Svetlov Artem, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A green SeAZ-11116 Oka adapted to be driven entirely by hand, 2012. Photo: Kirill Borisenko, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A white SeAZ-11116 Oka with a roof rack, Moscow, 2022. Photo: Kirill Borisenko, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A turquoise Oka parked by a playground, 2023. Photo: Kirill Borisenko, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A beige SeAZ-11116 Oka in comfort trim, 2012. Photo: Kirill Borisenko, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. The white Oka van from the front, 2012. Photo: Kirill Borisenko, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. An Oka van with a yellow plastic high top in Moscow, 2013. Photo: Svetlov Artem, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. The yellow-topped Oka van from the rear, Moscow, 2013. Photo: Svetlov Artem, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A white Oka van with a raised box body, its rear doors open, 2012. Photo: Kirill Borisenko, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. Under the bonnet of an electric VAZ-1111E Oka at the Oldtimer-Gallery show, Moscow, in 2023: batteries where the engine would be. Photo: Meccano.Cat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A red Oka Sport competition car at the Moscow International Motor Show, 2006. Photo: jeka3000, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A TTM-1901 tracked snow vehicle using Oka body parts, 2008. Photo: plushev, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. An orange SMZ S‑3D at the Auto-moto exotica show on Lenin Square, Donetsk, in 2018. Photo: Andrey Butko, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A white 1973 Fiat 126 of the first series on a woodland verge in England in 2009. Photo: Tony Harrison, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A red 1979 Suzuki Alto at Suzuki Plaza, the Suzuki History Museum in Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A blue Dacia 500 Lăstun in Romania, 2018. Photo: Simiprof, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Sergei Kanunnikov, “Beshenaya taburetka, Kapsula smerti… udivitelnaya zhizn Oki VAZ-1111”, Za Rulyom, 13 June 2020. www.zr.ru
  2. kolesa.ru, “Malolitrazhnaya, malotirazhnaya i nevozrozhdennaya: istoriya sozdaniya Oki”, undated. www.kolesa.ru
  3. Russian Wikipedia, Ока (автомобиль), read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Za Rulyom 9/1988 and 10/1997, Vesti KamAZa and Autoreview’s crash tests. ru.wikipedia.org
  4. English Wikipedia, Oka (automobile). Used as a lead only; it cites Andy Thompson, Cars of the Soviet Union (Haynes). en.wikipedia.org

Opperman Unicar: the cheapest car of 1956

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A 1958 Opperman Unicar T in light blue, in the Williams Microcars collection in 2024. Photo: Guards951, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A 1958 Opperman Unicar Model T from the right rear three-quarter in the Williams Microcars collection, USA, in 2024. Photo: Guards951, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The rear seats of a 1958 Opperman Unicar Model T in the Williams Microcars collection, USA, in 2024, with the engine cover between them. Photo: Guards951, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The Excelsior twin two-stroke of a 1958 Opperman Unicar Model T under its opened cover between the rear seats, in the Williams Microcars collection, USA, in 2024. Photo: Guards951, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A white 1958 Opperman Unicar in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A green 1959 Opperman Unicar from the front three-quarter in 2015. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A 1958 Opperman Unicar Model T in profile in the Williams Microcars collection, USA, in 2024, showing its short rounded body. Photo: Guards951, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Head-on view of a green 1959 Opperman Unicar with its UNICAR badge. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. The front of the cabin of a 1958 Opperman Unicar Model T in the Williams Microcars collection, USA, in 2024, with its red seats, steering wheel and cream dashboard. Photo: Guards951, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A yellow 1956 Bond Minicar Mark C De Luxe Tourer, JTK 277, at Keynsham in 2011. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A red 1958 Berkeley SE328 at a rally, 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A maroon AC Petite, 604 JHK, from the front quarter at the National Microcar Rally in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1959 Opperman Unicar (model T)”, tour page (2005), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  2. English Wikipedia, Opperman, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Sedgwick and Gillies, Auto-Parade (1958) and the Motor Cycle Data Book (1960). en.wikipedia.org
  3. W.B. (Bill Boddy), “A Modern Cyclecar”, road test of the Unicar Model T, Motor Sport, June 1958, p. 27, read in full. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  4. Register of Unusual Microcars, “Opperman” (the Stirling), archived 2020, read in full. web.archive.org
  5. Grace’s Guide, “S. E. Opperman”, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  6. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 275, “1959 Opperman Unicar”. rmsothebys.com
  7. “The Cars at Earls Court”, Motor Sport, November 1958, p. 22. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  8. “Earls Court Impressions”, Motor Sport, November 1958, p. 46. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  9. “Small-car topics”, Motor Sport, February 1965, p. 32. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  10. postwarclassic.de, “Farewell to the Hammond Microcar Museum”, read 7 October 2026. www.postwarclassic.de

Otomo: the Tokyo car that went to Shanghai, 1924–⁠1928

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The Otomo reproduction built in 1997–⁠99 from the offside front at the National Museum of Nature and Science, Ueno, Tokyo, in September 2013. Photo: Morio, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. An original Otomo four-cylinder engine with its cast name on the rocker cover, at the National Museum of Nature and Science, Ueno, Tokyo, in September 2013. Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Prime Minister Katō Takaaki aboard an Otomo tourer, plate 16, in Japan in November 1924, the month the Otomo went on sale. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Racing Otomo, number 31, built for the Japan Motor Race on the Susaki reclaimed ground, Tokyo, December 1925. Photo: Hakuyōsha, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Otomo saloon, plate 366, belonging to Prince Yamashina Takehiko, beside his Brough Superior SS100 motorcycle in Japan, 1926. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. The Otomo reproduction built in 1997–⁠99 in profile at the National Museum of Nature and Science, Ueno, Tokyo, in September 2013. Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The Otomo reproduction built in 1997–⁠99 from behind at the National Museum of Nature and Science, Ueno, Tokyo, in September 2013. Photo: Morio, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The Otomo reproduction built in 1997–⁠99 from the rear quarter at the National Museum of Nature and Science, Ueno, Tokyo, in September 2013. Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Interior of the Otomo reproduction built in 1997–⁠99, at the National Museum of Nature and Science, Ueno, Tokyo, in December 2020. Photo: Morio, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. Steering wheel and wooden dashboard of the Otomo reproduction built in 1997–⁠99, at the National Museum of Nature and Science, Ueno, Tokyo, in September 2013. Photo: Morio, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A modified Otomo single-seater, plate 55, owned by its maker Hakuyōsha, on a town street in Japan around 1925. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A 1932 Datsun Type 11 phaeton from the front quarter in the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, Japan, in February 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A green 1935 Mazda-Go Type TCS at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, in September 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Japan Automotive Hall of Fame, “Junya Toyokawa”, inductee page in English. jahfa.jp
  2. Japanese Wikipedia, オートモ号 (Ōtomo-gō), read in large part. It cites Motor magazine (1925–⁠27), Nihon Jidōsha Kōgyō Shikō vol. 2 (1967), the Toyota Automobile Museum’s bulletins and its 1999 booklet on the reproduction, Jidōsha Kōtsū Kōhō of 24 July 1958 and the Tōkyō Asahi Shimbun. ja.wikipedia.org
  3. National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, exhibition page on the Otomo, in Japanese, read in full. www.kahaku.go.jp
  4. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, “330 selected technologies”: the Otomo, read in full. www.jsae.or.jp
  5. Japanese Wikipedia, 豊川順彌 (Toyokawa Junya), read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  6. English Wikipedia, Otomo (automobile), read in full. It cites Georgano, Cars: Early and Vintage 1886–⁠1930 (1985). en.wikipedia.org

P. Vallée Chantecler: a fibreglass three-wheeler from Blois

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. An unrestored P. Vallée Chantecler in a store, its paint patched and worn. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. An unrestored P. Vallée Chantecler in profile in 2010, showing its open body and pointed tail. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The P. VALLEE nameplate on the nose of an unrestored P. Vallée Chantecler, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A green 1956 Inter 175 A Berline at RM Sotheby’s Paris sale, Les Invalides, in 2017. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A red Avolette, an open fibreglass car, at an outdoor club meeting in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. The one-off green Grataloup single-seat three-wheeler with its canvas top in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1956 P. Vallee Chantecler”, tour page, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  2. RM Auctions, The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia, 2013, lot 284, “1956 Paul Vallée”, catalogue text, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  3. German Wikipedia, P. Vallée, read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader, and Georgano, not seen. de.wikipedia.org
  4. RM Sotheby’s, The Petersen Automotive Museum Auction, Los Angeles, 2018, lot 185, “1956 Paul Vallée Chantecler”, catalogue text, read in full. rmsothebys.com

Peel P50: the smallest production car, 1962–⁠1965

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red 1963 Peel P50 at the London Concours, 2025. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The rear of the Manx Transport Museum’s Peel P50. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Inside a 1964 Peel P50 at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, in 2017: the steering wheel, gear lever and bare floor. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A red 1965 Peel Trident beside a blue 1964 Peel P50 at the National Microcar Rally, Somerset, in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A 1963 Peel P50 from the front three-quarter at the RRR museum in Eggenburg, Austria, in 2013. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A sky-blue 1964 Peel P50 at the Hampton Court Concours, 2023. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A blue Peel P50 at the NEC Classic Motor Show, 2016. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A blue 1964 Peel P50, registered EME 583B, at the NEC in 2019. Photo: Kieran White from Manchester, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A red 1965 Peel P50 at the Montreal International Auto Show, 2010. Photo: Bull-Doser, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A red 2017 Peel Engineering P50 Electric, a revival car, at a show in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A red Peel P50 with a Peel Trident behind it at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: Philip (flip) Kromer from Austin, TX, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A red modern Peel P50 replica by P50 Cars in profile at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen in 2024. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A 1963 Peel P50 in profile at the RRR museum in Eggenburg, Austria, in 2013, showing its single door. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A Peel P50, FMP 62B, in profile at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, in 2005, its engine visible under the body. Photo: John Dalton, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A blue Peel P50 at the Classic Car Boot Sale, London, 2014, with a Trident beside it. Photo: Robert Lamb, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. The red 1964 Peel P50 FMP 62B head-on in a museum, 2011. Photo: David Merrett, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  17. A 1965 Peel P50 on the turntable at the Petersen Automotive Museum. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A blue Peel P50 at the Louwman Museum, The Hague. Photo: Rob Oo from NL, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The red Peel P50 at the Manx Transport Museum in Peel, the town where it was built. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A blue Peel P50 and a Peel Trident on a railway wagon behind a steam locomotive, Isle of Man, 2014. Photo: Phil Parker from Leamington Spa, UK, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A pale-blue Peel Trident and a blue P50 side by side in a museum in 2014. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. The red Trident from behind with two Peel P50s at the National Microcar Rally in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A red 1964 Peel P50, FMP 62B, at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, showing its single door. Photo: Brian Snelson from Hockley, Essex, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A red 1964 Peel P50 on a plinth at the NEC Classic Motor Show, 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. Blue Peel P50, CHN 410B, on a plinth at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, in November 2017; one photographer calls it a 1964 car, another a 2015 replica. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A blue 1963 Peel P50 at the RRR museum, Eggenburg, Austria. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A blue 1964 Peel P50 in a museum doorway, 2023. Photo: Steve Knight, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  28. A blue 1964 Peel P50 at the NEC Classic Motor Show, 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. Inside a modern Peel P50 replica by P50 Cars, seen through the door window. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. The rear wheel and hub motor of a 2017 electric revival Peel P50, photographed in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. An orange modern P50 by P50 Cars at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen, 2024. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A red 2017 Peel Engineering P50 Electric on a show rack. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A red Peel P50 Elektro at an outdoor show, 2023. Photo: Thomas Vogt, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  34. A blue 2019 Peel P50 replica at a show. Photo: Kieran White, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  35. A pale-blue 1965 Peel Trident, DAJ 551C, on a plinth at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A white and blue Brütsch Mopetta at a concours in Schwetzingen in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A red 1959 Scootacar at the Classic Gala in Schwetzingen in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Peel P50, read in full on 7 October 2026. Used as a lead; it cites Guinness World Records 2010, Motor Cycle of 23 May 1963, BBC Isle of Man, Autocar and the RUM register. en.wikipedia.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Peel Engineering Company, read in full. It draws on Barry Edwards, P50: Peel Engineering’s Extraordinary Legacy (Lily Publications, 2014), and on Motor Cycle of 1961 and 1965. en.wikipedia.org
  3. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1964 Peel P50”, tour page (2009), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  4. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, “1964 Peel P50”, chassis D535. rmsothebys.com
  5. Register of Unusual Microcars, “Peel P50”, archived 19 February 2020, read in full. web.archive.org
  6. Peel Engineering Ltd (the revival maker), “About”. www.peelengineering.com
  7. Autocar, “New Peel P50: a drive in the world’s smallest car”, 2019, read in full from the archived copy. web.archive.org
  8. P50CARS (a replica maker), “History & Heritage”, promotional. p50cars.com
  9. BBC Isle of Man, “The small car with the big reputation”, 2007–⁠08, read in full. www.bbc.co.uk
  10. Grace’s Guide, “Peel Engineering Co”, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  11. Isle of Man Today, “Video shows world’s smallest cars return to the Isle of Man for this weekend’s rally”, 2 August 2024. iomtoday.co.im
  12. Isle of Man Today, “Isle of Man Post Office celebrates 60th anniversary of Peel Engineering”, 25 July 2024. www.iomtoday.co.im
  13. German Wikipedia, Peel Engineering (the 2008 company), read in full; it cites company records and Steve Hole, A–Z of Kit Cars (Haynes, 2012), p. 193. de.wikipedia.org
  14. Manx Radio, “P50 moves to House of Manannan”, 13 February 2008. www.manxradio.com
  15. Manx Radio, “P50 inventor will be remembered today”, 27 October 2008. www.manxradio.com
  16. BBC Top Gear website, “Jeremy drives the Peel P50 (series 10, episode 3)”, archived 20 May 2013. web.archive.org
  17. Pogdesign TV calendar, Top Gear season 10, episode 3 (air date and contents). www.pogdesign.co.uk
  18. RM Sotheby’s, Amelia Island, 12 March 2016, lot 198, “1964 Peel P50”, chassis D535. rmsothebys.com
  19. Driven (New Zealand), “Peel P50: Tiny car that sold for big bucks”, 21 March 2016. www.drivencarguide.co.nz
  20. JustCars (Australia), “Peel P50 auctioned for big money in UK”, 7 April 2022. www.justcars.com.au
  21. Fox News Autos, “Man drives world’s smallest car across Great Britain”, 8 December 2021. www.foxnews.com
  22. RM Sotheby’s, Monterey, August 2017, lot 144, “1964 Peel P50”, chassis D536. rmsothebys.com
  23. English Wikipedia, Bamby Cars, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Sedgwick and Gillies, A–Z of Cars 1945–⁠1970. en.wikipedia.org
  24. German Wikipedia, Bamby Cars, read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader, Georgano’s Beaulieu Encyclopedia and the London Gazette. de.wikipedia.org
  25. Lane Motor Museum, “Bamby – 1984”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  26. Lakeland Motor Museum, “The little Bamby: small, yellow & over 100 MPG!”, read in full. www.lakelandmotormuseum.co.uk
  27. SmallCarsClub, “Bamby”, 26 November 2019, read in full. smallcarsclub.com
  28. Spicers Auctioneers, Classic Cars and Motorcycles sale, 2 July 2022, lots 300 and 302. spicersauctioneers.com

Peel Trident: the Isle of Man’s bubble two-seater, 1965–⁠66

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A pale-blue 1965 Peel Trident, DAJ 551C, on a plinth at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A 1965 Peel Trident, DAJ 551C, with its canopy fully raised at the NEC in 2018, showing how you climb in. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A 1965 Peel Trident from the front quarter at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2007, a Scootacar-type car behind. Photo: David Hunter, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A modern Peel Engineering Trident in profile on a display ramp at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A Peel Trident, MV 633C, from the front quarter at the NEC in 2013. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A red Peel Trident, LMV 626C, at the Hampton Court Concours d’Elegance, Surrey, in 2023. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A red Peel Trident, 4497 VZ, at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The front of the unrestored Trident, FGU 33C, rust on its trim, at the NEC in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. The Lane Motor Museum’s Trident in profile in 2005, wearing a TRIDENT plate. Photo: 1779Days, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A 1965 Peel Trident from the rear quarter at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A pale-blue Peel Trident, MV 633C, from the rear quarter at the NEC Classic Motor Show in 2013. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. The red Trident, 4497 VZ, from the rear quarter at the NEC in 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. An unrestored 1965 Peel Trident, FGU 33C, with a crazed bubble and an Isle of Man sticker, at the NEC in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. The Lane Motor Museum’s Trident from the front in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. The Trident’s cabin tub in profile with the bubble hinged up, at the NEC in 2018. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A red 1965 Peel Trident at the Montreal International Auto Show in 2010. Photo: Bull-Doser, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. The rear of the pale-blue Trident, DAJ 551C, with its bubble tilted forward at the NEC in 2018. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. The rear of the unrestored Trident, FGU 33C, with its bubble raised, at the NEC in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A pale-blue 1965 Peel Trident head-on in a museum display. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The rear of a modern Trident built by the revived Peel Engineering, at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A red 1963 Peel P50 at the London Concours, 2025. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A 1972 Bond Bug 700ES, NYC 760L, at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Grimsthorpe Castle, Lincolnshire, in 2021. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A white and blue Brütsch Mopetta at a concours in Schwetzingen in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Peel Trident, revision of 21 September 2025, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites The Motor Cycle of 10 November 1964, Time (2007) and the Lakeland Motor Museum. en.wikipedia.org
  2. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1966 Peel Trident”, tour page, archived about 2015, read in full. web.archive.org
  3. Lane Motor Museum, “1965 Peel Trident”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  4. English Wikipedia, Peel Engineering Company, read. Used as a lead; it cites Oldtimer Markt 4/2016. en.wikipedia.org
  5. Grace’s Guide, “Peel Engineering Co”, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  6. P50CARS (a replica maker), “History & Heritage”, read in full; promotional. p50cars.com
  7. Autocar, “New Peel P50: a drive in the world’s smallest car”, 2019, read in full from the archived copy. web.archive.org
  8. Isle of Man Today, “Video shows world’s smallest cars return to the Isle of Man for this weekend’s rally”, 2 August 2024. iomtoday.co.im
  9. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1964 Peel P50”, tour page (2009), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  10. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, “1964 Peel P50”, chassis D535. rmsothebys.com

Peugeot Bébé: Peugeot’s baby car, Type 69 and Bugatti BP1

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A dark blue 1914 Peugeot Bébé BP1 with brass lamps at the Museu do Caramulo, Portugal, in June 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A red Peugeot Type 69 Bébé with yellow wheels at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, France, in June 2012. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The 1911 Bugatti Type 19 prototype of the Bébé at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in May 2018. Photo: joergens.mi, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Bas driving a Peugeot Bébé BP1 up the Mont Ventoux hill climb near Bédoin, France, in August 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Bas and his mechanic in Peugeot Bébé BP1 No. 47 before the cyclecar race at Le Mans, France, in August 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A red Peugeot Bébé BP1 from the front three-quarter at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim, Germany, in January 2013. Photo: Spielvogel, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. An unrestored barn-find Peugeot Bébé BP1 at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, Germany, in March 2018. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A dark blue 1913 Peugeot Bébé BP1 cabriolet shown with a mannequin in period dress in a museum display, May 2015. Photo: Duch.seb, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A red 1913 Peugeot Bébé BP1 in the Mosfilm studio museum, Moscow, Russia, in May 2010. Photo: A.Savin, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A red 1913 Peugeot Bébé BP1 with a black hood in the ZeitHaus at the Autostadt, Wolfsburg, Germany, in June 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A pale blue 1914 Peugeot Bébé BP1 with its black hood up at the Pebble Beach Concours d’Elegance, California, in August 2009. Photo: Craig Howell, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A red 1915 Peugeot Bébé BP1 in a French museum, photographed in 1990. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  13. A green 1913 Peugeot Bébé BP1 with red wheels at Autoworld, Brussels, Belgium, in August 2021. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  14. An unrestored Peugeot Bébé BP1 from the Schlumpf collection on display in Kassel, Germany, in June 2013. Photo: KarleHorn, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A cream Peugeot Bébé BP1 with its hood raised at the Époqu’auto show in Lyon, France, in November 2012. Photo: Clément Bucco-Lechat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A dark green Peugeot Bébé BP1 torpedo with a red radiator and wheels at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in December 2022. Photo: Loudumo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A yellow Peugeot Bébé BP1 with black wings and red wheels at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in December 2022. Photo: Loudumo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A red Peugeot Bébé BP1 with brass lamps at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, England, in November 2016. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A blue-grey Peugeot Bébé BP1 with a white hood at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, France, in November 2021. Photo: Arnaud 25, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A black Peugeot Bébé BP1 with a cream hood at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, Japan, in February 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A red Peugeot Bébé BP1 at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim, Germany, in January 2013. Photo: Spielvogel, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A dark blue 1914 Peugeot Bébé BP1 in profile at the Museu do Caramulo, Portugal, in June 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A pale blue 1914 Peugeot Bébé BP1 in profile at the Pebble Beach Concours d’Elegance, California, in August 2009. Photo: Craig Howell, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A bright blue Peugeot Bébé BP1 torpedo with red wheels in profile at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in December 2022. Photo: Loudumo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A red Peugeot Bébé BP1 from the rear three-quarter at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, England, in November 2016. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A blue-grey Peugeot Bébé BP1 from the rear three-quarter at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, France, in November 2021. Photo: Arnaud 25, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A light blue Peugeot Bébé BP1 from the rear three-quarter at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, France, in November 2018. Photo: Luc106, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A black Peugeot Bébé BP1 with a cream hood from the rear three-quarter at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, Japan, in February 2012. Photo: Iwao, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A dark blue 1913 Peugeot Bébé BP1 with red wheels head-on in a museum, June 2018. Photo: lns1122, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  30. A red Peugeot Bébé BP1 head-on at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim, Germany, in October 2009. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A green Peugeot Bébé BP1 beside a 1912 Gérard folding bicycle at the Petit Palais, Paris, France, in December 2023. Photo: Jean-Pierre Dalbéra, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  32. A pale blue Peugeot Bébé BP1 beside a Bugatti Type 52 child’s car at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, France, in June 2012. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. Three Peugeot Bébé BP1s, green, yellow and blue, at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in July 2019. Photo: Herranderssvensson, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. Two Peugeot Bébé BP1s and a Bugatti Type 52 child’s car at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, France, in July 2019. Photo: Herranderssvensson, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A green 1913 Peugeot Bébé BP1, BF 9738, with its bonnet off at an outdoor show in August 2024. Photo: Tim Green, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  36. A pale blue 1913 Peugeot Bébé BP1 at the Musée Henri Malartre, Rochetaillée-sur-Saône, France, in September 2018. Photo: HReuter, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. The tail of a pale blue 1914 Peugeot Bébé BP1 with oval hood windows at the Pebble Beach Concours d’Elegance, California, in August 2009. Photo: Craig Howell, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A blue 1914 Peugeot Bébé BP1 head-on at the AutoClássico show in Porto, Portugal, in October 2015. Photo: Dario Alvarez, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A red 1905 Peugeot Type 69 Bébé seen from above at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, France, in April 2016. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A green 1905 Peugeot Type 69 Phaetonnet with red buttoned seats at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in May 2018. Photo: joergens.mi, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A red Peugeot Type 69 Bébé in profile at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, France. Photo: Christophe.Finot, CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A green 1905 Peugeot Type 69 Phaetonnet head-on at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in May 2018. Photo: joergens.mi, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A green 1904 Peugeot Type 69 Bébé, BS 8554, on the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run, England, in November 2013. Photo: somaditya, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A 1904 Peugeot Type 69, A 254, waved off on the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run, England, in November 2024. Photo: Jon Lavis, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. The cockpit of a 1914 Peugeot Bébé BP1 at the Pebble Beach Concours d’Elegance, California, in August 2009. Photo: Craig Howell, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. The wooden dashboard and ‘Bébé Peugeot’ nameplate of a Peugeot Bébé BP1 at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, Japan, in February 2012. Photo: Iwao, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A Peugeot Bébé BP1 four-cylinder engine and gearbox on display at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, Italy, in June 2018. Photo: Luc106, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. The ‘Bébé Peugeot’ lion badge on the bonnet of a red Peugeot Bébé BP1 at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, England, in November 2016. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. The brass lion mascot on the radiator of a Peugeot Bébé BP1 at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, France, in November 2021. Photo: Arnaud 25, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. The brass radiator of a Peugeot Bébé BP1 with its embossed lion script at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, Japan, in February 2012. Photo: Iwao, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. The front axle, leaf springs and brass headlamps of a Peugeot Bébé BP1 at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, Japan, in February 2012. Photo: Iwao, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. The 1911 Bugatti Type 19 prototype of the Bébé from the side at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in 2011. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A man lifts the tail of a Peugeot Bébé BP1 to show its lightness in Popular Mechanics, February 1913. Photo: Popular Mechanics, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. Peugeot BP1 Bébé, the Bugatti-designed small car, with a woman at the wheel and a man beside her, in Russia in 1914. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. Tsarevich Alexei of Russia at the wheel of a Peugeot Bébé BP1 in a park, about 1913–⁠1916. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. Chichon in Peugeot Bébé BP1 No. 42 at the cyclecar race at Le Mans, France, in August 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. Louvet in a Peugeot Bébé BP1 racer, No. 7, among the crowd at the Circuit de la Sarthe, Le Mans, France, in August 1920. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. Frederick O’Connor driving a small Peugeot of the Type 69 Bébé era below the fortress at Gyantse, Tibet, in 1907, one of the first cars in Tibet. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. A red 1909 Le Zèbre Type A from the front three-quarter at the Franschhoek Motor Museum, South Africa, in October 2016. Photo: naeem mayet, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  60. A yellow 1913 Bédélia BD2 at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in May 2022. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. Green 1921 Peugeot Type 161 Quadrilette from the front quarter, its tandem seats visible, at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, France, in April 2016. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. A blue 1927 Austin Seven Chummy tourer with its hood up at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, West Sussex, in July 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Grace’s Guide, “Peugeot”, with its advertisement captions (February 1903, April 1916), read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  2. Kent Karslake, “Veteran Types XXX: A 1914 Bébé Peugeot”, Motor Sport, July 1947, read in full. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  3. Peugeot, “A century of models: 1905 Bébé Type 69”, peugeot.com, archived 16 July 2011, read in full. web.archive.org
  4. German Wikipedia, Peugeot Typ 69, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Schmarbeck, Alle Peugeot Automobile 1890–⁠1990. de.wikipedia.org
  5. Dennis Simanaitis, “What a sweet little Bébé”, Simanaitis Says, 12 August 2018, read in full. It quotes Hugh Conway’s Bugatti Magnum (1989) and Karslake via Road & Track, August 1969. simanaitissays.com
  6. French Wikipedia, Peugeot Type BP 1, read in full. Used as a lead. fr.wikipedia.org
  7. Peugeot, “A century of models: 1913 Bébé Type BP 1”, peugeot.com, archived 2011, read in full. web.archive.org
  8. English Wikipedia, Peugeot Bébé, read in full. Used as a lead; it quotes the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot’s exhibit label of 2012. en.wikipedia.org
  9. Gooding & Company, Pebble Beach, August 2008, lot 26, “1914 Peugeot Bébé Two-Seat Roadster”, read in summary. www.goodingco.com
  10. Thornley Kelham, “Peugeot Bébé 394 BP1”, restorer’s project page; its history copies Wikipedia, so it is used only for the restoration. www.thornleykelham.com

Peugeot Quadrilette: Peugeot’s tandem cyclecar, 1920–⁠24

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Green 1921 Peugeot Type 161 Quadrilette from the front quarter, its tandem seats visible, at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, France, in April 2016. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Green 1921 Peugeot Type 161 Quadrilette head-on, its narrow track plain to see, at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, France, in April 2016. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A Peugeot Quadrilette towing a small trailer outside D. Roditi & Sons in a Paris street in November 1924. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A Peugeot Quadrilette tourer with two men beside it among bare trees near Paris in April 1923. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Green 1921 Peugeot Type 161 Quadrilette with its hood folded, from the side at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, France, in April 2016. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Yellow and black Peugeot 5 CV cabriolet UC-1865 in a marquee at a show in August 2022. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Turquoise 1924 Peugeot Quadrilette torpedo tourer with a black hood at the Bonhams sale, Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2015. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Red Peugeot Quadrilette tourer in a showroom, photographed in June 2015. Photo: Alexandre Prévot, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. White 1922 Peugeot Type 161 torpedo with red upholstery at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in December 2022. Photo: Loudumo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. Turquoise 1924 Peugeot Quadrilette torpedo tourer in profile at the Bonhams sale, Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2015. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. Yellow Peugeot 5 CV cabriolet UC-1865 from the rear quarter, its dickey lid and hood folded, at a show in August 2022. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. Rear of the turquoise 1924 Peugeot Quadrilette torpedo tourer, its luggage rack on the tail, at the Bonhams sale, Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2015. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. Yellow 1921 Peugeot Type 161 Quadrilette with yellow wheels in a museum, photographed in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. White 1922 Peugeot Type 161 torpedo with its placard at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in November 2014. Photo: Zairon, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. Yellow Peugeot Type 161 Quadrilette in the Monaco Top Cars Collection, Monaco, in September 2016. Photo: Victor Grigas, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. Blue Peugeot Quadrilette Type 172 of 1922–⁠24 with its hood up and its museum placard, photographed in August 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. Blue 1923 Peugeot Type 172 torpedo from the front quarter at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in December 2022. Photo: Loudumo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. Grey Peugeot Quadrilette Type 172 with its hood up, in profile, photographed in July 2016. Photo: AugusteBlanqui, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. Blue 1923 Peugeot Type 172 torpedo at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France. Photo: ignis, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. Cream and black 1925 Peugeot Type 172 BC torpedo at an indoor show in September 2014. Photo: Thomas’s Pics, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. Cream Peugeot Type 172 BC with black wings at a circuit show. Photo: Luc106, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. Turquoise 1924 Peugeot 172 BC Quadrilette with its hood up in the UMMC Museum of Automotive Technology, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia, in August 2024. Photo: MBH, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. Turquoise 1924 Peugeot 172 BC Quadrilette in the UMMC Museum of Automotive Technology, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia. Photo: Vyacheslav Bukharov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. Turquoise 1924 Peugeot 172 BC Quadrilette head-on with its placard in the UMMC Museum of Automotive Technology, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia, in August 2024. Photo: MBH, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. Red Peugeot Type 172 R torpedo Grand Sport, dated 1926 by the show, at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2014. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. Maroon Peugeot Type 172 R tourer behind a museum rail, photographed in November 2013. Photo: seblinux78, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. Red 1925 Peugeot Type 172 R torpedo Grand Sport with its pointed tail at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, France, in April 2016. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. Boat tail of the red Peugeot Type 172 R torpedo Grand Sport at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2014. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. Pointed boat tail of the red 1925 Peugeot Type 172 R torpedo Grand Sport at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, France, in April 2016. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. Dashboard of the yellow Peugeot 5 CV cabriolet UC-1865, with three gauges in a wooden panel and Peugeot script, at a show in August 2022. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. Engine-turned dashboard and steering wheel of the red Peugeot Type 172 R torpedo Grand Sport at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2014. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. Radiator with Peugeot script and twin headlamps of a 1927 Peugeot Type 172 R, photographed in June 2026. Photo: Llann Wé², CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. Cream Peugeot Type 172 R of 1927 with a wooden pick-up body carrying a wine barrel, at a classic-car rally in June 2026. Photo: Llann Wé², CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. Cream and black Peugeot 5 CV Type 172 R with its hood up, on a red display carpet in a shopping centre in September 2022. Photo: Joker Island, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. Peugeot Quadrilette Type 172 taxi monoplace, the passenger enclosed behind the open driving seat, on the Place Vendôme, Paris, in September 1923. Photo: Agence Meurisse, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. Herreman’s Peugeot Quadrilette, number 45, on a bend of the Cran d’Escalles hill-climb at the Calais meeting, France, in August 1923. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. M. Mercier in his Peugeot 5 CV among a crowd at the Parc des Princes, Paris, in July 1927. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A Peugeot Quadrilette tourer parked by roadworks near Paris in April 1923, a labourer shovelling beside it. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. Peugeot Quadrilette poster of 1925, printed by Publicité Wall of Paris: one active man is worth ten if he has a Quadrilette. Photo: Publicité Wall (printer), Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. André Bachelet in Peugeot Quadrilette tourer number 66 at the weigh-in for the winter Six Days trial, Paris, February 1925. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. Peugeot Quadrilette Type 172 taxi monoplace before the Palais du Trocadéro, Paris, in October 1923. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A dark blue 1914 Peugeot Bébé BP1 with brass lamps at the Museu do Caramulo, Portugal, in June 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. Blue Amilcar CC roadster of 1921–⁠22 from the front quarter at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim, Germany, in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. Yellow Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo of 1922 at the Bonny-sur-Loire wine fair, Loiret, in July 2019. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A blue 1927 Austin Seven Chummy tourer with its hood up at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, West Sussex, in July 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. “An Interesting Alternative”, The Motor-Owner, vol. 3 no. 26, July 1921, p. 25, read in full. archive.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Peugeot Quadrilette, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  3. Cercle Pégase Amilcar, “Histoire”: the cyclecar law of 30 July 1920 and the yearly count of cyclecars taxed, read in full. cercle.amilcar.free.fr
  4. The Motor-Owner, April 1921, an item on Peugeot’s London business, read. archive.org
  5. German Wikipedia, Peugeot Typ 161, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Wolfgang Schmarbeck, Alle Peugeot Automobile 1890–⁠1990 (1990). de.wikipedia.org
  6. French Wikipedia, Peugeot Quadrilette, read in full. Used as a lead. fr.wikipedia.org
  7. Peugeot (England) Ltd, advertisements, The Motor-Owner, September 1921 to January 1922, read. archive.org
  8. Cercle Pégase Amilcar, “Amilcar CC”, read in full. cercle.amilcar.free.fr
  9. German Wikipedia, Amilcar Type CC, read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org

Peugeot VLV: the electric town car of occupied France

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A cream Peugeot VLV at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, in June 2012. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The rounded tail of a cream Peugeot VLV at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, in April 2016. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The battery bay of a Peugeot VLV, fitted with modern batteries, at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2009. Photo: bibi95, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A Peugeot VLV in yellow La Poste livery at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in April 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A cream 1941 Peugeot VLV on display at Autoworld, Brussels, in an undated photograph uploaded in 2019. Photo: stephanemat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A red Peugeot VLV with a black hood at the Musée Maurice Dufresne, Azay-le-Rideau, in April 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A red Peugeot VLV seen from the front at the Musée Maurice Dufresne, Azay-le-Rideau, in April 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A cream Peugeot VLV with its hood raised at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, in April 2016. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. The unrestored Peugeot VLV of the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, with its hood folded, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A Peugeot VLV in La Poste livery at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, in April 2009. Photo: Hegor, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A Peugeot VLV in La Poste livery at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in July 2014. Photo: bertknot, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A Peugeot VLV in La Poste livery in profile at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in August 2022. Photo: Dennis Elzinga, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  13. A red Peugeot VLV beside a vintage petrol pump at the Musée Maurice Dufresne, Azay-le-Rideau, in April 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A cream Peugeot VLV in right-hand profile at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, in April 2016. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. The tail of the Lane Motor Museum’s unrestored Peugeot VLV in Nashville in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. The rear of a grey-green Peugeot VLV at the AMAVC collection in Créhange, Moselle, in September 2023. Photo: MakotoVRC, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A Peugeot VLV in La Poste livery seen head-on at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A cream Peugeot VLV with red wheels in a display case at Autoworld, Brussels, in December 2018. Photo: Miguel Discart, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The cockpit of a Peugeot VLV at the AMAVC collection in Créhange, Moselle, in September 2023. Photo: MakotoVRC, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The worn cockpit of the Lane Motor Museum’s unrestored Peugeot VLV in Nashville in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A Peugeot VLV with its bonnet raised over the battery bay at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2009. Photo: bibi95, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A Peugeot VLV with its hood folded at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, in November 2013. Photo: seblinux78, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. An electrical cabinet displayed with the Peugeot VLV at the Musée Maurice Dufresne, Azay-le-Rideau, in April 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. The unrestored 1941 Pierre Faure PFA, not an Autélec, from the front quarter, with its porthole lamps and Pierre Faure Électrique plate. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. Paul Arzens’s 1942 Œuf électrique from the front quarter in the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, in 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A black Mochet two-seat Vélocar with a tan canopy at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A white 2013 Mia electric parked in a village street in Lunteren, Netherlands, in February 2014. Photo: Niels, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.

Sources

  1. French Wikipedia, Peugeot VLV, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites J.-M. Normand in Le Monde, 15 August 2023. fr.wikipedia.org
  2. German Wikipedia, Peugeot VLV, read in full with its infobox. Used as a lead; it cites Schmarbeck, Alle Peugeot Automobile 1890–⁠1990 (1990). de.wikipedia.org
  3. Philippe Schwoerer, article on the Peugeot VLV, with a drive in a restored car, Automobile Propre, 2016, read in full. www.automobile-propre.com
  4. Lane Motor Museum, “Peugeot VLV, 1942”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  5. RM Sotheby’s, catalogue of RM Auctions’ sale of the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, 2013, lot 287, “1942 Peugeot VLV”, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  6. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1942 Peugeot VLV”, tour page, archived copy of 2015, read in full. web.archive.org
  7. l’Automobile Ancienne, “Les voitures électriques sous l’occupation”, 3 November 2015, read in full. lautomobileancienne.com

Piaggio Ape: the Vespa three-wheeler van, 1948 to today

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A dark green Ape 50 pick-up in an Italian piazza, 2010. Photo: Andrew Childs, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  2. A Piaggio Ape A of 1948, a Vespa front end with a box-sided load bed behind, in a side view from Piaggio’s technical report of that year. Photo: Piaggio (1948), Archivio di Stato di Pescara, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A 1957 Ape C flatbed, the first Ape with an enclosed cab, in the Museo Piaggio, Pontedera. Photo: Guzzista76, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A blue Ape TM working on the sand track of the Piazza del Campo, Siena, during the Palio preparations of 2011. Photo: Marco Assini, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  5. A 1957 Ape Calessino with its canvas roof and wood-trimmed passenger seat. Photo: Guzzista76, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A teal and white Ape D600 Cargo van in a Spanish street, 2017. Photo: RL GNZLZ, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  7. A teal 1994 Ape P501 pick-up in a cobbled courtyard. Photo: Camilla Giribardi, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. An Ape taxi with an enclosed passenger body at an oldtimer meet at the Speichenmuseum, Schleswig-Holstein, in 2009. Photo: Huhu Uet, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A white 2015 Ape Xtra D600 Cargo box van in a Spanish street. Photo: RL GNZLZ, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  10. An orange 1977 Apecar LS pick-up. Photo: Camilla Giribardi, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A black Ape box van signwritten for an optician’s shop in De Meern, Utrecht. Photo: D.C. Goosen / Het Utrechts Archief, CC BY 4.0, via hetutrechtsarchief.nl.
  12. A green Ape pick-up outside a house with a wayside shrine in Ballarò, Palermo, in 2020. Photo: Ralf Steinberger, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  13. A blue Ape P501 pick-up parked in Frankfurt am Main, 2019. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  14. A red Ape pick-up near the Royal Palace in Stockholm, 2009. Photo: Dennis Jarvis, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  15. A black and yellow Ape autorickshaw at a market in Rajasthan, 2007. Photo: Dennis G. Jarvis, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A teal Ape pick-up from behind, showing its load bed and rear track, 2019. Photo: crash71100, CC0 1.0, via Flickr.
  17. A small teal Ape parked in a sloping street of an Italian hill town, 2014. Photo: Simone, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  18. A blue Ape pick-up on the move in an Italian street, 2015. Photo: Giulio Gigante, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  19. An Ape turned into a fruit and chilli stall in an Italian town square, 2022. Photo: Chris Sampson, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  20. A yellow Ape goods carrier in a busy street in Kolhapur, Maharashtra, in 2010. Photo: Arne Hückelheim, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. Two Ape passenger carriers loaded with people near Hubli, Karnataka, in 2014. Photo: Jean-Pierre Dalbéra, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. An early Ape 125 with a wood-sided bed on display, 2004. Photo: M.Huwyler, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A blue Ape P501 pick-up with whitewall tyres at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A red Ape pick-up in the Motorcar Museum of Japan, 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A yellow Ape used by an ice-cream parlour in De Meern, Utrecht. Photo: D.C. Goosen / Het Utrechts Archief, CC BY 4.0, via hetutrechtsarchief.nl.
  26. A 1952 Ape with a drop-side bed in the Museo Piaggio, Pontedera. Photo: Guzzista76, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A well-used red Ape TM pick-up parked by railings in Italy, 2011. Photo: Jukka, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  28. A teal Ape TM with a canvas tilt over its load bed, Italy, 2011. Photo: Jukka, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  29. A red Ape TM pick-up signwritten for Masson Mills, Matlock Bath, Derbyshire, in 2014. Photo: Elliott Brown, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  30. A red Ape box van parked in a cobbled yard, 2019. Photo: crash71100, CC0 1.0, via Flickr.
  31. An Ape pick-up piled high with red chillies on a country road in southern Italy, 2004. Photo: picdrops, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  32. City of Paris Ape pick-ups parked against a stone wall, 2012. Photo: Mic, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  33. Three Ape pick-ups parked in a row in Montalcino, Tuscany, in 2008. Photo: Roanish, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  34. A blue Piaggio Ape Calessino with its fringed canopy in profile in June 2017. Photo: Fiver, der Hellseher, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A blue Piaggio Ape Calessino from behind in June 2017. Photo: Fiver, der Hellseher, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A blue Ape Calessino dressed as a wedding car in Malcesine, Lake Garda, in 2011. Photo: Spencer Wright, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  37. An Ape Calessino 200 tourist taxi in Funchal, Madeira, in 2025. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  38. A Piaggio Ape Calessino micro-taxi on a street on Ischia, Italy, in September 2016. Photo: Abxbay, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A rank of Ape Calessino 200 taxis on the seafront road at Funchal, Madeira, 2025. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  40. Inside the cab of an older Ape at the Jesada Technik Museum, Thailand, in 2017. Photo: km30192002, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. The cockpit and bench seat of a blue Piaggio Ape Calessino in June 2017. Photo: Fiver, der Hellseher, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. The script badge of an Ape Calessino 200, one of an Indian-built taxi fleet in Funchal, Madeira. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  43. An old Ape pick-up turned into a bar in the children’s section of the Neude library, Utrecht, in 2020. Photo: D.C. Goosen / Het Utrechts Archief, CC BY 4.0, via hetutrechtsarchief.nl.
  44. An Ape painted and carved as a Sicilian cart at Oliveri, Sicily, in 2021. Photo: Effems, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A 2016 Indian Ape City autorickshaw in the Museo Piaggio, Pontedera. Photo: Guzzista76, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A red Ape Pentarò, the five-wheeled articulated version, fitted out as a fire tender. Photo: Guzzista76, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. An orange Vespacar P2 with a signwritten canvas tilt in the Netherlands, 2014. Photo: Dennis Elzinga, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A 1979 Vespacar P401, the Spanish Moto Vespa version of the Ape, at a show in George, South Africa, in 2016. Photo: Bob Adams, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A green 1958 Vespa 400 with whitewall tyres on German plates in 2018. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A pale grey 1960 Lambretta Li 175 Series 2 van at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, England, in November 2017. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A 1953 Iso Isetta at the Bonhams sale in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A 1957 Daihatsu Midget DKA at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2018. Photo: Rikita, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A red Solyto canvas-backed van (fourgonnette bâchée) in Carantic livery at Rétromobile, Paris, in 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A red Tula Muravei cargo scooter from the left, showing its scooter body and steel load box, in Russia in August 2010. Photo: Игоревич, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Piaggio Ape, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  2. Italian Wikipedia, Piaggio Ape, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites l’Unità (1978, 1991), la Repubblica (1986, 1994) and Piaggio press material. it.wikipedia.org
  3. Italian Wikipedia, Piaggio Ape Calessino, read in full. Used as a lead; it carries a “needs sources” banner and cites none for its figures. it.wikipedia.org
  4. Piaggio Group press office, “APE (1948–⁠2019): una storia italiana”, 21 September 2018, read via a summary of the page. press.piaggiogroup.com
  5. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1963 Vespa Ape”, tour page, archived copy read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  6. Toni Solans, La web de los microcoches (grupo7.com), “Vespa”, read in full (Spanish). grupo7.com
  7. Jean Goyard, “La Vespa 400: la petite auto de Fourchambault”, Automobilia no. 34, February 1999, pp. 44–49 (ACMA’s output to 1956). new.vespa400.com
  8. Reliant Motor Club, “A (very) brief history of Reliant”. www.reliant.website
  9. English Wikipedia, Ligier JS4, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  10. Japanese Wikipedia, Daihatsu Midget, read in full; it cites 360cc軽自動車のすべて (2013) and Nostalgic Hero, August 1991. ja.wikipedia.org
  11. Luc Gagné, “Piaggio Ape Calessino Electric Lithium: an electrifying Dolce Vita!”, Auto123, 28 August 2009 (page 1 read). www.auto123.com
  12. Italian Wikipedia, Moretti (azienda), read in full. Used as a lead. it.wikipedia.org
  13. theLambro.com, “History of the Lambro”, read in full. www.thelambro.com
  14. theLambro.com, “Lambretta 3 Wheeler: FA, FB, FC and FD Models”, read in full; it credits Bruno Strigini. www.thelambro.com
  15. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1955 Iso Isetta”, tour page, archived copy read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  16. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1957 Isettacarro”, tour page, archived copy read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  17. cybermotorcycle.com, “Iso Motor Italia, Spain”, read via a summary; it cites vehiculosclasicos.com. cybermotorcycle.com
  18. Toni Solans, La web de los microcoches (grupo7.com), “Iso Isetta”, read in full (Spanish). grupo7.com
  19. English Wikipedia, Casalini, read via a summary. Used as a lead; it cites Mobil & Motor (Indonesia), 23 November 1981. en.wikipedia.org

PTV 250: Manresa’s own microcar, 1956–⁠1961

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A white PTV 250 with doors and a black hood, on display in a museum in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A two-tone red and cream PTV 250 with doors in profile, on a museum plinth in 2004. Photo: Pablo Alberto Salguero Quiles, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A doorless PTV 250 at the MNACTEC museum in Terrassa, Catalonia, in 2012. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The doorless PTV 250 at the head of the microcar line-up in MNACTEC’s El Transport exhibition, Terrassa, in 2026. Photo: Enric, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A red and cream two-tone PTV 250 from the front, on its museum plinth in 2004. Photo: Pablo Alberto Salguero Quiles, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A white 1959 PTV 250 with doors on a show stand in Spain in 2012. Photo: Spanish Coches, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. An open Biscúter at a car show in Aguadulce, Almería, in 2019. Photo: Schumi4ever, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A maroon Junior 3R-197 three-wheeler at the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition in 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A pale blue Goggomobil saloon at a meeting in Wingst, 2019. Photo: © Ra Boe / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A 1953 Iso Isetta at the Bonhams sale in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Spanish Wikipedia, PTV (automóviles), read in full. es.wikipedia.org
  2. Toni Solans, “PTV, Manresa Barcelona”, grupo7.com, with data and photographs from the Motor Club del Bages bulletin Info Clàssic, read in full. grupo7.com
  3. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1959 PTV”, tour page, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  4. Catalan Wikipedia, PTV 250, read in full; it cites grupo7.com. ca.wikipedia.org
  5. Clàssic Motor Club del Bages, club website, read 7 October 2026, including its post of 25 May 2026 on the 20th Trobada. www.classicmotorclub.org

Pussycar: Jean-Pierre Ponthieu’s licence-free runabout

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A green Lawil City at the UMMC Museum of Automotive Technology, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia, in 2023. Photo: Vyacheslav Bukharov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A red open Tomcar in the ALAAC collection in Lorraine in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. “Presenting the Pussycar: the maddest cars to ever hit the streets of Paris”, Messy Nessy Chic, 11 March 2016. A blog; its claims are not confirmed elsewhere. www.messynessychic.com

Ramses: Egypt’s first car, on NSU Prinz parts, 1960–⁠73

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A pale blue 1958 Friskysport at a classic-vehicle meeting in Mering, Bavaria, 2009. Photo: MartinHansV, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. An orange and white 1962 Mazda K360 in the Mazda Classic museum, Augsburg, Germany, in 2017. Photo: Bergfalke2, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A yellow Goggomobil Dart from the front three-quarter at the German Auto Fest, Earlwood, New South Wales, in 2015. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Audi AG, “Drive like an Egyptian: the NSU Ramses”, press release, 31 August 2023, in English and German, read in summary. www.audi.com
  2. John Meadows, “A Car for Egypt”, April 2012, on the Meadows Frisky club’s website, read in summary. meadowsfrisky.co.uk
  3. Register of Unusual Microcars, “Frisky”, read in full from a copy archived in 2020. web.archive.org
  4. German Wikipedia, Egyptian Automotive Company and Egyptian Light Transport Manufacturing Company, read in full. They cite Linz and Schrader, Die Internationale Automobil-Enzyklopädie; Georgano, The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile, vol. 3, p. 1296; and Die Chronik des Automobils (1994), p. 347. de.wikipedia.org
  5. English Wikipedia, Automotive industry in Egypt, read; it cites Georgano and Egyptian Streets, “Ramses: The Car That Symbolized Egypt’s Industrial Revolution”, 5 October 2022, which could not be read. en.wikipedia.org
  6. French Wikipedia, Ramses Automobiles, an article marked as needing sources, read in full; low reliability. fr.wikipedia.org
  7. English Wikipedia, NSU Prinz, the paragraph on the Ramses; used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org

Reliant Regal: the Tamworth three-wheeler, 1952–⁠1973

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A turquoise Reliant Regal 3/30, EPO 499H, with spot lamps at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Grimsthorpe Castle, in 2022. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The National Motor Museum’s 1953 Reliant Regal Mk I convertible, NYY 162, with its hood up at Beaulieu in 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A red 1956 Reliant Regal Mk III convertible, XRH 416, with its black hood up at Burley in Wharfedale in 2014. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A 1962 Reliant Regal Mk VI from behind in Warwick in 2018, showing its overhanging reverse-rake rear window. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A two-tone red and white 1964 Reliant Regal 3/25 with its slatted nose, at a show in 2009. Photo: Chris Sampson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A pale blue 1957 Reliant Regal Mk III convertible with its hood down, parked in Amsterdam in 2025. Photo: Erremm, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A white 1957 Reliant Regal Mk III convertible in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A red 1973 Reliant Regal 21E, UUL 233M, one of the last built, at the Royal Bath and West Showground in 2018. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. The yellow Reliant Regal saloon at Brodsworth Hall in 2015. Photo: Draco2008 from UK, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. The white 1969 Regal 3/30 from the front quarter in Lunteren in 2014. Photo: Niels de Wit from Lunteren, The Netherlands, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. The yellow 1971 Regal 3/30 from the front in the Lane Motor Museum. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A weathered white 1972 Reliant Regal on a Dutch road in 2017. Photo: Peterolthof, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A yellow 1972 Reliant Regal 3/30 on a show stand in 2016. Photo: Kieran White, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  14. The 1968 Regal 21E, KJO 724G, with its boot open at the Bristol Classic Restoration Show in 2018. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A white 1969 Reliant Regal 3/30 from the rear quarter in Lunteren, the Netherlands, in 2014. Photo: Niels de Wit from Lunteren, The Netherlands, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A yellow 1971 Reliant Regal 3/30 from the rear in the Lane Motor Museum. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A red 1973 Reliant Regal 21E from behind at the Royal Bath & West Showground, Shepton Mallet, in 2018, with its Regal 21E script and GB plate. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. The red 1973 Regal 21E, UUL 233M, head-on at the Royal Bath and West Showground in 2018. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The turquoise Regal 3/30, EPO 499H, head-on with twin spot lamps at Grimsthorpe Castle in 2022. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A Reliant Regal Mk I of 1953 or 1954, NYY 162, head-on at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, in 2018, showing the large grille of the first Regal. Photo: Carfanatic2019, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A red 1956 Reliant Regal Mk III convertible, XRH 416, from the front at Burley in Wharfedale, Yorkshire, in 2014. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A cream Reliant Regal saloon on the Reliant Owners Club stand at the NEC Classic Motor Show in 2012. Photo: Thomas’s Pics, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A derelict olive-green Reliant Regal, BVO 45H, displayed overgrown with ivy in a museum’s garden scene in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A pale blue Reliant Regal in a mock breakdown scene at the Curioseum. Photo: Martin Lindner, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A 1954 Reliant Regal Mk I convertible among other cars at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, in 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A yellow Reliant Regal beside an orange Bond Bug at the Brodsworth Hall Classic Car Show in 2015. Photo: Draco2008 from UK, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A white Reliant Regal Mk VI, UJY 710, at the Devon Classic Car Club rally, Buckfastleigh, in 2019. Photo: Steve Knight, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A pale green Reliant Regal Mk VI from the front quarter at Zandvoort, Netherlands, in 2009. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. The 1962 Regal Mk VI, 128 GDT, in profile in Warwick. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A pale green Reliant Regal Mk VI in profile at Zandvoort, Netherlands, in 2009. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A pale green Reliant Regal Mk VI from the rear quarter at the Zandvoort oldtimer festival in 2009. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A two-tone blue 1962 Reliant Regal Mk VI saloon, 128 GDT, in Warwick in 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. The maroon leather bench seats of the 1953 Regal Mk I at Beaulieu. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. The cockpit of a 1957 Reliant Regal Mk III: red seats and a spring-spoke steering wheel, in the Lane Motor Museum. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A blue-grey 1968 Reliant Regal 21E, KJO 724G, with its bonnet up at the Bristol Classic Restoration Show in 2018. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. The Reliant shield badge on the C-pillar of a 1969 Reliant Regal 3/30 in Lunteren, Netherlands, in 2014. Photo: Niels de Wit from Lunteren, The Netherlands, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. The Regal 3/30 script and rear lamp of a 1969 Reliant Regal 3/30 in Lunteren, Netherlands, in 2014. Photo: Niels de Wit from Lunteren, The Netherlands, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A Reliant Regal converted into a military-style half-track with a dummy gun, at the Tanks, Trucks and Firepower Show in 2023. Photo: Airwolfhound from Hertfordshire, UK, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A blue July 1975 Mk1 Robin 750 at the Knebworth House Classic Motor Show in 2013. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. The 1971 Supervan III used as the Trotters’ van in Only Fools and Horses, at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, in 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A yellow 1956 Bond Minicar Mark C De Luxe Tourer, JTK 277, at Keynsham in 2011. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A maroon AC Petite, 604 JHK, from the front quarter at the National Microcar Rally in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Reliant Motor Club, “The Reliant Regal 3/25 – 3/30 (1962–⁠1973)”, read in full. www.reliant.website
  2. Reliant Motor Club, “A (very) brief history of Reliant”, read in full. www.reliant.website
  3. Reliant Motor Club, “Reliant Regal Mk I – Mk VI”, read in full. www.reliant.website
  4. 3wheelers.com, “Reliant Regal Mk I – Mk VI”, read in full in an archived copy of 2013; almost the same text as S3. web.archive.org
  5. W. B., “Reliant at Tamworth”, Motor Sport, June 1964, a factory visit, read in full. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  6. German Wikipedia, Reliant Regal, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Culshaw and Horrobin, Wilson-Hall (2014), automobile-catalog and the club’s pages. de.wikipedia.org
  7. English Wikipedia, Reliant Regal, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Autocar of 2 May 1968 and 29 August 1968, Payne (2016) and carfolio. en.wikipedia.org
  8. Reliant Motor Club, “Reliant Engines”, factory engine data, read in full. www.reliant.website
  9. Reliant Motor Club, “Reliant Supervan”, read in full. www.reliant.website
  10. 3-wheelers.com, “Laws”, known only from a search-engine excerpt, since the page refused access. 3-wheelers.com
  11. Heinkel Trojan Club, “Cabin Cruisers”, read in full in an archived copy of 2015. web.archive.org
  12. GOV.UK, “Riding a motorcycle, moped or motor tricycle: licences issued before 19 January 2013”, read in full. www.gov.uk

Reliant Robin: Britain’s three-wheeler, 1973–⁠2002

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A blue July 1975 Mk1 Robin 750 at the Knebworth House Classic Motor Show in 2013. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The rear of a red Mk1 Reliant Robin at St. Ignace, Michigan, in 2019. Photo: SsmIntrigue, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A weathered Greek-built MEBEA Robin with a roof rack in an Athens street in 2002. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A dark-green 1999 Mk3 Robin with teardrop headlamps in a London street in 2007. Photo: Oxyman, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A Reliant Rialto van, the Robin’s 1980s successor, dressed as the Trotters van on Peckham Road, London, in 2022. Photo: Ben Sutherland, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A yellow 1973 Mk1 Robin beside a Regal saloon at the Stondon Transport Museum, Bedfordshire, in 2007. Photo: allen watkin, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A blue 1974 Mk1 Robin with its bonnet raised at the Bristol Car Show on The Downs in 2004. Photo: Arpingstone, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A faded 1979 Robin 850 standing among weeds in Leiden, the Netherlands, in 2020. Photo: louisznl, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A 1977 Mk1 Robin 850 on Dutch plates at the Oldtimerdag in Ederveen, the Netherlands, in 2014. Photo: Niels de Wit, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A white Robin 850 on Dutch plates in IJmuiden, the Netherlands, in 2004. Photo: Joost J. Bakker, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A dark-green 1974 Mk1 Robin, JBX 481N, at a show in 2017. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A cream and red Mk2 Robin at the Legendy show in Prague in 2018. Photo: Jiří Sedláček, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A red Mk1 Reliant Robin at the St. Ignace car show, Michigan, in 2019. Photo: SsmIntrigue, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A 1978 Mk1 Robin Super 850 ‘GB Special’ at a show in Christchurch, New Zealand, in 2012. Photo: Riley, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A light blue 1979 Reliant Robin 850 in profile in Leiden in 2015. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. The rear of a weathered 1979 Reliant Robin 850 in Leiden in 2020. Photo: louisznl, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A blue 1979 Robin 850 parked in Leiden, the Netherlands, in 2014. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. The rear of a white Reliant Robin 850 in IJmuiden in 2004, showing its Robin script and opening rear window. Photo: Joost J. Bakker, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The rear of a dark-green 1974 Reliant Robin, JBX 481N, in 2017. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A red Mk1 Reliant Robin from behind in the Cyprus Historic & Classic Motor Museum, Limassol, in 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. The rear of a 1978 Reliant Robin GB Special at Christchurch, New Zealand, in 2012, showing its opening rear window. Photo: Riley, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A white Mk1 Robin with a blue stripe at the Newby Hall Historic Vehicle Rally, North Yorkshire, in 2014. Photo: Draco2008, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A Festival Red 1982 Super Robin 850 at a car show in St. Ignace, Michigan, in 2019. Photo: Elise240SX, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A pale-blue 1979 Robin 850 head-on at the Autotron, Rosmalen, the Netherlands, in 2022. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A Mk1 Robin 850 parked in Kirkgate, Otley, West Yorkshire, in 1994. Photo: John M Wheatley, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A dark-blue Mk1 Robin on old Dutch plates in a residential street in Woerden, the Netherlands, in 2016. Photo: Edoderoo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A red Mk1 Robin in the Cyprus Historic & Classic Motor Museum, Limassol, in 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A blue Mk2 Robin on the owners’ club stand at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2018. Photo: Kieran White, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A green 1998 Mk2 Robin in a car park in 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A blue 1992 Mk2 Robin LX at a show in 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A blue 1995 Mk2 Robin LX, N704 TOF, parked in a street in 2020. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A mint-green 1994 Mk2 Robin LX at the Festival of the Unexceptional in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A white 1997 Mk2 Robin LX in a car park in 2015. Photo: Kieran White, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A white 1993 Mk2 Robin LX 850 in Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, in 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A silver Mk2 Robin parked in a street in Talgarth, Wales, in 2016. Photo: Jeremy Segrott, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A red 1994 Mk2 Robin SLX on a country road in 2009. Photo: Pazza328, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A blue 1995 Reliant Robin LX in profile in 2020. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. The rear of a green 1998 Reliant Robin in 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A maroon 1994 Mk2 Robin LX estate in a car park in 2016. Photo: Kieran White, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. The rear of a white 1993 Reliant Robin LX in Leamington Spa in 2018, with its LX badge. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. The rear of a green 1994 Reliant Robin LX at the Festival of the Unexceptional in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A white Mk2 Robin LX at a village show in Pebmarsh, Essex, in 2026. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A blue 1992 Mk2 Robin driving through central London in 2010. Photo: Dietmar Rabich, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A red Mk2 Robin parked beside a farm lane at Williton, Somerset, in 2013. Photo: grassrootsgroundswell, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A silver 1996 Mk2 Robin driving through Blandford Forum, Dorset, in 2018. Photo: Hugh Llewelyn, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A red Mk2 Robin hatchback with a blue Mk2 estate behind it in 2021. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A red Mk2 Robin head-on at West Dean in 2013. Photo: grassrootsgroundswell, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A blue 1999 Mk3 Robin SLX at the Royal Bath & West Showground in 2018. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A dark-green 2001 Mk3 Robin SLX, one of the last Reliant-built Robins, in Leamington Spa in 2017. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. An orange 2000 Mk3 Robin SLX on the owners’ club stand at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2022. Photo: Kieran White, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A blue Mk3 Robin at the HCVS London to Brighton run on Madeira Drive, Brighton, in 2009. Photo: Les Chatfield, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A weathered blue 1999 Mk3 Robin SLX parked outside a house in 2014. Photo: Charlie, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. The rear of a 2001 Reliant Robin SLX in Leamington Spa in 2017. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. The rear of a blue 1999 Reliant Robin SLX at the Royal Bath & West Showground in 2018. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. The Reliant castle badge on a green Robin at Llangollen Motor Museum, Wales, in 2019. Photo: In Vitrio, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. A Mk1 Robin estate body propped on wooden trestles in Austria in 2009. Photo: Wald1siedel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. A silver Mk2 Robin 21st-anniversary special edition, first registered in October 1995, at a show in 2013. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. A 2002 B&N Plastics BN-1, one of the last Robins built, with its bonnet open at the NEC Classic Motor Show in 2016. Photo: Kieran White, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. A bronze 1978 Mk1 Robin 850 van parked in a Dutch street in 2013. Photo: Dennis Elzinga, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  60. A 1974 Mk1 Robin 750 van, SVF 308N, on a club stand at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2022. Photo: Kieran White, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. A Mk1 Robin van dressed as the Only Fools and Horses van, which was really a Supervan, at Kinsale, County Cork, in 2012. Photo: Mic, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. A 1990 Robin rebuilt as a pick-up, with a non-standard nose, in Leamington Spa in 2017. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  63. The load bed of a 1990 Reliant Robin LX pick-up in Leamington Spa in 2017. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. A blue 2000 Mk3 Robin SLX van with blanked rear side windows in 2011. Photo: Mick, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  65. White Reliant Robin Mk1, JPL 76N, with a learner’s L-plate on its nose, in a car park in England around 1974. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  66. A turquoise Reliant Regal 3/30, EPO 499H, with spot lamps at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Grimsthorpe Castle, in 2022. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  67. The 1971 Supervan III used as the Trotters’ van in Only Fools and Horses, at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, in 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  68. A 1972 Bond Bug 700ES, NYC 760L, at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Grimsthorpe Castle, Lincolnshire, in 2021. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  69. A Sinclair C5 on grass at the Nottingham Motor Show in 2026. Photo: Aethonatic, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Lancaster Insurance, “The Reliant Robin at 50”, 5 April 2023, read in full; it quotes period advertisements and Thames Television. www.lancasterinsurance.co.uk
  2. Lancaster Insurance, “Happy 50th birthday to the Reliant Robin”, 29 September 2023, read in full; it quotes Autocar of 1 November 1973. www.lancasterinsurance.co.uk
  3. Reliant Motor Club, “Reliant Robin History: Mk I, Mk II, Mk III and BN1/BN2 (1973–⁠2002)”, read in full. www.reliant.website
  4. English Wikipedia, Reliant Robin, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Motor of 3 November 1973 for the dimensions, Skartsis’s Modern Greece’s Machines and BBC programme pages. en.wikipedia.org
  5. Reliant Motor Club, “A (very) brief history of Reliant”, read in full. www.reliant.website
  6. German Wikipedia, Reliant Robin, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Culshaw and Horrobin (1997) and Pither (2001). de.wikipedia.org
  7. Reliant Motor Club, “Reliant Engines”, factory technical data for 1974 and 1998, read in full. www.reliant.website
  8. Carole Nash, “Examining the history of the Reliant Robin”, 11 January 2018. www.carolenash.com
  9. Reliant Motor Club, “Reliant Rialto History”, read in full. www.reliant.website
  10. English Wikipedia, Reliant Rialto, read in full. Used as a lead; it has few references. en.wikipedia.org
  11. German Wikipedia, Reliant Rialto, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Pither (2001) and Reliant’s Rialto 2 Owner’s Handbook (1984). de.wikipedia.org
  12. Reliant Motor Club, “BBC Top Gear – and the infamous rolling Reliant Robin episode”, read in full. www.reliant.website
  13. English Wikipedia, Sipani, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Auto Katalog and Autocar of 5 June 1982. en.wikipedia.org
  14. Venkatesha Babu, “Long before Tata Motors, there was Sipani’s Dolphin”, Mint, 22 March 2009, read in full in an archived copy. web.archive.org
  15. Elvis Payne, “A-Z Tour: Badal”, 3-wheelers.com, read in full in an archived copy of 17 February 2019. web.archive.org
  16. GOV.UK, “Riding a motorcycle, moped or motor tricycle: licences issued before 19 January 2013”, read in full. www.gov.uk
  17. Jeremy Clarkson, “The Clarkson review: Reliant Robin”, The Sunday Times Driving, 11 January 2016, read in large part in an archived copy. www.driving.co.uk

Reliant Supervan: Del Boy’s van, 1963–⁠1973

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The 1971 Supervan III used as the Trotters’ van in Only Fools and Horses, at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, in 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A 1965 Reliant 5 cwt van, YRD 569C, in Trotters replica livery at a show in Newbury, Berkshire, in 2009. Photo: allen watkin, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A red 1970 Reliant Supervan III in Royal Mail livery, DUU 630J, at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, in 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A light-blue 1971 Supervan III with signwritten sides at the NEC Restoration Show, Birmingham, in 2022. Photo: kieranwhite599, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A beige Reliant Supervan, NDR 233J, parked in a terraced street in 2009. Photo: Felix O, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A blue Reliant Supervan III with yellow wheels and a roof rack at an outdoor show in 2011. Photo: Mick, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A dark-blue Reliant Supervan at an outdoor classic show in 2012. Photo: Ozzy Delaney, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  8. A beige 1971 Supervan III with a Union flag on its aerial at the NEC Restoration Show in 2022. Photo: kieranwhite599, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A Supervan III in Only Fools and Horses livery, with the screen plate DHV 938D, at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, in 2023. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A Supervan in Trotters replica livery with a DEL BOY plate outside the London Motor Museum, Hayes, in 2012. Photo: Shane’s Stuff, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A Trotters replica Supervan with Del Boy and Rodney dummies inside, in a street in Welling, London Borough of Bexley, in 2019. Photo: Marathon, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. The Royal Mail Supervan III in profile at Gaydon in 2016, showing its windowless load area. Photo: Karen Roe, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A Trotters-liveried Supervan at a street exhibition in Jevremova Street, Belgrade, in 2007. Photo: Goldfinger, CC BY 3.0 rs, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A weathered Reliant Supervan III in Trotters livery in profile at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, in 2021. Photo: Paul Foster, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A Trotters replica Reliant Supervan, MDH 965K, in profile with the pier behind on the English Riviera, Devon, in 2022. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  16. A Trotters replica Supervan carried on a transporter in England in 2016. Photo: Rodw, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. The rear of the Royal Mail Reliant Supervan III, DUU 630J, at Gaydon in 2018, with its crowned Royal Mail lettering. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A Trotters-liveried Supervan in the Museum of Automobiles, Belgrade, Serbia, in 2018. Photo: Sadko, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The rear of a Reliant Supervan III in Trotters livery, DHV 938D, at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, in 2023, showing its signwritten doors. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A Trotters replica Supervan, MDH 965K, by the pier on the English Riviera, Devon, in 2022. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  21. The rear of a Reliant Supervan in Trotters replica livery, RCU 24K, in Welling, London, in 2019, with a suitcase on its roof rack. Photo: Marathon, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. The rear of the Only Fools and Horses screen van, FKE 119L, at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, in 2025. Photo: Michael Garlick, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A 1969 Supervan in Trotters replica livery, dressed with Peckham Spring water bottles, at the Festival of Wheels in 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A Trotters replica Supervan, DYJ 268K, in Tonbridge High Street during the town festival in 2016. Photo: Marathon, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A Reliant Supervan III in Trotters livery on its plinth at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, in 2021. Photo: Hlliwmai, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A 1964 Reliant 5 cwt van, the slatted-nose forerunner of the Supervan, in Trotters replica livery in 2013. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A light-blue Supervan parked below Holy Trinity Church, Horwich, in 1983. Photo: Glenluwin, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A turquoise Reliant Regal 3/30, EPO 499H, with spot lamps at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Grimsthorpe Castle, in 2022. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A blue July 1975 Mk1 Robin 750 at the Knebworth House Classic Motor Show in 2013. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A 1972 Bond Bug 700ES, NYC 760L, at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Grimsthorpe Castle, Lincolnshire, in 2021. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A red 1968 Bond 875 saloon, OTN 209F, with its round headlamps and dummy grille. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Reliant Motor Club, “Know your Supervan”, read in full. www.reliant.website
  2. German Wikipedia, Reliant Supervan, revision of 26 September 2026, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Pither, Reliant Regal and Robin (2002), Wilson-Hall, Reliant Three-Wheelers (2014), a Staffordshire Past Track photograph, The Classic Valuer and BBC News of 27 February 2007. de.wikipedia.org
  3. German Wikipedia, Reliant 5 cwt Van, read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  4. National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, “Reliant Regal Supervan III”, collection entry, read in full. nationalmotormuseum.org.uk
  5. Reliant Motor Club, “Reliant Engines”, read in full. www.reliant.website
  6. English Wikipedia, Reliant Regal, the section on popular culture read. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  7. English Wikipedia, Mr. Bean (Mr. Bean episode), read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  8. Chortle, “Original Del Boy van up for auction”, 23 January 2021, read in full. www.chortle.co.uk
  9. Shropshire Star, “Reliant Regal from Only Fools and Horses sells for nearly £20,000”, 19 June 2023, read in full. shropshirestar.com
  10. OldClassicCar forum, “Reliant three-wheelers” thread, posts from 21 June 2012, read in full; an anonymous recollection, used only as colour. www.oldclassiccar.co.uk
  11. “Rumblings”, Motor Sport, July 1970, read in full. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  12. “Reliant of Tamworth”, Motor Sport, June 1976, read in full. www.motorsportmagazine.com

Renault Twizy: the tandem electric two-seater, 2012–⁠23

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red 2013 Renault Twizy 80 on grass in December 2021. Photo: PabloLinoCalleBoulicaud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A pre-production Renault Twizy in profile at the Paris Motor Show, France, in October 2010. Photo: Mic, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The tandem seats of a Renault Twizy, the passenger’s behind the driver’s, in Zetel, Germany, in April 2011. Photo: Peter Dierickx, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The Renault Twizy Renault Sport F1 concept from the front three-quarter at the Frankfurt Motor Show, Germany, in September 2013. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Renault Twizy rental cars of the eMobility eTour charging at Geiranger, Norway, in October 2018. Photo: Mario Roberto Durán Ortiz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A Choi-mobi car-sharing Nissan New Mobility Concept in its parking bay in Yokohama, Japan, in July 2014. Photo: Piotrus, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A Quad Medical Renault Twizy ambulance beside a full-size ambulance in Covent Garden, London, England, in November 2019. Photo: Matt Brown, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A white Renault Twizy in Düsseldorf, Germany, in September 2012. Photo: M 93, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. An orange and black Renault Twizy in Portugal Street, Westminster, London, England, in March 2015. Photo: Ardfern, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A white Renault Twizy in Rue du Docteur Vincent, Challes-les-Eaux, France, in October 2017. Photo: Anthony Levrot, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A white Renault Twizy in a sponsor’s livery on Sylt, Germany, in July 2012. Photo: Bin im Garten, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A light-blue Renault Twizy in profile on cobbles in June 2021. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A white and black Renault Twizy in profile in a Munich street, Germany, in June 2013. Photo: Takeaway, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A white Renault Twizy from the rear three-quarter in Rue du Docteur Vincent, Challes-les-Eaux, France, in October 2017. Photo: Anthony Levrot, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A white Renault Twizy from the rear three-quarter in Düsseldorf, Germany, in September 2012. Photo: M 93, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A Belgian police Renault Twizy in the National Day parade in Brussels, Belgium, in July 2016. Photo: Domaine public, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A blue Renault Twizy driving through Rome, Italy, in April 2016. Photo: Mario Roberto Durán Ortiz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A Renault Twizy parked at Sion below the Col du Sanetsch, Switzerland, in August 2019. Photo: crash71100, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A Spanish Red Cross Renault Twizy on the Calle Real de la Alhambra, Granada, Spain, in June 2014. Photo: Elliott Brown, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A Domino’s Pizza delivery Renault Twizy on charge in a car park in August 2019. Photo: Guillaume Vachey, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A Wuppertal fire-brigade Renault Twizy at a public event in Wuppertal, Germany, in June 2014. Photo: Atamari, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A police Renault Twizy on a cobbled street in Campeche, Mexico, in May 2021. Photo: Sharon Hahn Darlin, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A white Renault Twizy from directly behind on Sylt, Germany, in July 2012. Photo: Bin im Garten, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A red Scoot Networks car-sharing Renault Twizy in San Francisco, United States, in July 2015. Photo: Antoine Imbert, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  25. The blue tandem cabin of the Renault Twizy Z.E. Concept through its open scissor door at the Frankfurt Motor Show, Germany, in September 2009. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. The cockpit of a Renault Twizy from the driver’s seat in August 2015. Photo: KarleHorn, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. The dashboard and steering wheel of a Renault Twizy through its open door in Düsseldorf, Germany, in September 2012. Photo: M 93, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A charging cable plugged into the nose of a Renault Twizy at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2013. Photo: Clément Bucco-Lechat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A Renault Twizy with its scissor door swung up in a car park in Germany in February 2016. Photo: KarleHorn, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A Choi-mobi car-sharing Nissan New Mobility Concept in its parking bay in Yokohama, Japan, in July 2014. Photo: Piotrus, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A Nissan New Mobility Concept, the Twizy-based car, in Choi-mobi ‘Drive Me!’ livery at the Nissan Global Headquarters, Yokohama, Japan, in March 2014. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A Nissan New Mobility Concept from the rear three-quarter in a Nissan showroom in Japan in March 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A red 2013 Renault Twizy 80 from the rear three-quarter on a grassy bank in December 2021. Photo: PabloLinoCalleBoulicaud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A Renault Twizy in blue Alpine livery at the Le Mans 24 Hours, France, in June 2017. Photo: David Merrett, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. The Renault Twizy by Cathy & David Guetta at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2013. Photo: Clément Bucco-Lechat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. The Renault Twizy Renault Sport F1 concept on a turntable at the Frankfurt Motor Show, Germany, in September 2013. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A white Korean-market Renault Twizy in a car park in South Korea in December 2023. Photo: Damian B Oh, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A white Korean-market Renault Twizy from the rear three-quarter in South Korea in December 2023. Photo: Damian B Oh, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. The Renault Twizy Renault Sport F1 concept from behind, showing its rear wing and diffuser, at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2014. Photo: Lukasdesign, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A Renault Twizy Urban 45 from behind in April 2017. Photo: Nxr-at, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. The Renault Twizy Z.E. Concept with its scissor door raised at the Frankfurt Motor Show, Germany, in September 2009. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. The Renault Twizy Z.E. Concept from directly behind at the Frankfurt Motor Show, Germany, in September 2009. Photo: Overlaet, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A pre-production Renault Twizy with blue circuit-pattern graphics on a Renault stand in December 2010. Photo: Panayotis Vryonis, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  44. A pre-production Renault Twizy with blue circuit-pattern graphics from behind on a Renault stand in December 2010. Photo: Panayotis Vryonis, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  45. A turquoise 1960 KR200 with whitewall tyres at an Australian show in 2014. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A yellow Commuter Cars Tango T600 at the California Automobile Museum, Sacramento, United States, in April 2022. Photo: DestinationFearFan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A black and grey Mobilize Duo at a kerb in a town street in France in January 2026. Photo: Alexandre Prevot, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A grey 2021 Citroën Ami with orange wheel inserts in Valbonne, France, in October 2021. Photo: John K, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A red Tazzari Zero with a black roof parked in a street in Rome, Italy, in July 2013. Photo: 罗布泊, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A red and black 2001 Smart City-Coupé passion (450) ‘Softouch’ in Leamington Spa, England, in January 2020. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Renault Twizy, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  2. “Renault Twizy Produktionsende 2023”, auto motor und sport, July 2023, read in full. www.auto-motor-und-sport.de
  3. French Wikipedia, Renault Twizy, text and infobox. Used as a lead. fr.wikipedia.org
  4. German Wikipedia, Renault Twizy, read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  5. “Bye-bye Twizy”, electrive, 17 July 2023, read in full. www.electrive.com
  6. “Renault Twizy Sport F1 Concept is Race Ready With KERS”, AutoGuide, 25 April 2013. www.autoguide.com
  7. “Renault teases with more sporty concepts”, GoAuto, 29 April 2013. goauto.com.au
  8. Nissan Motor Co., “Nissan and City of Yokohama launch Japan’s first ever car sharing program with ultra-compact EVs”, press release, 10 October 2013. global.nissannews.com
  9. Japanese Wikipedia, 「超小型自動車」 (ultra-compact vehicles), the passage on vehicles before certification. Used as a lead. ja.wikipedia.org

REVA G-Wiz: India’s electric car, London’s quadricycle

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A cream 2007 REVA G-Wiz parked in a London street in February 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A REVA G-Wiz plugged into a street charging post between Covent Garden and the Strand, London, in April 2008. Photo: Alan Trotter, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Three art-painted REVA G-Wiz cars in Pall Mall, London, during the Gumball 3000 rally in April 2007. Photo: johnantoni, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A pale-yellow Indian-market REVA with a Karnataka plate in a city car park in India in 2008. Photo: Premkudva, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A silver 2006 REVA G-Wiz plugged in at a charging bay in England in June 2024. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  6. A blue Indian-market REVA parked on a leafy street in India in August 2007. Photo: Nick Gray, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  7. A pale-yellow Indian-market REVA with a Karnataka plate in profile in India in 2008. Photo: Premkudva, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A blue 2006 REVA G-Wiz from the rear three-quarter in a London street in April 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A blue REVA G-Wiz parked outside 37 Savile Row, London, in April 2009. Photo: Darrenm540, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A silver 2006 REVA G-Wiz from the rear three-quarter in a car park in England in June 2024. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  11. A pale-yellow REVA from the rear three-quarter beside a concrete wall in January 2009. Photo: MikeSense80, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  12. A black 2006 REVA G-Wiz with an orange door sticker, nose-on in a London street, in April 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A purple and yellow 2005 REVA G-Wiz on display at the Haynes International Motor Museum, Sparkford, in August 2013. Photo: Glen Bowman, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  14. A silver REVA on a garden display at the Hampton Court Palace Flower Show, England, in July 2009. Photo: MilborneOne, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A silver REVA on a motor-show stand in January 2010, a black one behind it. Photo: MikeSense80, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  16. A gold REVA plugged into an Elektrobay charging post at the Museum of Science and Industry, Manchester, in March 2013. Photo: Smabs Sputzer, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  17. A dark blue REVA G-Wiz parked in front of an AC Cobra at a show in Essex, England, in July 2009. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A pale-yellow Indian-market REVA with a Karnataka plate from directly behind in India in 2008. Photo: Premkudva, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A black 2009 REVA G-Wiz i with red wheels in Warwick, England, in July 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A blue 2009 REVAi in a car park in Costa Rica in June 2022. Photo: Mariordo (Mario Roberto Durán Ortiz), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A white REVAi in the livery of a Dublin bakery, parked in Dublin, Ireland, in October 2010. Photo: William Murphy, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  22. A black 2009 REVA G-Wiz i with red wheels in profile in Warwick, England, in July 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A blue REVAi in clean profile on a street in March 2009. Photo: David, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  24. A silver REVAi in side view, parked in Neu-Ulm, Germany, in August 2025. Photo: Trop86, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A black 2009 REVA G-Wiz i with red wheels from the rear three-quarter in Warwick, England, in July 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A silver REVA G-Wiz charging at a kerbside post on a London street. Photo: frankh, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A blue REVAi in a REVA dealer showroom in Sabadell, Spain. Photo: Francesc Buyolo, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A blue and a black REVAi parked side by side in Oslo, Norway, in May 2010. Photo: Mic, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  29. A REVA in the blue and white livery of Porto’s ‘Comércio Seguro’ police patrol in Porto, Portugal, in June 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A blue 2000 Ford TH!NK City (A266) at the Hebden Bridge Vintage Weekend, England, in August 2022. Photo: DieselFordMondeo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A red and black 2001 Smart City-Coupé passion (450) ‘Softouch’ in Leamington Spa, England, in January 2020. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A green 2010 Pure Mobility Buddy at Classic Remise, Düsseldorf, Germany. Photo: Detectandpreserve, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A white 2013 Mia electric parked in a village street in Lunteren, Netherlands, in February 2014. Photo: Niels, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Mahindra Electric, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  2. English Wikipedia, REVAi, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  3. Tom Foot, “Green bubble cars safety fears”, West End Extra, 11 May 2007. www.thecnj.com
  4. greenmotor.co.uk, “G-Wiz drivers don’t believe Boris”, 11 May 2007, with the Nice Car Company’s statement. www.greenmotor.co.uk
  5. English Wikipedia, Mahindra e2o, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  6. Antony Ingram, “Mahindra E2O Electric Minicar Launches In India, Nee Reva NXR”, Green Car Reports, 18 March 2013. www.greencarreports.com
  7. “Govt support missing, M&M scales back plans for new electric vehicles”, Business Standard, 15 November 2013. www.business-standard.com
  8. Rachel Burgess, “Mahindra e2o electric car launches in UK”, Autocar, 15 April 2016. www.autocar.co.uk
  9. Sameer Contractor, “Mahindra e2o Two-Door Officially Discontinued In India; Exports To Continue”, carandbike, 24 November 2016. www.carandbike.com
  10. Lawrence Allan, “Mahindra e2o electric city car pulled from UK sales”, Auto Express, 6 May 2017. www.autoexpress.co.uk

Reyonnah: the French tandem with folding front wheels

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A green 1956 Inter 175 A Berline at RM Sotheby’s Paris sale, Les Invalides, in 2017. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A turquoise and white Messerschmitt KR175 at the Oldtimer show in Moscow in 2013. Photo: Svetlov Artem, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A turquoise 1960 KR200 with whitewall tyres at an Australian show in 2014. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. An unrestored P. Vallée Chantecler in a store, its paint patched and worn. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The one-off green Grataloup single-seat three-wheeler with its canvas top in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1950 Reyonnah”, tour page, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  2. RM Auctions, The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia, 2013, lot 594, “1951 Reyonnah”, catalogue text, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  3. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1951 Reyonnah”, tour page (© 2002), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  4. English Wikipedia, Reyonnah, read in full; it cites Automobilia, Toutes les voitures françaises 1953 (the Paris Salon of October 1952), vol. 14, p. 66, not seen. en.wikipedia.org
  5. German Wikipedia, Reyonnah, read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader, Die Internationale Automobil-Enzyklopädie, not seen. de.wikipedia.org
  6. Richard Dredge, “Reyonnah microcar”, Below the Radar; its text is adapted from RM’s catalogue, so it is not an independent source. www.below-the-radar.com
  7. cybermotorcycle.com, “Reyonnah Microcars”. cybermotorcycle.com
  8. Report on RM Auctions’ sale of the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia, 15–16 February 2013. www.supercars.net

Romi-Isetta: Brazil’s Isetta, 1956–⁠61

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A yellow 1957 Romi-Isetta, with the Iso engine, in Brazil in 2012. Photo: JasonVogel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A pale blue and white Romi-Isetta with its front door open at the Museu Eduardo André Matarazzo, Bebedouro, Brazil, in 2010. Photo: Marco Antônio, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The Romi-Isetta badge, in Brazil’s green, blue and yellow. Photo: Marco Antônio, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A cream Romi-Isetta at a car meeting in Brazil in 2008. Photo: Renzo Maia, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The Romi-Isetta among the cars and aircraft of the Museu Eduardo André Matarazzo in Bebedouro in 2012. Photo: MARCO AURÉLIO ESPARZ…, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A 1953 Iso Isetta at the Bonhams sale in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A grey 1955 bubble-window Isetta 250 at the Isetta Club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A turquoise Gurgel BR-800 parked on a street in Brazil in 2007. Photo: Frenz 69, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Red Gurgel Itaipu E150 electric car from the front quarter, parked in a street in Brazil. Photo: Marcelo Bezerra Cavalcanti, edited by Mr.choppers, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Isetta, the Romi section, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Romi’s corporate history (2010) and Helen Shapiro in Business History Review 65/4 (1991). en.wikipedia.org
  2. Portuguese Wikipedia, Isetta, the sections on the technical details and the Romi-Isetta, read in full; it cites the 1959 Romi-Isetta owner’s manual (Máquinas Agrícolas Romi S.A.). pt.wikipedia.org
  3. Autoentusiastas, “Romi-Isetta 68 anos: a epopeia do primeiro carro nacional”, September 2024, read in full. autoentusiastas.com.br
  4. Pesquisa FAPESP no. 362, April 2026, “Há 70 anos nascia o primeiro carro brasileiro”, read in full. revistapesquisa.fapesp.br
  5. Canaltech, “Romi Isetta: como foi o primeiro carro fabricado no Brasil”, about 2022–⁠23, read in full. canaltech.com.br

Rosengart LR2: the French Austin Seven, 1928–⁠1939

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A blue 1928 Rosengart LR2 saloon in the Rosengart-Museum at Bedburg, Germany, in 2021. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Blanchon’s Rosengart LR2 saloon, No. 21, at the weighing for the Paris–Nice touring trial in Paris, France, in March 1929. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Véniel and Breyme in their Rosengart LR2 saloons at the Circuit des Routes Pavées, France, in 1929. Photo: Agence Meurisse, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A red 1936 Rosengart LR4N2 Supercinq saloon from the front quarter in the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne, France, in July 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A yellow and black 1929 Rosengart LR2 tourer with its hood up in the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne, France, in August 2012. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A turquoise Rosengart tourer on the Graf Berghe von Trips memorial run at Kerpen, Germany, in August 2012. Photo: Achim Raschka, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A 1929 Rosengart LR2 tourer seen head-on in the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne, France, in August 2012. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A cream 1932 Rosengart LR44, the longer-wheelbase saloon, in the Rosengart-Museum at Bedburg, Germany, in 2021. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A red 1934 Rosengart LR49 with its hood folded in the Rosengart-Museum at Bedburg, Germany, in 2021. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A Rosengart LR4 shown partly stripped in a garage scene in the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne, France, in July 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A red and black Rosengart LR4 saloon at a show in Cosne-Cours-sur-Loire, France, in April 2018. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A green 1933 Rosengart LR4 torpedo at the Rétromobile show in Paris, France, in February 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A green 1933 Rosengart LR4 torpedo seen from behind with its hood up at the Rétromobile show in Paris, France, in February 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A tan 1938 Rosengart LR4N2 cabriolet in the Technik Museum Speyer, Germany, in July 2023. Photo: Charles from Port Chester, New York, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A green and black Rosengart LR4N2 saloon at the Coupe Florio meeting, France, in August 2013. Photo: Kev22, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A cream and black Rosengart LR4N2 saloon in the Association Lorraine des Amateurs d’Automobiles collection at Diesen, France, in August 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A red Rosengart LR4N2 cabriolet at the Coupe Florio meeting, France, in August 2017. Photo: Kev22, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A tan Rosengart LR4N2 cabriolet in the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim, Germany, in October 2009. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A pale-green 1938 Rosengart LR4N2 Super 5 coupé in the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne, France, in July 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A tan 1938 Rosengart LR4N2 cabriolet seen from behind with its hood folded in the Technik Museum Speyer, Germany, in July 2023. Photo: Charles from Port Chester, New York, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A red Rosengart LR4N2 cabriolet seen from behind, with its spare wheel and folded hood, at the Coupe Florio meeting, France, in August 2017. Photo: Kev22, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A red 1936 Rosengart LR4N2 Supercinq saloon seen head-on in the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne, France, in July 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A cream and black Rosengart LR4N2 saloon seen head-on at Diesen, Lorraine, France, in August 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A pale-green 1938 Rosengart LR4N2 Super 5 coupé seen head-on, showing its split grille, in the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne, France, in July 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A green Rosengart LR4N2 Supercinq driven in the agricultural show parade at Cosne-Cours-sur-Loire, France, in August 2015. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A tan 1938 Rosengart LR4N2 cabriolet in the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim, Germany, in August 2010. Photo: DALIBRI, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. The dashboard of a green Rosengart LR4-based racer at the Tour d’Enfance in Reims, France, in May 2023. Photo: G.Garitan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. The dashboard of a red Rosengart LR4N2 cabriolet at the Coupe Florio meeting, France, in August 2017. Photo: Kev22, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A Rosengart side-valve four-cylinder engine on display in the Monaco Top Cars Collection, Monaco, in September 2016. Photo: Victor Grigas, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A Rosengart LR4 with its bonnet and wings off, posed in a garage scene with figures in the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne, France, in July 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. The side-valve four-cylinder engine of a green Rosengart LR4-based racer at the Tour d’Enfance in Reims, France, in May 2023. Photo: G.Garitan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. The Rosengart shield badge on the grille of a cream LR4N2 saloon at Diesen, Lorraine, France, in August 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A red Rosengart LR2 two-seat cabriolet with its hood folded at the Carré Rosengart, the firm’s former works at Saint-Brieuc, France, in September 2017. Photo: JLNAECO, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A green Rosengart LR4-based sports racer, No. 31, at the Tour d’Enfance in Reims, France, in May 2023. Photo: G.Garitan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A turquoise 1938 Rosengart LR4N2 Supercinq coupé at a vehicle display on the Loire quay at Pouilly-sur-Loire, France, in June 2022. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. Madeleine Grimault with her Rosengart cabriolet at the weigh-in for the Paris–Saint-Raphaël women’s rally, Neuilly-sur-Seine, in February 1933. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. Mme Roux beside her Rosengart cabriolet at the weigh-in for the Paris–Saint-Raphaël women’s rally, Neuilly-sur-Seine, in February 1933. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A blue 1927 Austin Seven Chummy tourer with its hood up at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, West Sussex, in July 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. Blue BMW 3/15 DA-2 saloon on display at the Sakai City Historic Car Collection, Japan, in October 2013. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A red 1932 American Austin coupé at the Old Car Festival in Greenfield Village, Dearborn, Michigan, in September 2013. Photo: F. D. Richards from Clinton, MI, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. Yellow Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo of 1922 at the Bonny-sur-Loire wine fair, Loiret, in July 2019. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. French Wikipedia, Rosengart. fr.wikipedia.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Automobiles L. Rosengart. It cites Automobilia (1948, 1953) and Le Matin, 30 August 1935. en.wikipedia.org
  3. Austin Seven Friends, “The French Rosengart”, an enthusiast’s history, read in full. austinsevenfriends.co.uk
  4. French Wikipedia, Lucien Rosengart. fr.wikipedia.org
  5. Classic & Sports Car, “Dressed to deceive: Rosengart SuperSept”; known from a search-result summary only. www.classicandsportscar.com
  6. prewarcar.it, Rosengart listings, 1919–⁠1930, undated. www.prewarcar.it

Rovin: the Saint-Denis microcar, 1946–⁠58

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red Rovin D2 with a cream hood at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2018. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A maroon Rovin D3 with chrome bonnet strips at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2018. Photo: Thomas Vogt from Paderborn, Deutschland, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The cockpit of the 1949 Rovin D2 at Trilport: bench seat, Rovin-badged steering wheel and central speedometer. Photo: Hegor, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A Rovin, rally number 204, at night on the 1950 Monte Carlo Rally, where the Dutch press agency Anefo photographed it as the smallest car. Photo: Daan Noske / Anefo, Nationaal Archief, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The red Rovin D4 among the microcars of the Louwman Museum in 2014. Photo: bertknot from scarborough, australia, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Raoul de Rovin on the bare-chassis Rovinette cyclecar at the Gometz-le-Châtel hill climb in November 1925. Photo: Agence Rol (Gallica, Bibliothèque nationale de France), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Raoul de Rovin at the wheel of a Rovin racing car, number 2, in the paddock at Montlhéry in October 1927. Photo: Agence Rol (Gallica, Bibliothèque nationale de France), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A white Rovin D2 with black wings and hood at the Bornholm Automobilmuseum, Denmark, in 2007. Photo: Lilly M, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A red Rovin, signed 1948 by the museum, roped off in a museum hangar in 2006. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A bronze-gold 1949 Rovin D3 with its hood folded, parked indoors in 2011. Photo: Quinet, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A brown 1949 Rovin D2 at a club meeting in Trilport in 2010, beside a Renault Colorale pick-up. Photo: Hegor, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. The maroon Rovin D3 from the rear quarter at Techno-Classica in 2018, showing its slatted engine cover. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The maroon Rovin D3 head-on at Techno-Classica in 2018, showing its R de Rovin script and three-bar grille. Photo: Thomas Vogt from Paderborn, Deutschland, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A maroon Rovin, labelled D2 by the museum, with its hood up in the Musée du jouet at Pézenas in 2023, among enamel signs. Photo: Tylwyth Eldar, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A cream Rovin open two-seater, labelled Rovin Voiturette 1946, on a display shelf at Autoworld, Brussels, in 2018. Photo: Miguel Discart, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A maroon 1953 Rovin D4 with its windscreen up in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A red Rovin D4 with chrome bonnet strips at Époqu’auto, Lyon, in 2007. Photo: Clément Bucco-Lechat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A red 1951 Rovin D4 cabriolet with its cream hood folded in the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The cream 1952 Rovin D4 from the rear quarter at Den Helder, with a suitcase on its boot rack. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The cream 1952 Rovin D4 from behind at Den Helder, showing its slatted engine cover. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A cream 1952 Rovin D4 head-on at a classic meeting at Den Helder, the Netherlands, in 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. Chrome R. de Rovin script badge from a Rovin microcar, photographed in April 2021. Photo: Thomas Vogt, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. The floor-mounted gear lever and its H-gate on a 1949 Rovin D2 at Trilport in 2010. Photo: Hegor, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. Raoul de Rovin in one of his Rovin racing cars, number 108, at the Grand Prix de Comminges in 1928. Photo: Agence Rol (Gallica, Bibliothèque nationale de France), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. Raoul de Rovin driving his 500 cc Rovin racing car past a flag marshal in the Coupe de l’Armistice in November 1927. Photo: Agence Rol (Gallica, Bibliothèque nationale de France), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A yellow and maroon 1953 Mochet CM-125 Luxe in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A polished aluminium 1956 Voisin C31 Biscooter with its black hood up at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2020. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. The one-off green Grataloup single-seat three-wheeler with its canvas top in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A white 1956 Velam Isetta at the Bonhams sale during the Greenwich Concours, Connecticut, in 2023. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Rovin, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Linz and Schrader (2008) and Georgano, The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile, vol. 3, pp. 1382–⁠83. de.wikipedia.org
  2. rovin.fr, the family’s site, by Raoul de Rovin’s granddaughter, home page (with the firm’s letterhead), read. rovin.fr
  3. English Wikipedia, Rovin, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Burgess Wise, Linz and Schrader (1986) and Georgano (1975). en.wikipedia.org
  4. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, tour pages “1947 Rovin D‑2” and “1953 Rovin D‑4” (© 2002), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  5. French Wikipedia, Rovin, read in full. Used as a lead. fr.wikipedia.org
  6. RM Auctions, Amelia Island, March 2012, lot 217, “1951 Rovin D4”, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  7. RM Auctions, The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 633, “1953 Rovin D4”, read in full. rmsothebys.com

Rytecraft Scootacar: the road-going dodgem, 1934–⁠40

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The 1935 Rytecraft Scootacar BUC 515 on display at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, in June 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The 1935 Rytecraft Scootacar single-seater BUC 515 in profile at Brooklands Museum, Weybridge, in 2015. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A 1935 Rytecraft Scootacar in tiger-stripe paint being driven at the Statesman Vintage & Classic Car Rally, Kolkata, in January 2013. Photo: Biswarup Ganguly, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The board on the 1935 Rytecraft Scootacar BUC 515 recording its 1965 drive round the world, at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, in June 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The 1935 Rytecraft Scootacar BUC 515, driven round the world in 1965, at Brooklands Museum, Weybridge, in 2015. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. The 1935 Rytecraft Scootacar BUC 515 seen from above the left front at Brooklands Museum, Weybridge, in April 2017. Photo: James E. Petts, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A 1935 Rytecraft Scootacar in mock taxi livery on its trailer at the Statesman Vintage & Classic Car Rally, Kolkata, in January 2015. Photo: Biswarup Ganguly, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A 1935 Rytecraft Scootacar in tiger-stripe fancy dress at the Statesman Vintage & Classic Car Rally, Kolkata, in January 2013. Photo: Biswarup Ganguly, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. The tiger-striped 1935 Rytecraft Scootacar driving away at the Statesman Vintage & Classic Car Rally, Kolkata, in January 2013. Photo: Biswarup Ganguly, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. The tail of a 1935 Rytecraft Scootacar in banknote-pattern paint at the Statesman Vintage & Classic Car Rally, Kolkata, in January 2017. Photo: Biswarup Ganguly, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. The tail of a 1935 Rytecraft Scootacar in mock taxi livery at the Statesman Vintage & Classic Car Rally, Kolkata, in January 2015. Photo: Biswarup Ganguly, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. The 1935 Rytecraft Scootacar BUC 515 seen head-on at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, in June 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A 1935 Rytecraft Scootacar in chequered-flag paint on its trailer at the Statesman Vintage & Classic Car Rally, Kolkata, in January 2014. Photo: Biswarup Ganguly, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A 1935 Rytecraft Scootacar covered in a banknote pattern being driven at the Statesman Vintage & Classic Car Rally, Kolkata, in January 2017. Photo: Biswarup Ganguly, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A 1935 Rytecraft Scootacar in chequered-flag paint being driven at the Statesman Vintage & Classic Car Rally, Kolkata, in January 2014. Photo: Biswarup Ganguly, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A 1935 Rytecraft Scootacar in mock taxi livery being driven at the Statesman Vintage & Classic Car Rally, Kolkata, in January 2015. Photo: Biswarup Ganguly, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. The winged mascot on the radiator of a 1935 Rytecraft Scootacar at the Statesman Vintage & Classic Car Rally, Kolkata, in January 2014. Photo: Biswarup Ganguly, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A red 1959 Scootacar at the Classic Gala in Schwetzingen in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A blue 1927 Austin Seven Chummy tourer with its hood up at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, West Sussex, in July 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. Red Coventry-Victor Midget three-wheeler of 1933 at the Arvika Fordonsmuseum, Sweden, in July 2019. Photo: Herranderssvensson, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A red 1963 Peel P50 at the London Concours, 2025. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Rytecraft, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Sedgwick and Gillies, A–Z of Cars of the 1930s (1989). en.wikipedia.org
  2. Grace’s Guide, Rytecraft, read in full; it quotes The Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News of 6 July 1934. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  3. Prewarcar (French edition), “Économie et élégance: les femmes glamour ont aimé la Scootacar Rytecraft”, with a history of Shillan’s firm and readers’ contributions, read in full. www.prewarcar.fr
  4. Online Bicycle Museum, “1939 Rytecraft Scootatruck”, read in full. onlinebicyclemuseum.co.uk
  5. Cybermotorcycle.com, “Rytecraft” (under Brockhouse), read in full. cybermotorcycle.com

Sado 550: Portugal’s own microcar, 1982–⁠1985

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A white 1983 Sado 550 of the first series at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A white Sado 550 parked at the kerb in a Lisbon street in 2004. Photo: JasonVogel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A white 1971 Daihatsu Fellow Max saloon with quad headlamps on display in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A maroon Junior 3R-197 three-wheeler at the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition in 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Portuguese Wikipedia, SADO 550, read in full. It cites Teófilo Tito Santos, Sado 550 – O Microcarro Português (Museu do Caramulo, 2013), a SIC television report of 1 September 2013 and the video series Automóveis Portugueses. pt.wikipedia.org
  2. Turbo, “Entreposto: a marca portuguesa que nos deu o SADO 550”, 25 May 2020. www.turbo.pt
  3. Portuguese Wikipedia, Indústria automóvel em Portugal, the relevant sections read in full. It cites Rodrigues, Correia and Santos, Automóveis Portugueses (Museu do Caramulo, 2023), for the Sado’s history, Turbo for its production figure, and Turbo and the Jornal de Leiria for AGB and IPA. pt.wikipedia.org
  4. RM Sotheby’s, The Sáragga Collection, 2019, lot 179, “1983 Sado 550”. rmsothebys.com
  5. Lane Motor Museum, “Sado 550 1983”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  6. Jalopnik, “The Sado 550 Is A Fantastically Weird Car You’ve Never Heard Of”. jalopnik.com
  7. Turbo, “AGB e IPA: duas marcas portuguesas, um só objetivo”, read in full; it draws on O Automóvel: Design Made in Portugal. www.turbo.pt
  8. Jornal de Leiria, “IPA, o primeiro carro totalmente português, vai regressar a Porto de Mós”, 21 July 2021, read in full; it quotes José Charters Monteiro and the Museu do Caramulo. www.jornaldeleiria.pt
  9. English Wikipedia, List of microcars by country of origin: P, the Portuguese rows. en.wikipedia.org

Scandinavian microcars: King, Norsjö Shopper, Wiima, Troll

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red Fram-King-Fulda at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A white 1956 Troll, the Norwegian plastic coupé, in a museum in 2007. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The red Norsjö Shopper with its canopy swung forward, 2011. Photo: Fb35523, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A green 1959 Fram-King-Fulda at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A red 1957 Fram-King-Fulda, the Swedish licence-built Fuldamobil, head-on in a museum in 2007. Photo: Liftarn, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. The dashboard and white steering wheel of the green 1959 Fram-King-Fulda at the Lane Motor Museum, 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A yellow and orange Norsjö Shopper offered for sale at a flea market in 2012. Photo: Achird, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A red Norsjö Shopper, the Swedish moped car, with its canopy shut, in 2011. Photo: Fb35523, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A pale yellow Norsjö Shopper with its canopy open, at a meeting in 2024. Photo: Bene Riobó, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. The pale yellow Norsjö Shopper from behind, its rear rack and engine grille visible, 2024. Photo: Bene Riobó, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A 1953 Fuldamobil N‑2 with its hammered-aluminium body, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A pale blue Goggomobil saloon at a meeting in Wingst, 2019. Photo: © Ra Boe / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A turquoise 1960 KR200 with whitewall tyres at an Australian show in 2014. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A blue 2006 Aixam A751 Super Luxe at Preston, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Heinkel Trojan Club, “Cabin Cruisers”, a model and production history from Trojan’s records, archived 2015, read in full. web.archive.org
  2. Swedish Wikipedia, Troll (bil), read; it cites Svenskt billexikon 1885–⁠1969, p. 568. sv.wikipedia.org
  3. “Troll-bilen”, a Norwegian enthusiasts’ site (2002, archived 2005), front page read. web.archive.org
  4. Swedish Wikipedia, Fram-King-Fulda, read in full. sv.wikipedia.org
  5. Lennart Carlsson, “FKF-KING S7”, an owner’s page, archived about 2015, read in full. web.archive.org
  6. German Wikipedia, Wiima, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Linz and Schrader, Georgano’s Beaulieu Encyclopedia (vol. 3, p. 1740) and Zeichner, Kleinwagen International (1999). de.wikipedia.org
  7. Norsjö Moped AB, “Historik”, the company’s history, archived 13 May 2021, read in full. web.archive.org
  8. Swedish Wikipedia, Norsjö Shopper, read in full; it cites the company’s history and Teknik för Alla 8/1961. sv.wikipedia.org
  9. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1972 Norsjo Shopper”, tour page (2002), archived, read in full. web.archive.org
  10. mo-ped.se, “Norsjö Shopper”, with transcriptions of the 1961 NMV Partner brochure and of “Kör bil utan körkort!”, Teknik för Alla no. 8, 1961; read in part. mo-ped.se
  11. Swedish Wikipedia, Mopedbil, read in full; it cites the Swedish law of 2001 (2001:559) and Statistics Sweden for 2022. sv.wikipedia.org

Scootacar: the Hunslet “telephone box”, 1957–⁠1964

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red 1959 Scootacar at the Classic Gala in Schwetzingen in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A blue Scootacar at the UMMC Museum of Automotive Technology, Russia. Photo: MBH, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The handlebar steering and dashboard of a 1959 Scootacar Mk1 in the Williams Microcars collection, USA, in 2023. Photo: Guards951, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A grey 1964 Scootacar Mk2 De Luxe at the Lane Motor Museum, with its restyled bonnet. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A red 1963 Scootacar and a pale blue 1959 Scootacar Mk1 from the front in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A purple 1959 Scootacar at the Knebworth Classic Car Show, 2021. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A purple 1959 Scootacar Mk1 at a show, 2016. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The rear of a red 1959 Scootacar Mk1 in the Williams Microcars collection, USA, in 2023, with its spare wheel on the tail. Photo: Guards951, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Black Scootacar Mk1 of 1959, WLL 744, from the rear quarter with its spare wheel on the tail, in Nashville in July 2003. Photo: Philip Kromer, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  10. A red 1959 Scootacar Mk1 from behind beside a lake in the Williams Microcars collection, USA, in 2023. Photo: Guards951, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A red 1959 Scootacar Mk1 head-on in the Williams Microcars collection, USA, in 2023, showing its tall, narrow body. Photo: Guards951, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A red 1959 Scootacar at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen, 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A pale blue 1959 Scootacar and a red later car from behind, with spare wheels on their tails. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A red 1959 Scootacar Mk1 at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: dave_7 from Lethbridge, Canada, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A lime-green 1959 Scootacar in a museum line-up, 2023. Photo: Steve Knight, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  16. A blue 1959 Scootacar at the Maxey Classic Car Show, 2018. Photo: Paul Bryan, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A red 1959 Scootacar Mk1 at the NEC Classic Motor Show, 2017. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A cream 1960 Scootacar Mk1 at the NEC Classic Motor Show, 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The rear of the Lane Motor Museum’s red Scootacar. Photo: dave_7 from Lethbridge, Canada, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The rear of the cream Scootacar AFP 268 at the NEC in 2013, with its spare wheel. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A lime-green 1959 Scootacar at the Lakeland Motor Museum, Cumbria, 2014. Photo: Lynn Rainard, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  22. A dark blue Scootacar head-on at Autoworld, Brussels. Photo: Miguel Discart, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. The handlebar steering of a 1959 Scootacar Mk1 at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2009. Photo: dave_7 from Lethbridge, Canada, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. The Scootacar script badge on a 1959 Scootacar Mk1, photographed in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. The chrome Scootacar badge on the yellow body of a Scootacar Mk1, photographed in 2015. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. The 1935 Rytecraft Scootacar BUC 515 on display at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, in June 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A red 1963 Peel P50 at the London Concours, 2025. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A turquoise 1960 KR200 with whitewall tyres at an Australian show in 2014. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Scootacar, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites the Scootacar Register; Sedgwick and Gillies, A–Z of Cars 1945–⁠1970 (1993); and Robson, A–Z British Cars. en.wikipedia.org
  2. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1959 Scootacar Mk I”, tour page (2002), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  3. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1962 Scootacar Mk II”, tour page (2002), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  4. Scootacar Register, home page (2009), read in full. scootacar.org.uk
  5. Scootacar Register, “Scootacar history”, read in full. scootacar.org.uk
  6. German Wikipedia, Scootacar, read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader, and Culshaw and Horrobin. de.wikipedia.org
  7. Grace’s Guide, “Scootacars”, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  8. Lane Motor Museum, “Scootacar MkIII De-luxe Twin – 1964”, archived 19 December 2014. web.archive.org
  9. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 323, “1960 Scootacar Deluxe Mk II”. rmsothebys.com
  10. Scootacar Register, “MK1 Scootacar”, read in full. scootacar.org.uk
  11. Scootacar Register, “Mk3 Scootacar” and “Scootacar Values”, read in full. scootacar.org.uk
  12. English Wikipedia, Rodley (car), read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Sedgwick and Gillies, A–Z of Cars 1945–⁠1970. en.wikipedia.org
  13. Grace’s Guide, “Rodley Automobile Co”, read in full, with its quotations from the Yorkshire Evening Post (28 January 1954), the Yorkshire Post (9 July 1955) and the London Gazette (9 August 1955). www.gracesguide.co.uk
  14. Microcar & Minicar Club, “The RODLEY!”, the maker’s 1954 brochure transcribed by David Suarez, April 1997. www.microcar.org
  15. German Wikipedia, Rodley Automobile, read in full; it cites Culshaw and Horrobin. de.wikipedia.org
  16. Leeds Engine, “Were there any cars made in Leeds?” (the Rodley). leedsengine.info

Scott Sociable: the gun car that became a three-wheeler

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Scott Sociable two-seater cabriolet of 1923 from a low front quarter at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, in May 2018. Photo: joergens.mi, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Scott Sociable two-seater cabriolet of 1923, registered KU 2507, head-on at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, in May 2018. Photo: joergens.mi, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Grey Scott Sociable two-seater, registered SS 1922, in profile at the Bradford Industrial Museum, Bradford, in February 2017. Photo: Tim Green, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  4. Scott Sociable two-seater of 1923, registered SB 1899, at the Caister Castle Car Museum, Norfolk, in 2017. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Grey Scott Sociable two-seater, registered SS 1922, with red wheels at the Bradford Industrial Museum, Bradford, in February 2017. Photo: Tim Green, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  6. Scott Sociable two-seater cabriolet of 1923, hood up, at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, in September 2014. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Grey Scott Sociable two-seater with red wheels in profile among motorcycles at the Bradford Industrial Museum, Bradford, in December 2012. Photo: puffin11k, CC0 1.0, via Flickr.
  8. Scott Sociable two-seater cabriolet of 1923 in profile at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, in September 2014. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Scott Sociable two-seater of 1923 in offside profile at the Caister Castle Car Museum, Norfolk, in 2017. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. Scott Sociable two-seater of 1923, registered SB 1899, from the rear quarter at the Caister Castle Car Museum, Norfolk, in 2017. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. Scott Sociable two-seater cabriolet of 1923 from the rear quarter at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, in September 2014. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. Scott Sociable two-seater cabriolet of 1923 from the offside at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, in May 2018. Photo: joergens.mi, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. Scott Sociable two-seater with red wheels at the Bradford Industrial Museum, Bradford, in 2008. Photo: A. Carty, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. Cockpit of the 1923 Scott Sociable two-seater at the Caister Castle Car Museum, Norfolk, in 2017. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. The cast “Scott Sociable” name plate on the 1923 Scott Sociable two-seater at the Caister Castle Car Museum, Norfolk, in 2017. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A 1910 AC Sociable, AC 1910, on the Sunbeam Motor Cycle Club Pioneer Run from Epsom to Brighton, England, in March 2011. Photo: Rob, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. Green 1935 Morgan Super Sports AKD 455 at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, England, in April 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. Red Coventry-Victor Midget three-wheeler of 1933 at the Arvika Fordonsmuseum, Sweden, in July 2019. Photo: Herranderssvensson, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Grace’s Guide, “Alfred Angas Scott”, with the obituary from The Engineer of 24 August 1923 and the probate notice; the relevant parts read. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  2. The Classic MotorCycle, “A to Z classic reference: Scott”. www.classicmotorcycle.co.uk
  3. English Wikipedia, Scott Sociable, read in full. It cites Georgano, Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile (2000), Burgess Wise, New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles, and Jacobs, Lemons (1994). en.wikipedia.org
  4. Grace’s Guide, “Scott Autocar Co”, read in full. It cites Baldwin, A–Z of Cars of the 1920s (1994). www.gracesguide.co.uk

Scottish Aviation Scamp: an aircraft maker’s electric car

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A yellow Scottish Aviation Scamp pre-production car, DTD 141E, on blocks beneath aircraft at the National Museum of Flight, East Fortune, in 2008. Photo: DeFacto, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The Scottish Aviation Scamp pre-production car LHT 149E at the Grampian Transport Museum, Alford, Aberdeenshire, in 2026. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A red Scamp pre-production car at the Myreton Motor Museum, Aberlady, Scotland, in 2008. Photo: DeFacto, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A yellow 1975 Enfield 8000 on a stand at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2023. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A Sinclair C5 on grass at the Nottingham Motor Show in 2026. Photo: Aethonatic, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Scottish Aviation Scamp, revision of 18 September 2026, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Carr, “In search of the town car”, Design no. 211 (1 July 1966); W. G. Watson, The Scamp: The Electric Car Project of Scottish Aviation Limited (unpublished); Alan Robertson, Lion Rampant and Winged (1986); and the MIRA evaluation (1967) and endurance (1968) reports. en.wikipedia.org
  2. Grace’s Guide, “Scottish Aviation”, read in full, with its photographs of Scamps at the Myreton Motor Museum and the National Museum of Flight. www.gracesguide.co.uk

Scripps-Booth Rocket: Detroit’s tandem cyclecar, 1913–⁠14

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. 1913 Scripps-Booth JB Rocket in the Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan, in September 2024. Photo: Warren LeMay, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  2. 1913 Scripps-Booth Rocket cyclecar prototype in the Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan, in August 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Scripps-Booth Rocket cyclecar of 1914, built in Detroit, in a period three-quarter view. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. O-We-Go tandem cyclecar of 1914 in orange, lettered OWEGO behind a chain in a museum. Photo: Aaron Headly, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. 1920 Briggs & Stratton Flyer with its motor wheel trailing at the rear, in the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A grey 1925 Bjering with its hood up at the Norsk Teknisk Museum, Oslo, Norway, in November 2014. Photo: Bjoertvedt, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A yellow 1913 Bédélia BD2 at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in May 2022. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. “Takes Ride in Rocket”, Detroit cyclecar report, Motor Age, vol. 25 no. 3, 15 January 1914, the Rocket parts read in full. archive.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Scripps-Booth, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  3. German Wikipedia, Scripps-Booth, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Kimes and Clark, Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805–⁠1942, 3rd edition (1996), pp. 1141 and 1332–⁠1334. de.wikipedia.org
  4. Hugh Dolnar, “The Scripps-Booth ‘Rocket’ Cyclecar”, a trade article of 1913–⁠14, reprinted in Horseless Carriage Gazette, vol. 19 no. 2, March–April 1957, read in full. archive.org
  5. Scripps-Booth Cyclecar Company, specification sheet, 1914, reprinted in the same issue of Horseless Carriage Gazette, read in full; its price line is damaged. archive.org
  6. Cyclecar directory, entry “Rocket and Packet, Scripps-Booth Cyclecar Co., Detroit”, Motor Age, 15 January 1914, read in full. archive.org

SEAB Flipper: the car that reversed by steering

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A beige and brown 1978 SEAB Flipper I in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The narrow front axle of a SEAB Flipper I in 2015, with the engine mounted on it, the whole unit pivoting to reverse. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A beige SEAB Flipper II in a museum line-up in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A beige SEAB Flipper I in a museum in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A SEAB Flipper I from the rear in 2015, showing its slab sides, brown waistband and wide rear track. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A turquoise Arola 20, one of the last four-wheeled Arolas of the early 1980s, on a Dutch pavement in 2010. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A red and grey Erad Junior, a model of 1988 or later, at the Association Lorraine des Amateurs d’Automobiles in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A red Minicat in a museum line-up in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A Bellier Véloto with soft top and roll-up doors at the Musée Maurice Dufresne, Azay-le-Rideau, in 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A red open Tomcar in the ALAAC collection in Lorraine in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Lane Motor Museum, “SEAB Flipper I 1978”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Societe d’Exploitation et d’Application des Brevet, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  3. German Wikipedia, Flipper SARL, read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader, Georgano and René Bellu’s Automobilia Salon issues of 1977–⁠1982. de.wikipedia.org
  4. French Wikipedia, Roland de La Poype, read in full. fr.wikipedia.org
  5. Jason Torchinsky, “What It’s Like To Drive A Plastic Box That Spins…”, Jalopnik, 28 November 2017. jalopnik.com

Sima-Violet: Marcel Violet’s two-stroke cyclecar

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Red Sima-Violet two-seat cyclecar of 1924 with white wings at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The air-cooled two-stroke flat-twin standing in the airstream at the nose of the Sima-Violet cyclecar number 7, Nürburgring, June 2008. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Chauvin in his Sima-Violet two-seat cyclecar at the weighing-in for the 1926 Tour de France automobile, Paris, April 1926. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Marcel Violet and Chauvin in Sima-Violet racing cyclecar number 53 at Montlhéry before the 1925 cyclecar Grand Prix, July 1925. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Jack Enders in his Sima-Violet racing cyclecar, number 30, at the weighing-in for the 1926 ACF cyclecar Grand Prix at Miramas, June 1926. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Grey 1913 Violet-Bogey Type A torpedo from the front quarter at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in March 2026. Photo: Andy Dingley, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Marcel Violet and his mechanic in a Violet-Bogey cyclecar in 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Bare-aluminium Sima-Violet cyclecar number 7 at the Autodrome Héritage Festival, Montlhéry, in September 2009. Photo: jean-pierre 60, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Bare-aluminium Sima-Violet cyclecar of about 1924, number 7, at the Nürburgring Oldtimer Festival in June 2008. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. Grey 1913 Violet-Bogey with its hood folded, in profile at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in April 2016. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. Sima-Violet cyclecar number 7 from behind at the Nürburgring Oldtimer Festival in June 2008. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. White Sima-Violet cyclecar of 1929 head-on at the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne in July 2010, its cylinders jutting from the nose. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. White Sima-Violet cyclecar of 1929 with a red chassis at the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne in July 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. The flat-twin engine and perforated flywheel of the Sima-Violet cyclecar number 7 head-on, Nürburgring, June 2008. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. The round “Cyclecar SS Sima-Violet” badge on the bare-aluminium body of car number 7, Nürburgring, June 2008. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. Front axle, suspension and cylinder beside the body of the Sima-Violet cyclecar number 7, Nürburgring, June 2008. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. Wheel hub cap of the Sima-Violet cyclecar number 7 at the Nürburgring in June 2008. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. Cockpit of the red 1924 Sima-Violet two-seat cyclecar at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. Sima-Violet racing cyclecar number 53 on the Montlhéry track during the 1925 cyclecar Grand Prix, July 1925, with two motorcycles ahead. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. Stanton’s Sima-Violet at the finish banner of the Coupe de l’Armistice, November 1925. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. Antony’s Violet-Bogey passing the grandstands in the Cyclecar Grand Prix at Amiens, France, on 13 July 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. Violet-Bogey cyclecars in the paddock at Le Mans, France, in 1913, beside an Automobile-Club ticket booth. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. Michel Doré in Sima-Violet racing cyclecar number 59 among officials at the 1926 Motocycle Club de France Grand Prix, Montlhéry, September 1926. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. Michel Doré and Petit in Sima-Violet racing cyclecar number 55 before the 1925 cyclecar Grand Prix at Montlhéry, July 1925. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. Stanton’s Sima-Violet racing cyclecar, number 28, at the Miramas weighing-in for the 1926 ACF cyclecar Grand Prix, June 1926. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. The Sima-Violet racing cyclecars of Treunet and Doré in the paddock at the 1927 Boulogne cyclecar Grand Prix, Boulogne-sur-Mer, September 1927. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. The two Sima-Violet racing cyclecars, numbers 55 and 53, side by side at Montlhéry for the 1925 cyclecar Grand Prix, July 1925. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. Treunet seated in his Sima-Violet racing cyclecar at the 1927 Boulogne cyclecar Grand Prix, Boulogne-sur-Mer, September 1927. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. 500 cc cyclecars of Darmont, Dhôme and Violet, numbered 57 to 59, on the line for the French cyclecar Grand Prix at Montlhéry, October 1924. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. Michel Doré in the Sima-Violet racing cyclecar, number 50, with which he won the Coupe Ensaldo at Montlhéry in 1927. Photo: Le Sport Universel Illustré, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. Stanton in his 500 cc Sima-Violet racing cyclecar, number 18, with mechanics and officials at the Grand Prix d’Alsace, Strasbourg, in May 1926. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. Marcel Violet in his Sima-Violet racing cyclecar, number 73, garlanded with flowers among the crowd after the Bol d’Or, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, June 1924. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. Marcel Violet in his Sima-Violet racing cyclecar, number 2, before a timber fence at the ACF cyclecar Grand Prix, Lyon, July 1924. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. Marcel Violet at the wheel of his Sima-Violet racing cyclecar, number 34, among mechanics at the Moto-Club de Lyon Grand Prix, Saint-André-de-Corcy, May 1924. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A yellow 1913 Bédélia BD2 at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in May 2022. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. Blue Amilcar CC roadster of 1921–⁠22 from the front quarter at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim, Germany, in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. Red Benova B3 two-seater sports of 1927, with its crew aboard, on the grass at a car show in Sweden in June 2008. Photo: Lars-Göran Lindgren, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. Cream 1921 GN cyclecar from the front quarter in a museum, showing its air-cooled V-twin, photographed in April 2011. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. French Wikipedia, Marcel Violet, the relevant paragraphs read. It cites L’Aéro (1913), teamdan.com, Georgano (1968) and Automobilia. fr.wikipedia.org
  2. Lane Motor Museum, “Sima-Violet Cyclecar – 1924”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  3. German Wikipedia, Sima-Violet, read in full. It cites Linz and Schrader, Die Internationale Automobil-Enzyklopädie; Georgano, Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile; and Auto (Poland), 20 September 1926. de.wikipedia.org
  4. teamdan.com race-results archive, 1926, archived copy; the relevant parts read. www.teamdan.com
  5. The Cyclecar, 16 July 1913, reports of the Cyclecar Grand Prix at Amiens, read in full. graces-guide-s3-live.s3.amazonaws.com
  6. Kenneth Neve, “An account of the 1913 Cyclecar Grand Prix”, Motor Sport, January 1943, read in full. motorsportmagazine.com
  7. German Wikipedia, Violet-Bogey, read in full. It cites Linz and Schrader, Georgano, and La Revue de l’Automobile of 10 July 1913. de.wikipedia.org

Sinclair C5: the £399 electric tricycle of 1985

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A Sinclair C5 on grass at the Nottingham Motor Show in 2026. Photo: Aethonatic, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A C5’s electric motor and its drive to the left rear wheel, body removed, at Brooklands in 2014. Photo: Prioryman, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A sectioned C5 showing its chassis, drive and electrics at Brooklands in 2014. Photo: Prioryman, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A C5 fitted with the period high-visibility mast at Brooklands in 2014. Photo: Prioryman, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A Sinclair C5 mounted high on a pole in the Riverside Museum, Glasgow, in 2012. Photo: Kim Traynor, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A Sinclair C5 on grass in 2024, showing its nose lamp and the handlebar under the seat. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A Sinclair C5 behind a rope in a museum display in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A Sinclair C5 on a stand at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2022. Photo: Kieran White, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A Sinclair C5 in profile on a display plinth at Amberley Working Museum, West Sussex, in 2009. Photo: Les Chatfield, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. The Sinclair C5 at the Coventry Transport Museum in profile in 2011. Photo: David Merrett, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A Sinclair C5 in profile in front of a red bubble car at the Haynes International Motor Museum, Sparkford, in 2013. Photo: Glen Bowman, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A Sinclair C5 in profile on paving at Galleons Lock, London, in 2007. Photo: Grant Mitchell, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A Sinclair C5 at the Run ZX meeting for Spectrum enthusiasts in Jaén, Spain, in 2016. Photo: Museo8bits, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. The rear of a Sinclair C5 at Galleons Lock, London, in 2007, showing its tail lamp and battery bay. Photo: Grant Mitchell, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. Members of the C5 Alive owners’ group riding a line of Sinclair C5s at Brooklands in 2014. Photo: Prioryman, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A 1985 Sinclair C5 at Autoworld, Brussels, in 2011. Photo: Thomas Quine, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A Sinclair C5 on the museum floor at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, in 2016. Photo: Pasicles, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A Sinclair C5 behind a rope at the Bentley Wildfowl and Motor Museum, Sussex, in 2007. Photo: allen watkin, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A Sinclair C5 in the Museum Collections Centre, Birmingham, in 2012. Photo: Elliott Brown, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A Sinclair C5 with its period sales literature at the Motor Museum of Western Australia, Perth, in 2019. Photo: ZidaneHartono, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A Sinclair C5 on a stand beside a small electric car at the Coventry Transport Museum in 2004. Photo: Chris Bloom, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A Sinclair C5 at the Coventry Transport Museum in 2018. Photo: Father.Jack, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A Sinclair C5 beneath a solar-panel roof at the Danmarks Tekniske Museum, Helsingør, in 2016. Photo: Leif Jørgensen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A 1985 Sinclair C5 on a red plinth at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, in 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. The Sinclair C5 at the Haynes International Motor Museum, Sparkford. Photo: David Merrett, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A red Heinkel Kabine among microcars and a Sinclair C5 at the Haynes International Motor Museum, Sparkford, in 2013. Photo: Ian Kirk, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A Sinclair C5 beside a Sinclair home computer at the HomeComputerMuseum, Helmond, the Netherlands, in 2023. Photo: Prolete, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A Sinclair C5 at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A Sinclair C5 beneath aircraft at the Museum of Science and Industry, Manchester. Photo: adactio, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A Sinclair C5 at the Thinktank science museum, Birmingham, in 2015. Photo: Mike Peel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. Sinclair’s Zike electric bicycle in front of a C5 at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, in 2016. Photo: Pasicles, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A Sinclair C5 at the Gloucestershire Steam & Vintage Extravaganza in 2013. Photo: Barry Skeates, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A Sinclair C5 from directly behind at Jaén in 2016, the Sinclair name moulded into its tail. Photo: Museo8bits, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A Sinclair C5 nose-on at the Amberley Working Museum, West Sussex, in 2009. Photo: Les Chatfield, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A Sinclair C5 with its museum placard. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A derelict Sinclair C5 among undergrowth in Fife, Scotland, in 2013. Photo: Alan Gold, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. The battery and under-seat handlebar of a Sinclair C5 at Jaén in 2016. Photo: Museo8bits, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A bare Sinclair C5 steel chassis on its three wheels at Brooklands in 2014. Photo: Prioryman, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A Sinclair C5 strapped to a car’s roof rack in 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A Sinclair C5’s cockpit and rear stowage seen from above at Brooklands Museum, Weybridge, in 2014. Photo: Prioryman, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A blue July 1975 Mk1 Robin 750 at the Knebworth House Classic Motor Show in 2013. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A 1972 Bond Bug 700ES, NYC 760L, at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Grimsthorpe Castle, Lincolnshire, in 2021. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A yellow closed-top CityEl parked on a cobbled pavement against a grey house wall in January 2022. Photo: crash71100, CC0 1.0, via Flickr.
  44. A red 2013 Renault Twizy 80 on grass in December 2021. Photo: PabloLinoCalleBoulicaud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Sinclair C5, read in full. Used as a lead; it is referenced to Dale, Adamson and Kennedy, The Times, The Guardian, the Financial Times, the AA and Which?. en.wikipedia.org
  2. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1985 Sinclair C5”, display panel, read in an archived copy of about 2015. www.microcarmuseum.com
  3. The Electrically Assisted Pedal Cycles Regulations 1983, SI 1983/1168, as made, read in full. www.legislation.gov.uk
  4. Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales, Collections Online, “Sinclair C5”, item 86.189I, read in full. museum.wales
  5. National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, vehicle collection, “Sinclair C5”, read in full. nationalmotormuseum.org.uk
  6. German Wikipedia, Sinclair C5, read in full. Used as a lead, chiefly for the technical description. de.wikipedia.org

Sipani Badal: India’s first three-wheeled car, 1975–⁠81

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A blue 1975 Badal three-wheeler in the Gedee Car Museum. Photo: Rainer Halama, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A green Badal of about 1980 parked in Connaught Place, New Delhi, around 1994. Photo: Willem Alink, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A blue July 1975 Mk1 Robin 750 at the Knebworth House Classic Motor Show in 2013. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A dark green Ape 50 pick-up in an Italian piazza, 2010. Photo: Andrew Childs, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  5. A red 1979 Suzuki Alto at Suzuki Plaza, the Suzuki History Museum in Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Sipani, read in full with its references: Auto Katalog 1980 and 1982 (Motor Presse Stuttgart); R. C. Bhargava, The Maruti Story (2010); Autocar, 5 June 1982. en.wikipedia.org
  2. Elvis Payne, 3wheelers.com, “A-Z Tour: Badal”, archived copy of 17 February 2019, read in full. web.archive.org
  3. Venkatesha Babu, “Long before Tata Motors, there was Sipani’s Dolphin”, Mint, 22 March 2009, archived copy, read in full. web.archive.org
  4. Jason Torchinsky, “A Car You Never Heard Of: The SAIL Badal”, Jalopnik, September 2017, archived copy. web.archive.org
  5. Carole Nash, “A brief history of the SAIL Badal”, an insurer’s blog, read in full. www.carolenash.com
  6. Autocade, “SAIL Badal (1975–⁠81)”, a short reference entry, read in full. autocade.net

Slaby-Beringer: Berlin’s electric single-seater, 1919–⁠24

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Green 1921 Slaby-Beringer electric single-seater IA-7421 in a museum, photographed in October 2015. Photo: 1971markus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Black 1920 Slaby-Beringer electric single-seater in the Deutsches Museum Verkehrszentrum, Munich, Germany. Photo: Mattes, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A green Slaby-Beringer electric single-seater with yellow wheels in the Sächsisches Industriemuseum, Chemnitz, Germany, in November 2015. Photo: Stefan Kühn, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Black 1919 Slaby-Beringer electric single-seater with the SB badge on its battery box, photographed in April 2019. Photo: Steve Knight, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  5. Wooden-bodied Slaby-Beringer two-seater of 1924 with green wings and a canvas hood at the Audi museum mobile, Ingolstadt, Germany, in August 2014. Photo: Glen Bowman, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  6. Green 1921 Slaby-Beringer electric single-seater IA-7421 head-on, showing its narrow wooden body, photographed in October 2015. Photo: 1971markus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The SB monogram badge on a Slaby-Beringer electric car, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. 1920 Briggs & Stratton Flyer with its motor wheel trailing at the rear, in the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Cream 1922 Koco two-seater at the Autostadt, Wolfsburg, Germany, in June 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A cream Peugeot VLV at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, in June 2012. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A white 2013 Mia electric parked in a village street in Lunteren, Netherlands, in February 2014. Photo: Niels, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.

Sources

  1. SB-Automobil-Gesellschaft, Charlottenburg, brochure Der elektrische SB-Einsitzer Modell 1922 (System Slaby-Beringer), with pages on the SB-Mehrsitzer chassis and the SB-Lastkarren, read in full. archive.org
  2. German Wikipedia, Slaby-Beringer, read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org

Smart Crossblade: the roofless, doorless Smart, 2002–⁠03

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A grey and black Smart Crossblade in Stuttgart, Germany, in August 2025. Photo: Alexander-93, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The open side of a Smart Crossblade, with its blade bar in place of a door, at the Essen Motor Show, Germany, in December 2023. Photo: MB-one, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The cabin of a Smart Crossblade seen from above in Stuttgart, Germany, in August 2025. Photo: Alexander-93, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A silver and black Smart Crossblade in the Mercedes-Benz Museum, Stuttgart, Germany, in December 2006. Photo: JuergenG, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A Smart Crossblade on a dealer’s stand at the Essen Motor Show, Germany, in December 2023. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A 2003 Smart Crossblade at Sassenheim, Netherlands, in August 2023. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  7. A Smart Crossblade on the Smart SportCars stand at the Maimarkt Mannheim, Germany, in May 2016. Photo: Radosław Drożdżewski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A grey and black Smart Crossblade at a Smart owners’ meeting in July 2014. Photo: Adrianhoriadediu, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A black Smart Crossblade at the Retro Classics show, Stuttgart, Germany, in April 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A white Smart Crossblade in a dealer’s livery at a street car show in July 2014. Photo: Jacob Frey 4A, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  11. A right-hand-drive Smart Crossblade in profile in April 2016. Photo: Graham West, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  12. A black Smart Crossblade from the rear three-quarter at the Essen Motor Show, Germany, in December 2023. Photo: MB-one, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A 2003 Smart Crossblade seen from behind at Sassenheim, Netherlands, in August 2023. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  14. A 2002 Smart Crossblade with red panels and Ferrari badges, driving on a street in September 2021. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A white Smart Crossblade in a dealer’s livery seen from behind at a street car show in July 2014. Photo: Jacob Frey 4A, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  16. A right-hand-drive Smart Crossblade, registered X BIADE, at Goodwood, England, in August 2009. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  17. A Smart Crossblade seen head-on at Mercedes-Benz World, Brooklands, England, in July 2014. Photo: km30192002, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A Smart Crossblade parked at Akrotiri, Santorini, Greece, in September 2017. Photo: Dietmar Rabich, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A Smart Crossblade in Béarn Pyrénées tourism livery in the Tour de France publicity caravan at Chalon-sur-Saône, France, in July 2019. Photo: crash71100, CC0 1.0, via Flickr.
  20. A Smart Crossblade in the Béarn Pyrénées tourism car of the Tour de France publicity caravan at Chalon-sur-Saône, France, in July 2019. Photo: crash71100, CC0 1.0, via Flickr.
  21. A Smart Crossblade on display at Mercedes-Benz World, Brooklands, England, in July 2014. Photo: km30192002, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. Smart Crossblades lined up at Goodwood, England, in August 2009. Photo: Supermac1961, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  23. A Smart Crossblade seen from directly behind at the Essen Motor Show, Germany, in December 2023. Photo: MB-one, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. The open cabin of a Smart Crossblade seen over its bonnet at the Essen Motor Show, Germany, in December 2023. Photo: MB-one, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. The steering wheel and dashboard of a Smart Crossblade seen from behind the seats at the Essen Motor Show, Germany, in December 2023. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. The steering wheel and instrument pod of a Smart Crossblade at Mercedes-Benz World, Brooklands, England, in July 2014. Photo: km30192002, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. The pedals and rubber floor of a Smart Crossblade at the Essen Motor Show, Germany, in December 2023. Photo: MB-one, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. An alloy wheel with three twin spokes and the flared arch of a Smart Crossblade at the Essen Motor Show, Germany, in December 2023. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A Smart Crossblade dressed by its owner with a red nose and Ferrari badges at Goodwood, England, in August 2009. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  30. A red Smart Crossblade promotional car, the Yabairacar, on display in Japan in November 2016. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A red and black 2001 Smart City-Coupé passion (450) ‘Softouch’ in Leamington Spa, England, in January 2020. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A dark-blue Suzuki Twin in a car park in Japan in April 2014. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A white Toyota iQ in a car park in Germany in June 2009. Photo: M 93, Attribution (Wikimedia Commons), via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Lane Motor Museum, “Smart Crossblade – 2002”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  2. “Smart Crossblade all’aria aperta”, Auto & Design no. 135, February 2002, read in the magazine’s web summary. autodesignmagazine.com
  3. Jalopnik, “The Smart Crossblade Is A Quirky, Rare, Road-Legal Concept Car”, known from a search summary only; it quotes Smart’s 2001 press release. jalopnik.com
  4. English Wikipedia, Smart Fortwo, the Crossblade text. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  5. German Wikipedia, Smart Fortwo, section “Crossblade”, read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  6. The Autopian, “The holy grail of Smart cars is this street-legal concept car and it can be yours”, read in summary. www.theautopian.com
  7. Car & Classic, listing title “2002 Smart Crossblade Roadster No281 Ltd Ed UK supplied”. www.carandclassic.com

Smart Fortwo: the 2.5-metre city car, 1998–⁠2024

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red and black 2001 Smart City-Coupé passion (450) ‘Softouch’ in Leamington Spa, England, in January 2020. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A cutaway Smart fortwo (451) showing the Tridion safety cell, seats and front crash structure, at a public show in July 2007. Photo: Analogue Kid, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A red and black Smart K, the narrowed kei-class version of the 450, in a car park in Japan in March 2014. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A white and green Smart fortwo electric drive (451, third generation) at the New York International Auto Show in April 2012. Photo: IFCAR, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A white Smart EQ fortwo (453 facelift) in Nagold, Germany, in July 2020. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A yellow and black Smart City-Coupé (450) in profile in Berlin, Germany, in October 2004. Photo: BrokenSphere, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A black Smart fortwo Brabus cabrio (450) from the front three-quarter outside a showroom in March 2020. Photo: Sokrates 399, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A grey and black 2003 Smart City-Coupé pulse (450 facelift, 700 cc) in Leamington Spa, England, in February 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A black and silver Smart fortwo (450) parked in the rue Lepic, Paris, France, in November 2006. Photo: Vania Teofilo, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A 2006 Smart fortwo passion (450) in Ruby Red in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada, in April 2023. Photo: Elise240SX, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A black 2002 Smart fortwo pure cdi (450) with the 800 cc diesel in Leamington Spa, England, in December 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A black Smart fortwo Brabus cabrio (450) from the rear three-quarter outside a showroom in March 2020. Photo: Sokrates 399, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A 2006 Smart fortwo cdi (450) in Jack Black, from the rear three-quarter in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada, in April 2022. Photo: Elise240SX, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A silver and grey Smart City-Coupé passion (450) from the rear three-quarter in September 2008. Photo: M 93, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A red 2001 Smart City-Coupé (450) with the 600 cc turbo engine, nose-on under flash at night in February 2008. Photo: Bernard Spragg, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A grey 2003 Smart City-Cabrio passion (450) in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, United States, in July 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A black 2012 Smart fortwo Brabus Xclusive (451) in London, England, in January 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A blue and silver Smart fortwo coupé (451) parked on grass in England in July 2010. Photo: Mick from Northamptonshire, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A red 2011 Smart fortwo passion mhd (451 facelift) in Leamington Spa, England, in June 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A blue Smart fortwo coupé (451) in profile in Odessa, Ukraine, in August 2010. Photo: George Chernilevsky, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A 2013 Smart fortwo Brabus (451) with its centre twin exhaust, from the rear three-quarter in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada, in September 2020. Photo: SsmIntrigue, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A silver Smart fortwo Brabus (451) coupé with black wheels, rear three-quarter, outside a showroom in August 2020. Photo: Sokrates 399, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A car2go Smart fortwo (451) in ‘Rhein Kultur’ livery in Cologne, Germany, in March 2016. Photo: Raimond Spekking, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A white and green Smart fortwo electric drive (451) on charge in a car park in Japan in March 2014. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A black Smart fortwo Brabus (453) with yellow accents from the front three-quarter in Switzerland in June 2023. Photo: Sokrates 399, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A turquoise Brabus Ultimate 125 (453) parked in a street in Nancy, France, in February 2019. Photo: Alexandre Prevot, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A blue and white Smart EQ fortwo passion (453 facelift) in Germany in January 2021. Photo: M 93, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A black Smart fortwo Brabus (453) in profile in a covered car park in Switzerland in March 2023. Photo: Sokrates 399, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A red and black 2018 Smart fortwo (453) in profile on a country roadside in Germany in October 2021. Photo: Corvesprit, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A black Smart fortwo Brabus (453) with yellow accents from the rear three-quarter in Switzerland in June 2023. Photo: Sokrates 399, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A black Smart cabrio Brabus Sports (453) with its red roof folded, from the rear in a showroom in Japan in September 2017. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A blue and white Smart EQ fortwo passion (453 facelift) from the rear three-quarter in Germany in January 2021. Photo: M 93, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A red and white Smart EQ fortwo (453 facelift) from the rear three-quarter in Nagold, Germany, in July 2020. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A matt-grey Smart EQ fortwo (453 facelift) nose-on at a cobbled kerb in Germany in May 2022. Photo: Fiver, der Hellseher, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A matt-grey Smart EQ fortwo (453 facelift) from directly behind on a cobbled street in Germany in May 2022. Photo: Fiver, der Hellseher, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. The tan leather interior of a Smart fortwo Brabus cabrio (450), photographed in March 2020. Photo: Sokrates 399, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. The dashboard and Brabus steering wheel of a Smart fortwo Brabus (451), photographed in August 2020. Photo: Sokrates 399, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. The dashboard and paddle-shift steering wheel of a Smart fortwo Brabus (453), photographed in September 2022. Photo: Sokrates 399, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. The ‘limited/1’ badge on the A-pillar of a 1998 Smart City-Coupé Limited 1 launch edition, photographed in April 2008. Photo: Detectandpreserve, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. The rev counter and clock pods on the dashboard top of a Smart fortwo (450), photographed in September 2006. Photo: alexcastella, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A bare Smart fortwo (453) Tridion body shell shown at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2015. Photo: Norbert Aepli, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A red Smart fortwo (451) displayed in a giant ‘vending machine’ in Shenyang, China, in October 2008. Photo: Song.li, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A silver Smart City-Cabrio (450) with its roof folded back and side bars removed, photographed in January 2006. Photo: MSVG, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A Smart fortwo (450) of the Geneva cantonal police parked in Geneva, Switzerland, in September 2007. Photo: Krokodyl, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. An orange Smart fortwo cabrio 1.0 mhd (451 facelift) with its roof folded, in a showroom in Germany in June 2011. Photo: M 93, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A Brabus Smart fortwo cabrio Ultimate 125 (453) at the IAA motor show, Frankfurt, Germany, in September 2017. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A New York Police Department Smart fortwo (453) parked in Central Park, New York, in October 2023. Photo: Mlapadu, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A cream and black Smart K (GH-450335) parked in Toki, Gifu, Japan, in March 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. The Smart Vision EQ fortwo autonomous concept at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2018. Photo: Norbert Aepli, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A white Toyota iQ in a car park in Germany in June 2009. Photo: M 93, Attribution (Wikimedia Commons), via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. The Nissan Pivo concept of 2005, with its round doors open, at the Tokyo Motor Show, Japan, in November 2005. Photo: machu., CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  52. A cream 2007 REVA G-Wiz parked in a London street in February 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A blue 2000 Ford TH!NK City (A266) at the Hebden Bridge Vintage Weekend, England, in August 2022. Photo: DieselFordMondeo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A red 2013 Renault Twizy 80 on grass in December 2021. Photo: PabloLinoCalleBoulicaud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. A red and white GEM e4 four-seater used for village tours, photographed in July 2006. Photo: Weatherman1126, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Smart Fortwo, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  2. German Wikipedia, Smart Fortwo, with its references, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  3. German Wikipedia, Smart (Automarke), read in full. It cites brand eins and Der Spiegel. de.wikipedia.org
  4. Daimler AG / Mercedes-Benz France, “La smart electric drive perpétue dix ans de success story — La millionième smart fortwo quitte la chaîne de l’usine de Hambach”, press release, 3 September 2008. media.mercedes-benz.fr
  5. Daimler AG / Mercedes-Benz Italia, “Avvio della produzione di 1.000 esemplari di smart fortwo electric drive”, press release, 19 November 2009. media.mercedes-benz.it
  6. Gary S. Vasilash, “smart Hits 1.5 million”, Automotive Design & Production, 19 July 2013. www.gardnerweb.com
  7. mbpassion.de, “smart Werk Hambach feiert 20. Jubiläum”, 1 November 2017, reprinting Daimler’s release. mbpassion.de
  8. km77, “2 millones de smart en el mundo”, about 2015–⁠16. www.km77.com
  9. mercedesblog.com, “Production end of the smart fortwo at the Hambach plant”, 2024; an independent blog. mercedesblog.com
  10. electrive.com, “Last Smart Fortwo rolls off the production line in Hambach”, 3 April 2024. www.electrive.com
  11. Inovev, “Mercedes ends production of the Smart Fortwo”, 6 November 2024. inovev.com
  12. German Wikipedia, Smartville Hambach, read in full. It cites Daimler documents. de.wikipedia.org
  13. Ken Gratton, “smart fortwo pulse”, road test, carsales.com.au, 6 May 2008. www.carsales.com.au
  14. Lane Motor Museum, “Smart Passion Cabrio – 2003”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  15. English Wikipedia, Smart Roadster, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  16. German Wikipedia, Smart Roadster, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  17. English Wikipedia, Shuanghuan Noble, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  18. English Wikipedia, Shuanghuan Auto, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  19. Autoblog, “Mercedes tries to burst Shuanghuan’s tiny Bubble, gives up”, 6 January 2009. www.autoblog.com
  20. Motor1, “Daimler loses - Greek court rules in favor of Chinese smart fortwo clone”, 27 May 2009. www.motor1.com
  21. Autoblog, “Mercedes may sue over Chinese SMART clone”, 21 August 2007. www.autoblog.com
  22. Stefano Panzeri, “Martin Motors Bubble, la Smart cinese”, test drive, motori.it, 14 July 2010. www.motori.it
  23. Chinamotors (the Greek importer), Noble specification table, archived 2010. web.archive.org
  24. ChinaCarHistory, “A brief history of Red Star Automotive”, 20 August 2018. chinacarhistory.com
  25. AllaGuida, “Martin Motors: Bubble non è clone Smart!”, 30 June 2010, archived. web.archive.org
  26. Green Car Congress, “RTEV and Shuanghuan Automobile Form EV Partnership”, 20 November 2008. www.greencarcongress.com
  27. HybridCars, “Wheego Now Autonomous Electric Tech Company, Not An Automaker”, 24 October 2016. www.hybridcars.com

SMZ S‑3A: the Soviet four-wheeled invalid carriage

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red S‑3A with its hood up at the Auto-moto exotica show in Donetsk, 2018. Photo: Andrey Butko, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A 1967 S‑3AM beside the 1954 S‑1L three-wheeler it replaced, in the Riga Motor Museum, Latvia, in 2022. Photo: Nenea hartia, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A red SMZ S‑3A with its door open at the UMMC museum, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, in 2024, showing the bench seat. Photo: MBH, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. An S‑3A among the traffic on Rozhdestvensky Boulevard, Moscow, in 1961. Photo: Fortepan / Dobóczi Zsolt, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A pale blue S‑3A with figures of the trio from Operation Y in the Vadim Zadorozhny Technical Museum, 2014. Photo: Alexxx1979, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A black S‑3A with aftermarket seats and trim in a Moscow showroom, 2015. Photo: Gennady Grachev, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A grey S‑3A with Operation Y figures on show in a shopping centre, 2022. Photo: Figure19, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A red SMZ S‑3A in the UMMC Museum of Automotive Technology, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, in 2024, before an Operation Y film poster. Photo: MBH, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. The orange and cream S‑3A from the front quarter, Kyiv, 2013. Photo: Ilya, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A grey 1967 SMZ S‑3AM from the right front at the Riga Motor Museum, Latvia, in 2006. Photo: Liftarn, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A teal 1969 S‑3AM at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2018. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A pale blue SMZ S‑3A in profile with its hood up at the Moscow Transport Museum in 2026. Photo: Artyom Svetlov, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A pale blue SMZ S‑3A from low at the right front at the Moscow Transport Museum in 2026. Photo: Artyom Svetlov, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A brown S‑3A parked outdoors, 2011. Photo: Andshel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A pale blue S‑3A with a tan hood in the Moscow Transport Museum, 2026. Photo: Artyom Svetlov, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A teal 1969 SMZ S‑3AM from the left rear quarter at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2018. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A turquoise S‑3A at a street event in Pärnu, Estonia, in 2011. Photo: Андрей Романенко, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. An orange and cream S‑3A at the Kyiv Retro & Exotica show in 2013. Photo: Ilya, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. An orange-red S‑3A with its hood up in the Vadim Zadorozhny Technical Museum, 2016. Photo: Mike1979 Russia, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A red and white S‑3A with the SMZ badge at the Oldtimer-Gallery show, Moscow, in 2013. Photo: Svetlov Artem, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. An SMZ S‑1L three-wheeler, a green S‑3A and a turquoise S‑3D in a row of Serpukhov invalid carriages in the UMMC Museum, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, in 2017. Photo: Msgevans00, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A green S‑3A beside its successor, the S‑3D, in the UMMC museum, 2024. Photo: MBH, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A red SMZ S‑3A head-on at the UMMC museum, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, in 2024. Photo: MBH, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. An orange SMZ S‑3D at the Auto-moto exotica show on Lenin Square, Donetsk, in 2018. Photo: Andrey Butko, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A pale blue 1976 AC Model 70, NPN 924P, on the grass at a show in 2010. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. An orange Duo with its hood up in a Leipzig street, 2011. Photo: Appaloosa, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A brown Velorex 16/350 with its black hood up, parked by a lawn in the Netherlands in 2011. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A pale blue Goggomobil saloon at a meeting in Wingst, 2019. Photo: © Ra Boe / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A red 1994 VAZ-1111 Oka, wet with rain, in 2020. Photo: gleb, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Russian Wikipedia, СМЗ С-3А, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Avtolegendy SSSR no. 24 (De Agostini, 2010) and S. V. Kanunnikov, Otechestvennye legkovye avtomobili 1896–⁠2000 (Za Rulyom, 2007). ru.wikipedia.org
  2. Sergei Kanunnikov, “Primitivnaya, no peredovaya”, Za Rulyom, 8 August 2023. www.zr.ru
  3. Sergei Kanunnikov, “Motokolyaski SSSR: polnaya istoriya”, Za Rulyom, 11 November 2022, three pages. www.zr.ru
  4. Sergei Arbuzov, “Boevoe kreshchenie ‘Morgunovki’”, drom.ru, 23 May 2020, from NAMI’s 1957 report on the trials of the S3A carriages. www.drom.ru
  5. Russian Wikipedia, СМЗ С-1Л/С-3Л. Used as a lead; it cites Nauka i zhizn 9/1980 and Kanunnikov (2007). ru.wikipedia.org
  6. Aleksandr Potapov, “Rodnaya ‘invalidka’: istoriya sovetskoi motokolyaski SMZ S‑3D”, Avto Mail.ru. auto.mail.ru
  7. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, tour page “1972 SMZ”, read via the Internet Archive (2015). www.microcarmuseum.com
  8. Sergei Kanunnikov, “Beshenaya taburetka, Kapsula smerti…”, Za Rulyom, 13 June 2020, sidebar on the GAZ-18 and the S‑3A. www.zr.ru

SMZ S‑3D: the Soviet invalidka, 1970–⁠1997

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. An orange SMZ S‑3D at the Auto-moto exotica show on Lenin Square, Donetsk, in 2018. Photo: Andrey Butko, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A pale blue SMZ S‑3D parked on a Leningrad street in 1976. Photo: Michael Neubert, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A yellow SMZ S‑3D crossing a square in Tiraspol, Transnistria, in 2006. Photo: Guttorm Flatabø, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A green SMZ S‑3D with the later orange indicator lamps, in a shed in 2013. Photo: Vasilyev Serge, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  5. A yellow SMZ S‑3D in the Vadim Zadorozhny Technical Museum, 2023. Photo: Stanislav Kozlovskiy, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A weathered green SMZ S‑3D with a roof rack in Vinnytsia, Ukraine, in 2011. Photo: George Chernilevsky, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A green SMZ S‑3D at the Whitsun meet of the Technik-Museum Pütnitz, Germany, in 2018. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A bright green SMZ S‑3D at Ilya Sorokin’s Oldtimer-Gallery show, Moscow, in 2010. Photo: Alexander Plushev, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A restored orange SMZ S‑3D with suitcases on its roof rack, 2014. Photo: Oldcam, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A white SMZ S‑3D at the entrance to the Khadzhokh gorge park, Adygea, in 2017. Photo: Kormuh, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A yellow SMZ S‑3D at a street market in Odesa, Ukraine, in 2013. Photo: Svetlov Artem, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A white SMZ S‑3D in profile beside a playground at Khadzhokh, Adygea, in 2017. Photo: Kormuh, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A yellow SMZ S‑3D rally car from the left in Ukraine in 2012. Photo: Novoklimov, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. An ochre SMZ S‑3D head-on in the Molėtai Museum of Technology, Lithuania, in 2021. Photo: Terminator216, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A yellow SMZ S‑3D with a Dnepr Auto Retro Show rally plate, Ukraine, 2012. Photo: Novoklimov, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A weathered cream SMZ S‑3D, its headlamps missing, in a Russian yard in 2013. Photo: Vasilyev Serge, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  17. An ochre SMZ S‑3D in the Sochi Automobile Museum, 2015. Photo: Sergey A. Demidov, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A blue SMZ S‑3D painted with Victory Day slogans in Tyumen, June 2015. Photo: RG72, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A red S‑3A with its hood up at the Auto-moto exotica show in Donetsk, 2018. Photo: Andrey Butko, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A red 1994 VAZ-1111 Oka, wet with rain, in 2020. Photo: gleb, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A pale blue 1976 AC Model 70, NPN 924P, on the grass at a show in 2010. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. An orange Duo with its hood up in a Leipzig street, 2011. Photo: Appaloosa, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Russian Wikipedia, СМЗ С-3Д, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites A. Krukovsky on oldtimer.ru (2014), which was not read. ru.wikipedia.org
  2. Sergei Kanunnikov, “Motokolyaski SSSR: polnaya istoriya”, Za Rulyom, 11 November 2022, page 3, “Posledny geroi”. www.zr.ru
  3. Aleksandr Potapov, “Rodnaya ‘invalidka’: istoriya sovetskoi motokolyaski SMZ S‑3D”, Avto Mail.ru. auto.mail.ru
  4. Oleg Polazhinets, “Ta samaya invalidka: mify i fakty o SMZ-S3D”, kolesa.ru, undated. www.kolesa.ru
  5. Sergei Kanunnikov, “Beshenaya taburetka, Kapsula smerti…”, Za Rulyom, 13 June 2020, sidebar “Prolog i epilog”. www.zr.ru
  6. Sergei Arbuzov, drom.ru, 23 May 2020, picture caption. www.drom.ru
  7. English Wikipedia, Oka (automobile), history paragraph on the S‑3D. Used as a lead only. en.wikipedia.org

Solyto: the licence-free delivery tricar from Lyon

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red Solyto canvas-backed van (fourgonnette bâchée) in Carantic livery at Rétromobile, Paris, in 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A pale green 1959 Solyto with an open cab frame on museum display in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The cab of a blue Solyto van, with the steering wheel turning the fork directly and the fuel tank on the dashboard. Photo: Llann Wé², CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A red KV Solyto with a cream canvas tilt at a meeting in the Dordogne in 1999. Photo: JoopAnt, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A white 1966 Solyto Break Camping, with a child mannequin at the wheel, in a museum in 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A grey 1960 Solyto steel-backed van (fourgonnette tôlée), worn and unrestored, on display in 2016. Photo: Spielvogel, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A blue Solyto steel-backed van (fourgonnette tôlée) on display in a shopping centre in 2022. Photo: Llann Wé², CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A blue Solyto Fourgonnette tôlée van from the rear in 2022, showing its twin rear doors. Photo: Llann Wé², CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A grey-green Solyto canvas-backed van in the Bubblecar Museum at Langrick, Lincolnshire, in 2023. Photo: Jo and Steve Turner, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A silver and teal Solyto among other small cars in the Jesada Technik Museum, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, in 2017. Photo: km30192002, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A white 1966 Solyto Break Camping in the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne in 2011. Photo: Croquant, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A grey Solyto with an open tubular cab frame in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2017. Photo: joannapoe, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  13. The louvred bonnet and vertical Solyto script of the red Solyto van at Rétromobile in 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A dark green Ape 50 pick-up in an Italian piazza, 2010. Photo: Andrew Childs, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  15. A green Lawil City at the UMMC Museum of Automotive Technology, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia, in 2023. Photo: Vyacheslav Bukharov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A red open Tomcar in the ALAAC collection in Lorraine in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A maroon Junior 3R-197 three-wheeler at the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition in 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1958 Solyto”, tour page, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  2. RM Auctions, The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia, 2013, lot 630, “1958 Solyto”, catalogue text, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  3. Eric Favre, article on New-Map, Solyto and KVS, Gazoline, web version, archived in 2006; written with Joseph Spalek, Philippe Moreteau (Paul Martin’s grandson) and Bernard Vaireaux of the Musée Henri Malartre. Read in full. web.archive.org
  4. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1967 Solyto Break Camping”, tour page, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  5. RM Auctions, The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia, 2013, lot 277, “1967 Solyto Break Camping”, catalogue text, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  6. Lane Motor Museum, “New•Map ‘Baby’ – 1939”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  7. English Wikipedia, New-Map, largely without sources. en.wikipedia.org
  8. German Wikipedia, New-Map and Rolux; they cite Linz and Schrader, and Georgano, not seen. de.wikipedia.org
  9. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “Rolux Baby” tour pages. www.microcarmuseum.com
  10. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1982 KVS”, tour page. www.microcarmuseum.com
  11. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1971 KV Mini 1”, tour page. www.microcarmuseum.com
  12. English Wikipedia, KVS (France). en.wikipedia.org

Spanish microcars: the minor makers, 1941–⁠69

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A maroon Junior 3R-197 three-wheeler at the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition in 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A 1959 Hispano-Villiers two-stroke single, the engine of most Spanish microcars, in Barcelona, 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The 1954 MT microcar prototype by Maquitrans in the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition, 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A 1956 Mymsa 3R ‘Rana’ three-wheeled van in the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition, 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The 1956 Delfín tricamioneta from the front quarter, Barcelona, 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A green 1958 Furgoneta Hispano F2 197 van in the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition, 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A pale blue JFC Delfín three-wheeled van, dated 1950, at mNACTEC, Terrassa, in 2012. Photo: Jordiferrer, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A green MT three-wheeled convertible wearing the plate of the Trobada Internacional de Microcotxes, Manresa, June 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A 1958 Furgoneta Hispano F2 197 from the rear quarter at the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition in 2013, showing its wooden box. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A pale blue JFC Delfín motocarro van from the rear quarter at mNACTEC, Terrassa, in 2012. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A pale blue Delfín van, dated 1954, in the Salvador Claret collection, Sils. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. The Delfín van beside an Iso España Isetta in the Salvador Claret collection, 2018. Photo: Alberto-g-rovi, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A blue 1956 Delfín tricamioneta in the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition, 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A 1956 Mymsa Rana head-on at the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition in 2013, showing its single front wheel and louvred nose. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. The cockpit of a 1955 first-series Junior 3R-197 three-wheeler at the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition in 2013: a tartan bench seat and a wood-rimmed wheel. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. The cockpit of the 1954 MT Maquitrans prototype at the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition in 2013: a thin-spoked wheel and a leather bench seat. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. The rear of the 1954 MT Maquitrans prototype at the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition in 2013, its engine and exhaust beside the single rear wheel. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. The winged Delfín badge on a van in the Salvador Claret collection, Sils. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The MT cog-and-arrow badge on the green paint of an MT microcar, photographed in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The Mymsa Aragall 3R enamel badge on the louvred nose of a 1956 Mymsa Rana at the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition in 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. An open Biscúter at a car show in Aguadulce, Almería, in 2019. Photo: Schumi4ever, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A white PTV 250 with doors and a black hood, on display in a museum in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A white 1955 Kapi Jip 2CV, Kapi’s jeep-style microcar, in Barcelona, 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A cream and brown 1955 David Torpedo 2S from the front at the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition in 2013, its engine unit over the single front wheel. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A 1953 Iso Isetta at the Bonhams sale in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A pale blue Goggomobil saloon at a meeting in Wingst, 2019. Photo: © Ra Boe / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. MUHBA (Museu d’Història de Barcelona), L’enginy de postguerra. Microcotxes de Barcelona, Llibrets de sala 11 (Barcelona, 2012), read in full (Catalan). www.bcn.cat
  2. Spanish Wikipedia, Microcoches de España, read in full; its text is licensed from grupo7.com. es.wikipedia.org
  3. Toni Solans, La web de los microcoches (grupo7.com): the index of makers and the pages on AISA, Barrio, Cimera, Electrociclo, IMFAP, Lambretta Locomociones, Movilutil, Mymsa, Rieju, Samoes and Simó, read in full (Spanish). grupo7.com
  4. grupo7.com, “Auto-Tri (Gaitán), Sevilla”, read in full (Spanish); it rests on the Gaitán family’s photographs. grupo7.com
  5. grupo7.com, “Aleu”, read in full (Spanish). grupo7.com
  6. grupo7.com, “Clua”, read in full (Spanish); Spanish Wikipedia’s Clúa copies it. grupo7.com
  7. grupo7.com, “Junior (Re.i.na), Barcelona”, read in full (Spanish). grupo7.com
  8. grupo7.com, “MT (Maquitrans), Barcelona”, read in full (Spanish). grupo7.com
  9. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1959 F.G.L. (Alicante)”, archived copy, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  10. Clàssic Motor Club del Bages, Manresa, the club’s website, read 7 October 2026. www.classicmotorclub.org
  11. Spanish Wikipedia, Mototriciclo M.T., read in full; it is based on grupo7.com. es.wikipedia.org
  12. grupo7.com, “Iso Isetta”, read in full (Spanish). grupo7.com
  13. cybermotorcycle.com, “Iso Motor Italia, Spain”, read via the page summary; it cites vehiculosclasicos.com. cybermotorcycle.com
  14. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1957 Isettacarro”, archived copy, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  15. RM Auctions, Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, February 2013, lot 561, “1957 Iso Isettacarro”, read. rmsothebys.com
  16. grupo7.com, “Vespa”, on the Spanish Vespacar, read in full (Spanish). grupo7.com

Spatz: the doorless glass-fibre three-seater of 1956

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A pale green Spatz carrying the sparrow-and-script Spatz badge, on show at the IAA in Frankfurt in 2019. Photo: Johannes Maximilian, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The cloth hood and clear sidescreen of a red Victoria Spatz in 2017, which close its open, doorless cockpit, with a small quarter-light ahead. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A red Victoria Spatz from behind in 2017, with the louvred engine lid over the transverse engine and the cloth hood erected. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A red 1957 Victoria Spatz with tartan seats at the XII Trobada Internacional de Microcotxes in Manresa, June 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A red 1957 Victoria Spatz with its hood folded, at Retro Classics in Stuttgart in 2018. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A red Victoria-badged Spatz with its hood and sidescreens up, at an outdoor classic meeting in 2017. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The Victoria-Werke eagle badge on the nose of a red Victoria Spatz, photographed in 2011. Photo: High Contrast, CC BY 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A red Victoria Spatz head-on in 2017, showing the Victoria eagle badge, the front lid and the wraparound bumper strip. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A Brütsch Zwerg single-seater at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen in 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A white and blue Brütsch Mopetta at a concours in Schwetzingen in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A turquoise 1960 KR200 with whitewall tyres at an Australian show in 2014. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A light green 1954 Felber Autoroller with rally number 33 at an outdoor meeting. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Spatz (Auto), read in full. Used as a lead; its production table is from Oswald, Deutsche Autos 1945–⁠1975 (1979), and it cites Rosellen and Lintelmann. de.wikipedia.org
  2. Report from the IFMA show: the Spatz coupé and the Brütsch dispute, auto motor und sport 22/1956. archive.org
  3. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1956 BAG Spatz”, tour page (2002), archived, read in full. web.archive.org
  4. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1957 Victoria 250”, tour page (2002), archived, read in full. web.archive.org
  5. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1958 Burgfalke FB250 Export”, tour page (2008), archived, read in full. web.archive.org
  6. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 601, “1956 B.A.G. Spatz”. rmsothebys.com

Standard Superior: Josef Ganz’s 1933 Volkswagen

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A black and red Standard Superior at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in December 2019. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  2. Josef Ganz’s 1931 Adler Maikäfer prototype, forerunner of the Standard Superior, in profile at Central Garage, Bad Homburg, in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Josef Ganz’s 1931 Adler Maikäfer prototype, forerunner of the Standard Superior, at Central Garage, Bad Homburg, in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The tail of Josef Ganz’s 1931 Adler Maikäfer prototype at the Nationaal Oldtimer Festival, Zandvoort, in September 2009. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Josef Ganz’s 1931 Adler Maikäfer prototype at the Nationaal Oldtimer Festival, Zandvoort, in September 2009. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A cream and black 1936 Fiat 500 A at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, in May 2026. Photo: Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A green Framo Stromer FP 200 roadster at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, in September 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. White Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet of 1925 before the German Pavilion on the Expo grounds, Hanover, in September 2013. Photo: Hmg210, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Black Goliath Pionier coupé with a red stripe at the Borgward meeting in Andernach in September 2007. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Josef Ganz, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Schilperoord (2011), the National Archives of Australia and LIFE International (1960). en.wikipedia.org
  2. The Josef Ganz archive, josefganz.org, “Biography” and “Standard Superior”, based on Paul Schilperoord’s research, read in full. josefganz.org
  3. English Wikipedia, Standard Superior, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Karl Ludvigsen, Battle for the Beetle (2000). en.wikipedia.org
  4. German Wikipedia, Standard Superior, read in full with its infobox. Used as a lead; it cites Werner Oswald, Deutsche Autos 1920–⁠1945 (1996), and ADAC Motorwelt 29, 21 July 1933. de.wikipedia.org
  5. superior.josefganz.org, the site of the Standard Superior Type 2 restoration, read in full. superior.josefganz.org
  6. English Wikipedia, Tatra 97, the relevant section read. Used as a lead; it cites Margolius and Henry, Tatra: The Legacy of Hans Ledwinka (2015). en.wikipedia.org

Steyr-Puch 500: the Fiat 500 with an Austrian flat twin

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A pale blue Steyr-Puch 500 D with rear-hinged doors and cream wheels, in a courtyard in 2005. Photo: Ghostwriter9151, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A red Steyr-Puch 500 with the oval slatted grille, at a meeting in 2006. Photo: ChiemseeMan, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The Puch air-cooled flat-twin, with its cooling fan and Puch-badged shroud, in the tail of a Steyr-Puch at Techno-Classica 2008. Photo: Thomas Vogt from Paderborn, Deutschland, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A Steyr-Puch 650 TR on the Schauinsland hill climb in 2007. Photo: Klaus Nahr, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A 1965 Steyr-Puch 500 in ÖAMTC ‘Pannenhilfe’ road-patrol livery at the Tulln classic fair, Austria, in 2014. Photo: C.Stadler/Bwag, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A pale blue Steyr-Puch 500 D with three spot lamps across its nose and the roof rolled back, in 2017. Photo: Berthold Werner, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A red later Steyr-Puch 500 with front-hinged doors, parked on a mountain meadow. Photo: Ghostwriter9151, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A white later Steyr-Puch 500 with front-hinged doors, in Austria in 2006. Photo: Dnalor 01, CC BY-SA 3.0 at, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A cream Steyr-Puch 500 S on axle stands in the Stadtmuseum Traiskirchen, Lower Austria, in 2023. Photo: Karl Gruber, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A red Steyr-Puch 500 from behind in 2006, with its full-length fabric roof rolled back over the engine lid. Photo: ChiemseeMan, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A green Steyr-Puch 500 D with a Hasten Historic rally plate at Remscheid, Germany, in 2013. Photo: Michael Kramer, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. Head-on, the white Steyr-Puch 500 shows its winged Puch grille and the plaque of the 17th Steyr Puch Fiat Treffen, July 2006. Photo: Dnalor 01, CC BY-SA 3.0 at, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A sage-green Steyr-Puch 500 D with a white engine lid carrying Steyr and Puch roundels, climbing at Würgau in 2017. Photo: Ermell, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A cream Steyr-Puch 500 D at Eggenburg, carrying a ‘Freitag-Fahrverbot’ sticker from the 1970s fuel-crisis driving ban. Photo: Karl Gruber, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A red Steyr-Puch 500 D from above at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2016, with its fabric roof closed and the Puch grille catching the light. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A turquoise Steyr-Puch 500 D from behind in Poděbrady, Czech Republic, in 2017, with the ‘500 Steyr-Puch’ badge and ‘D’ script on its engine lid. Photo: Stribrohorak, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A red Steyr-Puch 500 D head-on at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2016, showing the winged grille with Steyr and Puch roundels. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A turquoise Steyr-Puch 500 D at the Italian-car meeting in Poděbrady, Czech Republic, in 2017. Photo: Stribrohorak, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A pale blue 1964 Steyr-Puch 500 D on a bend at Würgau in 2019. Photo: Ermell, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A pale blue 1964 Steyr-Puch 500 D, with black fabric roof and cream wheels, cornering at Würgau in 2022. Photo: Ermell, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A red Steyr-Puch 500 D from the rear three-quarter at Würgau in 2022, its doors still hinged at the back. Photo: Ermell, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. An orange 1962 Steyr-Puch 500 D at the Riga Motor Museum, Latvia. Photo: Milhouse35, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A red 1962 Steyr-Puch 500 D on its plinth at the Riga Motor Museum, Latvia, in 2024. Photo: Raf24, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A yellow Steyr-Puch 500 DL in the car park of the Classic Motor Show at Lahti, Finland, in 2010. Photo: Gwafton, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A yellow Steyr-Puch 500 DL from behind in Lahti, Finland, in 2010, with the ‘500 Steyr-Puch’ and ‘DL’ badges on its engine lid. Photo: Gwafton, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A green Steyr-Puch 500 DL head-on at the Johann Puch Museum, Graz, in 2004, showing the winged grille with Steyr and Puch roundels. Photo: Dnalor 01, CC BY-SA 3.0 at, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A green 1961 Steyr-Puch 500 DL in the Johann Puch Museum, Graz. Photo: Dnalor 01, CC BY-SA 3.0 at, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A red Steyr-Puch 650 TR I head-on at the Johann Puch Museum, Graz, in 2004, its ‘Fahrschule’ roof sign above the winged Puch grille. Photo: Dnalor 01, CC BY-SA 3.0 at, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A 1964 Steyr-Puch 650 TR racing on the Nürburgring in 2007. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A red Steyr-Puch 650 TR with two Hella spot lamps and a row of badges on its bumper, at Würgau in 2022. Photo: Ermell, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. An orange Steyr-Puch cornering at the Würgau hill-climb in 2019, entered as a 1967 Steyr-Puch 650 TR II. Photo: Ermell, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A red Steyr-Puch 650 TR, entered as a 1964 car, on the Würgau hill climb in 2019. Photo: Ermell, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. An orange Steyr-Puch with ‘650 TR’ lettering on its flank, on the Würgau hill climb in 2017. Photo: Ermell, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A green Steyr-Puch racer with orange wheels and bonnet pins, entered as a 650, at Würgau in 2019. Photo: Ermell, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A red Steyr-Puch 650 TR in the Nostalgiewelt Eggenburg, Lower Austria, in 2016. Photo: Karl Gruber, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A red 1963 Steyr-Puch 650 TR I with a roof rack and driving-school sign, in the Johann Puch Museum, Graz. Photo: Dnalor 01, CC BY-SA 3.0 at, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. Inside a pale blue Steyr-Puch 500 D in 2017: a pod speedometer behind the cream two-spoke wheel and extra gauges in a chrome centre panel. Photo: Berthold Werner, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. The engine bay of a 1961 Steyr-Puch 500 DL, its lid propped open among old garage test equipment at the Espoo Automobile Museum, Finland, in 2010. Photo: MKFI, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. The ‘Steyr Puch 500 D’ script on the engine lid of a red Steyr-Puch 500 D at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. The ‘Steyr Puch 500 S’ script on the rear flank of a Steyr-Puch 500 S, behind the front-hinged door, photographed in 2023. Photo: Fiver, der Hellseher, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. The Steyr-Puch 500’s own grille, with the Steyr and Puch roundels over a ‘500 Mod. Fiat’ plate, photographed in 2006. Photo: ChiemseeMan, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. The ‘Gulf-Spezial’, a rally-styled Steyr-Puch 500 S, at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2018. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A Steyr-Puch 700 C, the Combi estate with the 643 cc engine, at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A Steyr-Puch 700 C estate from behind at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2012, its side-opening rear door badged ‘700 C Steyr-Puch’ and its show card giving 1962. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A Steyr-Puch 500 of the Feldbach volunteer fire brigade, Styria, on the road in 2012. Photo: Kwerdenker, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. An ÖAMTC ‘Straßenwacht’ Steyr-Puch 500 at the Automesse Salzburg in 2023. Photo: Alexander-93, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 N with fixed side windows from the front in Bristol in 2017, its show card on the windscreen. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A white 1973 Fiat 126 of the first series on a woodland verge in England in 2009. Photo: Tony Harrison, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A white Fiat Abarth 595 with a red stripe at Brands Hatch in 2021. Photo: 35mmMan, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A light green 1954 Felber Autoroller with rally number 33 at an outdoor meeting. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. An olive Steyr-Puch Haflinger 700 AP with a cream canvas tilt, AJM 678A, at the Haflinger meeting in IJmuiden, Netherlands, in April 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A blue 1959 BMW 600 at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. “Puch-Kleinwagen?”, news from the Tiroler Tageszeitung, auto motor und sport 20/1955. archive.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Puch 500, read in full. Used as a lead; its production table is from Friedrich F. Ehn (ed.), Das Puch Automobil Buch (2019), p. 286, and its Adria TS from Austro Classic 3/2017. en.wikipedia.org
  3. German Wikipedia, Steyr-Puch 500, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Kraftfahrzeugtechnik 5/1958, Ehn, Die Puch-Automobile 1900–⁠1990, and Marschik and Krusche (2012). de.wikipedia.org
  4. Deutsche Biographie, index entry “Ledwinka, Erich”. www.deutsche-biographie.de
  5. Georg Biron, “Steyr Puch 500”, an essay from the Wiener Zeitung, 10 September 2022, on austria-forum.org. austria-forum.org
  6. Guus Docen, “The Steyr-Puch 500 and 650”, motormarques.com, 19 July 2014. motormarques.com
  7. FIVA, “Heroes of motoring history: Sobieslaw Zasada”, read in full. fiva.org
  8. Italian Wikipedia, Fiat Nuova 500, read in full. it.wikipedia.org
  9. Martin Krusche, “Radikale Renn-Semmel”, Falter 34/2007. www.falter.at

Steyr-Puch Haflinger: Austria’s little 4×4, 1959–⁠74

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. An olive Steyr-Puch Haflinger 700 AP with a cream canvas tilt, AJM 678A, at the Haflinger meeting in IJmuiden, Netherlands, in April 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A Swiss Army Steyr-Puch Haflinger 700 AP climbing a steep slope at Thurwis near Wildhaus, Switzerland, in 1964. Photo: Jack Metzger, Comet Photo AG (ETH-Bibliothek Zürich), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A 1966 Australian Army Steyr-Puch Haflinger 700 APTL, 101-825, in the military museum at Bandiana, Wodonga, Australia, in April 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A green right-hand-drive 1963 Steyr-Puch Haflinger Polycab, 693 HON, at a show in August 2017. Photo: Tim Green, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  5. An olive Steyr-Puch Haflinger 700 AP by mountain farm buildings in the Tyrolean Oberland, Austria, in June 2015. Photo: Ailura, CC BY-SA 3.0 at, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. An Austrian Army Steyr-Puch Haflinger with a canvas cab at the Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Vienna, Austria, in June 2013. Photo: GuentherZ, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A green right-hand-drive Steyr-Puch Haflinger, DVK 250J, at a show in the United Kingdom in June 2008. Photo: Bryn Pinzgauer, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A green Steyr-Puch Haflinger 700 AP on a meadow at a military-vehicle show in Jouet-sur-l’Aubois, France, in August 2018. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A cream Series 2 Steyr-Puch Haflinger with a black tilt and Union flag at the Haflinger meeting in IJmuiden, Netherlands, in April 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A pale green Steyr-Puch Haflinger 700 AP before a wall of period Haflinger brochures at Techno-Classica, Essen, Germany, in April 2024. Photo: Thomas Vogt, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. An olive ex-Swiss Army Steyr-Puch Haflinger with a hard top at the Haflinger meeting in IJmuiden, Netherlands, in April 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A lime-green Steyr-Puch Haflinger 700 AP with a black tilt on the club stand at Techno-Classica, Essen, Germany, in March 2018. Photo: Thomas Vogt, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. An olive Steyr-Puch Haflinger 700 AP with roll bars and red seats at the Haflinger meeting in IJmuiden, Netherlands, in April 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. An olive ex-Swiss Army Steyr-Puch Haflinger in profile at the Haflinger meeting in IJmuiden, Netherlands, in April 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A 1971 Steyr-Puch Haflinger with a green canvas tilt at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, England, in November 2025. Photo: Andrea Boano, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A pale grey 1974 Steyr-Puch Haflinger 700 AP with a light blue platform at a car show in Australia in January 2016. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A green Steyr-Puch Haflinger 700 AP with its tilt closed from the rear three-quarter at Jouet-sur-l’Aubois, France, in August 2018. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. An olive Steyr-Puch Haflinger 700 AP with a canvas tilt parked in Schaan, Liechtenstein, in October 2018. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A pale grey 1974 Steyr-Puch Haflinger 700 AP head-on at a car show in Australia in January 2016. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A Steyr-Puch Haflinger 700 AP, AL-87-76, head-on at the Haflinger meeting in IJmuiden, Netherlands, in April 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. An olive Steyr-Puch Haflinger 700 AP head-on at the Payana Vintage Museum, Karnataka, India, in November 2025. Photo: Gpkp, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. An Austrian Army Steyr-Puch Haflinger driving over a log ramp at the Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Vienna, Austria, in June 2010. Photo: Pappenheim, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A green Steyr-Puch Haflinger Polycab with its headlamps on in deep snow, December 2009. Photo: Julian Berry, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  24. An olive 1968 ex-Swiss Army Steyr-Puch Haflinger 700 AP at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, Tennessee, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. An olive Steyr-Puch Haflinger 700 AP with a cream canopy at the Payana Vintage Museum, Karnataka, India, in November 2025. Photo: Gpkp, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. An olive Steyr-Puch Haflinger 700 AP with a full canvas cab in the Johann Puch Museum, Graz, Austria, in May 2004. Photo: Dnalor 01, CC BY-SA 3.0 at, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. An olive Steyr-Puch Haflinger 700 AP at the Top Mountain Motorcycle Museum, Timmelsjoch, Austria, in August 2017. Photo: KlausNahr, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. The driver’s seat and controls of an Austrian Army Steyr-Puch Haflinger, Austria, 2011. Photo: High Contrast, CC BY 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. The cockpit of a Steyr-Puch Haflinger, with data plates and steering wheel, at the Haflinger meeting in IJmuiden, Netherlands, in April 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. The embossed Steyr-Puch roundels and ‘Haflinger 700 AP 4-Wheel Drive’ script on a Haflinger at Bandiana, Wodonga, Australia, in April 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. The Steyr and Puch roundels and Haflinger nameplate on an Austrian Army Steyr-Puch Haflinger, Austria, 2011. Photo: High Contrast, CC BY 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A 1968 Steyr-Puch Haflinger fitted as a military stretcher carrier at the War and Peace Show, England, in July 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. An olive Steyr-Puch Haflinger with an extended crew cab in Hohenems, Austria, in April 2009. Photo: Böhringer, CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. An orange Steyr-Puch Haflinger with a black canvas crew cab on a town square in May 2009. Photo: Jaeger-Meister, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  35. A pale green Steyr-Puch Haflinger Pathfinder, TU 369 BL, head-on at the Haflinger meeting in IJmuiden, Netherlands, in April 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A pale green Steyr-Puch Haflinger Pathfinder for the US market at the Haflinger meeting in IJmuiden, Netherlands, in April 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A red Steyr-Puch Haflinger with a canopy on a mountain lawn at Monte di Carate above Lake Como, Italy, in February 2022. Photo: Kaitu, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A green 1963 Steyr-Puch Haflinger Polycab, DEM 7, head-on at a show in Britain in August 2024. Photo: Tim Green, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  39. A grey Steyr-Puch Haflinger Polycab, AJ-103-XD, head-on at the Haflinger meeting in IJmuiden, Netherlands, in April 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A grey Steyr-Puch Haflinger with a Polycab cab and a canvas-covered body behind, at the Haflinger meeting in IJmuiden, Netherlands, in April 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A turquoise Steyr-Puch Haflinger with a glass-fibre Polycab cab at the Haflinger meeting in IJmuiden, Netherlands, in April 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A turquoise Steyr-Puch Haflinger Polycab with ‘Haflinger’ script from the side at the Haflinger meeting in IJmuiden, Netherlands, in April 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A white Steyr-Puch Haflinger Polycab with Belgian registration at the Haflinger meeting in IJmuiden, Netherlands, in April 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A pale blue Steyr-Puch 500 D with rear-hinged doors and cream wheels, in a courtyard in 2005. Photo: Ghostwriter9151, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A light green 1954 Felber Autoroller with rally number 33 at an outdoor meeting. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A red Crosley Farm-O-Road at the Orphan Car Show in Ypsilanti, Michigan, in 2007. Photo: John Lloyd, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A red 1969 Fiat 500 Giardiniera at a show in 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Steyr-Puch Haflinger, read in full in a plain-text copy without its references. en.wikipedia.org
  2. Silodrome, “Steyr-Puch Haflinger 4×4”, read through a summary. silodrome.com
  3. German Wikipedia, Steyr-Puch Haflinger, read in full in a plain-text copy. de.wikipedia.org
  4. Artcurial, Rétromobile sale 2025 (sale 6144), lot 34, “1959 Steyr Puch Haflinger 700 AP”, read through a summary. artcurial.com
  5. Manro Classic, Austria, “Steyr-Puch Haflinger 700AP”, read through a summary. www.manro-classic.at

Subaru 360: Japan’s ladybird people’s car, 1958–⁠70

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1958 Subaru 360 from the left front three-quarter in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A pre-production Subaru 360 in profile on the Subaru stand at the Japan Automobile Show, Tokyo, in 2024, with its rear-hinged door. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The engine bay of a 1967 Subaru 360: the air-cooled two-stroke twin, its cooling ducts and a translucent tank. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A yellow Subaru 360 crossing a road in Japan in 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The re-erected brick saw-tooth wall at Isesaki that marks the birthplace of the Subaru 360, in 2020. Photo: Qurren, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. The 1958 Subaru 360 at the Toyota Automobile Museum in 2012, seen almost from the front. Photo: Iwao, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A 1959 Subaru 360 at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2025. Photo: Coolalabright, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A white 1969 Subaru 360 at a classic car meeting in Japan in 2014. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A bright green Subaru 360 Auto Clutch Deluxe at the 2024 outdoor meeting. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A light blue Subaru 360 Deluxe with script on its bonnet at an outdoor meeting in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A pale green Subaru 360 on Subaru’s stand at the Geneva Motor Show in 2013. Photo: Norbert Aepli, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. An unrestored orange Subaru 360 in a car park in 2025. Photo: contri, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A grey Subaru 360 Deluxe with the overtop gearbox at an outdoor classic meeting in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A yellow right-hand-drive Subaru 360 at a classic car meeting in England in 2009. Photo: allen watkin, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A cream 1970 Subaru 360 in profile on a show stand in 2025. Photo: Oleg Yunakov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A late Subaru 360 in profile at the Geneva Motor Show in 2013. Photo: Norbert Aepli, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A white 1969 Subaru 360 from the rear three-quarter at a meeting in 2014. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A late Subaru 360 from the rear three-quarter at the Geneva Motor Show in 2013, showing its louvred engine lid. Photo: Clément Bucco-Lechat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. An orange Subaru 360 from the rear three-quarter in a car park in 2025. Photo: contri, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The Petersen museum’s Subaru 360 from the rear three-quarter beside a red sports car in 2018. Photo: Shelby Asistio, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A red Subaru 360 Deluxe on a paved street from the rear three-quarter in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. The yellow Subaru 360 from the rear three-quarter in 2009, with Subaru stripes on its door. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A cream 1970 Subaru 360 seen head-on on a show stand in 2025. Photo: Oleg Yunakov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A red Subaru 360 Deluxe from the front in 2023, with rally number 26 in its windscreen. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. An orange Subaru 360 on a stand at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2025. Photo: Thomas Vogt, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A yellow Subaru 360, XPX 193F, head-on at a UK event in 2009. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A white Subaru 360 with Liège–Brescia–Liège rally plates and number 32 at a UK event in 2009. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A red 1970 Subaru 360 with a black roof at the California Automobile Museum, Sacramento. Photo: Cullen328, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A cream Subaru 360 Custom at the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A Subaru 360 Deluxe covered in visitors’ signed messages at the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A cream Subaru 360 exhibited at the Edo-Tokyo Museum, Sumida, Tokyo, in 2016. Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A white Subaru 360 at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2016. Photo: Aaron Headly, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A cream Subaru 360 at the Petersen Automotive Museum, Los Angeles, in 2018. Photo: Shelby Asistio, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A Subaru 360 displayed at the former Transportation Museum in Kanda, Tokyo. Photo: Shellparakeet, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. The tail of a pre-production Subaru 360 on the Subaru stand at the Japan Automobile Show, Tokyo, in 2024: louvred engine lid and small round tail lamps. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. The red interior of a 1960 Subaru 360 Convertible, seen from above through the open roof. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. The red interior of the Lane Motor Museum’s Subaru 360 with the door open, 2016. Photo: Aaron Headly, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. The strip speedometer and Subaru steering-wheel boss of the orange 360. Photo: contri, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. The dashboard of a green Subaru 360 Convertible with a roll-back roof in 2010, with speedometer and rev counter. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. The worn engine bay of an orange Subaru 360 in 2025, with its two-stroke twin and cooling ducts. Photo: contri, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. The six-star badge, nose vent and SUBARU script on the 1958 car at the Toyota museum. Photo: Iwao, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A pale green Subaru 360 Commercial at a meeting in 2008. Photo: Ypy31, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A cream Subaru 360 Custom estate at a classic car meeting in 2011. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A Subaru 360 Custom with its tailgate raised at a meeting in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A Subaru 360 Custom estate from the rear three-quarter on a wet day in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A green Subaru 360 with a roll-back canvas roof at a classic car show in 2010. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. The green Subaru 360 from behind with its canvas roof rolled back, 2010. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A grey-blue pre-production Subaru 360 of 1958 on Subaru’s stand at the Japan Automobile Show, Tokyo, in 2024. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A white Subaru 360 Young S at an outdoor classic meeting in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A Subaru 360 Young S from behind at a meeting in 2024, showing its black roof stripes. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A yellow Subaru 360 Young SS with its bonnet stripe on a Subaru display in 2008. Photo: Ypy31, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. The 1955 Suzulight SS saloon in the Suzuki History Museum, Hamamatsu, in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A red Mazda Carol 360 at a classic car meeting in Japan in 2019. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. The Honda Collection Hall’s red N360 from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. An olive 1970 Subaru K55 Sambar truck at the Showa Era Lifestyle Museum, Kitanagoya, Japan, in March 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. A white 1970 Subaru R‑2 from the front at a meeting in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. A maroon Mazda R360 Coupe at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, Germany, in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Japanese Wikipedia, Subaru 360, read in full on 7 October 2026. It cites Katsuragi Yōji, Tentōmushi ga hashitta hi (Grand Prix Shuppan, 1987 and 1995); Fuji Jūkōgyō sanjūnen-shi (1984); 360cc kei-jidōsha no subete (San’ei Shobō, 2013); NHK’s Project X (2001); and the Meisha Bunka Kenkyūjo. ja.wikipedia.org
  2. Subaru Corporation, Subaru Museum pages on the Subaru 360: its story, how it was made, its model changes and its chronology with batch sales, read in full. members.subaru.jp
  3. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan (JSAE), Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology, item 1-20, “Subaru 360 K111”, read in full. www.jsae.or.jp
  4. Toyota Automobile Museum, collection record 109, “Subaru 360 Model K111”, with its toy records, read in full. toyota-automobile-museum.jp
  5. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1970 Subaru 360”, read in full from the copy archived about 2015. www.microcarmuseum.com
  6. Subaru Museum, the Subaru 360 story: the 1964 Grand Prix and the 1960 tour of the Subaru 450, read in full. members.subaru.jp
  7. Consumer Reports (Consumers Union), “The Subaru 360 (Not Acceptable)”, April 1969, pp. 220–222, read in full from an archived scan. web.archive.org
  8. Mark J. McCourt, “A Small Start for Something Big”, Hemmings Sports & Exotic Car, February 2006, with an interview with Malcolm Bricklin, read in full from the archived copy. www.hemmings.com
  9. English Wikipedia, Subaru 360, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  10. Lane Motor Museum, “Subaru 360 Sedan – 1970”, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  11. Japan Automotive Hall of Fame, list of Historic Cars (“SUBARU360”, 2004), list read. www.jahfa.jp
  12. Japanese Wikipedia, Momose Shinroku, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  13. JST Science Portal, report of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers’ new Mechanical Engineering Heritage designations, 26 July 2016, read in full. scienceportal.jst.go.jp
  14. Japanese Wikipedia, Suzuki Suzulight, read in full on 7 October 2026; used here for the date of the 1954–⁠55 change to the kei rules. ja.wikipedia.org
  15. Corey Lewis, “Rare Rides: A 1970 Subaru 360, America’s First Subaru Experience”, The Truth About Cars, October 2017, read in full; it contains errors and is used only for one sale. thetruthaboutcars.com

Subaru R‑2: the Subaru 360’s rear-engined successor

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A white 1970 Subaru R‑2 from the front at a meeting in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The EK33 air-cooled two-stroke twin in the tail of a 1970 Subaru R‑2. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A red Subaru R‑2 SS head-on in the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in 2023. Photo: MikaPr65, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Two water-cooled Subaru R‑2s, a Super L and a Custom L, side by side in 2013. Photo: CYS02663, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A silver 1970 Subaru R‑2 with the original grille-less face, photographed in 2007. Photo: A15ff11300g, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A grey late Subaru R‑2 with the dummy grille at a meeting in 2008. Photo: Ypy31, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The red 1970 Subaru R‑2 SS in the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A white Subaru R‑2 Standard from the front at a meeting in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A silver 1972 Subaru R‑2 Super DX at a meeting in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A white Subaru R‑2 with a roof rack parked in the street in 2009, a Subaru 360 behind it. Photo: Joost J. Bakker, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A white 1971 Subaru R‑2 with the dummy grille at the 2013 meeting. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A white 1970 Subaru R‑2 from behind at a meeting in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A white 1971 Subaru R‑2 from behind at a meeting in 2014. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A maroon Subaru R‑2 GL from behind at a meeting in 2010. Photo: Ypy31, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A pair of water-cooled Subaru R‑2s from behind in 2013. Photo: CYS02663, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A white Subaru R‑2 from behind in 2009, showing its louvred engine lid. Photo: Joost J. Bakker, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A yellow Subaru R‑2 GSS from directly behind, with its GSS badges and twin tail lamps, in 2012. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A white Subaru R‑2 Standard from behind on the grass at a meeting in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A green Subaru R‑2 in the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. Three Subaru R‑2s in a row in 2013, showing the early, middle and late fronts. Photo: CYS02663, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. The dashboard and wood-rimmed steering wheel of a 1972 Subaru R‑2 Super DX, seen through the window. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A white Subaru R‑2 Van, with its estate-style rear, at a meeting in 2014. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1958 Subaru 360 from the left front three-quarter in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. The Honda Collection Hall’s red N360 from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A very early 1967 Suzuki Fronte 360 Deluxe, with the thicker first-year mouldings, at Suzuki Plaza, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. The white Fellow Super Deluxe from the front at Daihatsu Humobility World in 2025. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Japanese Wikipedia, スバル・R‑2, read in full. It cites Fuji Heavy Industries’ company history 六連星はかがやく (2004) and 360cc軽自動車のすべて (San’ei Shobō). ja.wikipedia.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Subaru R‑2, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  3. Motor Fan, “The Subaru R‑2, successor to the famous Subaru 360, changed from ladybird to a basic two-box and went on sale in 1969 at ¥313,000” (in Japanese), 2025, read in full. motor-fan.jp
  4. Kuruma News, “1969, the year of the first GT-R: five cars launched 50 years ago” (in Japanese), 4 September 2019, read in full. kuruma-news.jp
  5. English Wikipedia, Subaru Rex, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  6. Japanese Wikipedia, スバル・レックス, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org

Subaru Sambar: the rear-engined kei truck, 1961–⁠2012

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. An olive 1970 Subaru K55 Sambar truck at the Showa Era Lifestyle Museum, Kitanagoya, Japan, in March 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A second-generation Subaru Sambar pick-up being loaded outside a greengrocer’s in Tokyo, Japan, in 1971. Photo: wilford peloquin, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A pale blue first-generation Subaru Sambar light van at the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, Japan, in October 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The EK34 two-stroke twin in a third-generation Subaru Sambar truck, Japan, August 2011. Photo: Ken T1381, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A white sixth-generation Subaru Sambar truck, the last Subaru-built model, in Japan in November 2013. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A white second-generation Subaru Sambar van with a roof rack of vintage soft-drink crates at an indoor show in Japan in May 2010. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A bright green 1969 Subaru Sambar pick-up named ‘Kermit’ with its doors open at a car show in Canada in May 2014. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A weathered white 1969 Subaru Sambar truck with a motorcycle in its bed at a meeting in Japan in September 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A navy 1989 Subaru Sambar 4WD truck at an indoor show in July 2022. Photo: DestinationFearFan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A white 1990 Subaru Sambar 4WD truck for sale in Canada in September 2011. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A cream second-generation Subaru Sambar 360 van at a classic car meeting in Japan in January 2008. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A faded green third-generation Subaru Sambar truck in a car park in Japan in June 2026. Photo: Kalmarle, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A white fourth-generation Subaru Sambar 4WD truck in Japan in May 2010. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A white 1981 Subaru 600 van, the export third-generation Sambar, parked in Chile in September 2011. Photo: RL GNZLZ, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A silver 2009 sixth-generation Subaru Sambar truck from the front three-quarter in Japan in May 2010. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A grey 1964 Subaru K162 Sambar Light Van Deluxe at the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, Japan, in November 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A white second-generation Subaru Sambar van with a roof rack of soft-drink crates from the rear three-quarter at an indoor show in Japan in May 2010. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A bright green 1969 Subaru Sambar pick-up named ‘Kermit’ from the rear three-quarter at a car show in Canada in May 2014. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A blue second-generation Subaru Sambar 360 pick-up with a load cover at a classic car meeting in Japan in January 2008. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A Subaru 600 van, the export third-generation Sambar, from the rear three-quarter on a grass verge in Chile in October 2008. Photo: RL GNZLZ, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A cream 1967 Subaru 163 Sambar van at the Showa Era Lifestyle Museum, Kitanagoya, Japan, in March 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A red second-generation Subaru Sambar light van at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, Tennessee, in August 2017. Photo: Aaron Headly, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. The cab of a green 1969 Subaru Sambar pick-up, with thin steering wheel and floor gear lever, at a car show in Canada in May 2014. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. The rear-mounted two-stroke twin of a 1972 Subaru Sambar seen through its engine hatch, Japan, September 2014. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. The three-valve EK23 engine in a fourth-generation Subaru Sambar truck, Japan, August 2011. Photo: Ken T1381, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. The Subaru emblem, ‘Sambar’ script and headlamp of a 1967 Subaru 163 Sambar van at the Showa Era Lifestyle Museum, Kitanagoya, Japan, in March 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. The rear bench seats and equipment rack of a 1969 Subaru K153 Sambar fire truck at the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, Japan, in November 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. The ‘SUBARU’ letter bar and round headlamps of a 1970 Subaru K55 Sambar truck at the Showa Era Lifestyle Museum, Kitanagoya, Japan, in March 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A silver 1997 Subaru Sambar Dias S 4WD high-roof van in September 2025. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A pale blue Subaru Sambar Dias Classic van with round lamps and a chrome grille in Japan in April 2014. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A red 1969 Subaru K153 Sambar converted into a miniature fire truck at the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, Japan, in November 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A white high-roof Subaru Sambar Try passenger van of 1982–⁠87 at a wet meeting in Japan in October 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A white high-roof Subaru Sambar Try passenger van of 1982–⁠87 from the rear three-quarter in Japan in October 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1958 Subaru 360 from the left front three-quarter in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A white 1970 Subaru R‑2 from the front at a meeting in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A pale green first-generation Daihatsu Hijet light van at the Daihatsu 60th-anniversary display, Osaka Auto Messe, Japan, in February 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. The Suzuki museum’s Carry FB from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. The Honda Collection Hall’s 1963 T360 at Twin Ring Motegi in 2010. Photo: baku13, CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A yellow Deutsche Bundespost Goggomobil TL Transporter with its sliding door open, Heusenstamm, 2011. Photo: Urmelbeauftragter, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 日本の自動車技術330選 (330 landmarks of Japanese automotive technology), no. 3-18, スバルサンバー K‑151 (1961), read in full. It cites スバルを生んだ技術者たち and Fuji Heavy Industries’ 30-year history. www.jsae.or.jp
  2. Japanese Wikipedia, スバル・サンバー, read for the Subaru-built years, the Akabō section and the end of production. ja.wikipedia.org
  3. English Wikipedia, Subaru Sambar, read in full in a plain-text copy. en.wikipedia.org
  4. J-CAST News, 「生産終了寸前スバル『サンバー』人気高まる」, 29 August 2011, read through a summary. www.j-cast.com
  5. J-CAST News, 「スバル最後の軽サンバー生産中止 ファンや赤帽組合、惜しむ声広がる」, 28 May 2011, read through a summary. www.j-cast.com
  6. webCG, news report on the end of Subaru Sambar production, 29 February 2012, read through a summary. www.webcg.net

Suzuki Alto: the ¥470,000 van that saved the kei car

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red 1979 Suzuki Alto at Suzuki Plaza, the Suzuki History Museum in Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A first-generation Suzuki Alto SS30V from directly behind, with its Suzuki and Alto tail badges. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The worn cabin of an abandoned 1982 Suzuki Alto in New Zealand in 2012. Photo: Riley, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A first-generation Maruti 800 DX, the Indian-built SS80 Alto, head-on in 2010. Photo: Aashim Tyagi, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A silver 1983 Suzuki Mighty Boy PS-QL at Suzuki Plaza, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A first-generation Suzuki Alto on Suzuki’s display at Hamamatsu station in 2022. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A 1979 Suzuki Alto on Suzuki’s stand at the 2009 Tokyo Motor Show. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A red 1984 Suzuki Alto 0.8, the export SS80, parked in Leiden, the Netherlands, in 2014. Photo: rvandermaar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  9. A 1981 Suzuki Alto SS80 in profile, with an early Jimny behind. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A red 1984 Suzuki Alto 0.8 in profile in Leiden in 2014. Photo: rvandermaar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  11. A 1979 Suzuki Alto at Suzuki Plaza, from the rear quarter. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A first-generation Suzuki Alto SS30V at Hamamatsu station, from the rear quarter. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A brown first-generation Suzuki Alto from the rear quarter in 2013. Photo: charles cars, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  14. A 1979 Suzuki Alto at the 2009 Tokyo Motor Show, from the rear quarter. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A 1981 Suzuki Alto SS80 in Iceland, from the rear quarter. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A red 1984 Suzuki Alto 0.8 from the rear quarter in Leiden in 2014, showing its hatch. Photo: rvandermaar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  17. A red Suzuki Alto 0.8 in Antwerp, from the rear quarter. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A blue 1984 Suzuki Alto 0.8 from behind in Voorburg, the Netherlands, in 2015. Photo: rvandermaar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  19. A red Suzuki Alto 0.8 in Antwerp, Belgium, in 2015. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A red 1979 Suzuki Alto in the Suzuki History Museum in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. An orange 1979 Suzuki Alto SS30V at the Toyota Automobile Museum in Aichi, Japan, in 2025. Photo: Coolalabright, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A brown 1985 Maruti 800 at the Payana Vintage Museum in Karnataka, India, in 2025. Photo: Gpkp, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A red Maruti 800 SS80 in the Gedee Car Museum in India. Photo: Rainer Halama, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. First-generation Suzuki Altos stacked in a breaker’s yard in New Zealand in 2012. Photo: NZ Car Freak, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  25. A red 1985 Maruti 800 in the Manjusha Car Museum, Dharmasthala, in 2025. Photo: Gpkp, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A 1981 Suzuki Alto SS80 on show at a dealership in Iceland in 2013. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A gold 1981 Suzuki Alto SS80 with a black vinyl roof in the Netherlands in 2011. Photo: Joost J. Bakker, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A beige 1984 Suzuki Alto SS80G van in New Zealand in 2012. Photo: Riley, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A light blue first-model Maruti 800 DX in profile. Photo: Aashim Tyagi, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A white Maruti 800 parked in Braga, Portugal, in 2015. Photo: TuRbO_J, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  31. A white Maruti 800 driving past in India in 2016. Photo: Debarshi Ray, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  32. A red 1986 Suzuki Mighty Boy in Gymea, New South Wales, in 2009. Photo: OSX, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. An early red Suzuki Mighty Boy with genuine accessories, from the rear quarter, in 2007. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A cream Maruti 800 of the later SB308 type, seen from behind in a narrow street in 2022. Photo: Debarshi Ray, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  35. A very early 1967 Suzuki Fronte 360 Deluxe, with the thicker first-year mouldings, at Suzuki Plaza, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A 1973 Suzuki Fronte Coupé GXCF in Continental Maroon at Suzuki Plaza, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A yellow 1970 Suzuki Jimny LJ10 from the front quarter at a show in 2025, with its horizontal grille slots. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A blue 1975 Badal three-wheeler in the Gedee Car Museum. Photo: Rainer Halama, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Suzuki Digital Library, Alto (アルト), the maker’s history and specification tables, the first and second generations. www.suzuki.co.jp
  2. JSAE (Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan), 330 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology, 1-60: Suzuki Alto (1979), read in full. www.jsae.or.jp
  3. English Wikipedia, Suzuki Alto, the history of the name and the first generation. en.wikipedia.org
  4. Japanese Wikipedia, Suzuki Alto (スズキ・アルト), the first and second generations and the timeline. ja.wikipedia.org
  5. English Wikipedia, Maruti 800, its origins and history. en.wikipedia.org
  6. Autocar India, “30 years of Maruti”, 14 December 2013, read in full. www.autocarindia.com
  7. Rushlane, “First Maruti 800 price Rs 47,500”, read in full; it reproduces a newspaper clipping of 13 December 1983. www.rushlane.com
  8. Suzuki Digital Library, Cervo (セルボ), with the Mighty Boy, read in full. www.suzuki.co.jp
  9. Japanese Wikipedia, Suzuki Mighty Boy (スズキ・マイティボーイ), read in full. ja.wikipedia.org

Suzuki Fronte Coupé: the 1.2 m kei wedge, 1971–⁠76

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A 1973 Suzuki Fronte Coupé GXCF in Continental Maroon at Suzuki Plaza, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The LC10W three-cylinder two-stroke, with its three carburettors, in a Fronte Coupé. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A 1973 Suzuki Fronte Coupé GXCF from the rear quarter, showing the louvres over its rear engine. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A 1981 Suzuki SC100, the Cervo sold in Britain as the Whizzkid, at the Blandford Car Show in 2025. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The silver 1977 Cervo in the Suzuki History Museum from the front quarter, in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A maroon Suzuki Fronte Coupé 360 GX-CF at a car meeting in 2008. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The cockpit of a 1981 Suzuki SC100 Whizzkid, seen through the window. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A black 1979 Suzuki Cervo with later alloy wheels, photographed in 2018. Photo: RL GNZLZ, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A red 1979 Suzuki Cervo CX-G at a car show in Chile in 2012. Photo: Raul Gonzalez, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A 1977 Suzuki Cervo CX-G, the Fronte Coupé’s successor, in the Suzuki History Museum in 2013. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A very early 1967 Suzuki Fronte 360 Deluxe, with the thicker first-year mouldings, at Suzuki Plaza, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. The Honda Collection Hall’s red N360 from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. An orange Honda Z GT on the grass at Gifu Family Park in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A pale green first-generation Mitsubishi Minica Deluxe at a meeting in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A red 1979 Suzuki Alto at Suzuki Plaza, the Suzuki History Museum in Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A yellow 1970 Suzuki Jimny LJ10 from the front quarter at a show in 2025, with its horizontal grille slots. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Suzuki Digital Library, Fronte (フロンテ), the Fronte Coupé of 1971, the maker’s text and specification table, read in full. www.suzuki.co.jp
  2. Japanese Wikipedia, Suzuki Fronte Coupé (スズキ・フロンテクーペ), read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  3. English Wikipedia, Suzuki Fronte, the Fronte Coupé section. en.wikipedia.org
  4. Italdesign, “Suzuki Microutilitaria”, project page, read in full. www.italdesign.it
  5. Suzuki Digital Library, Cervo (セルボ), every generation with specification tables, and the Mighty Boy, read in full. www.suzuki.co.jp
  6. Japanese Wikipedia, Suzuki Cervo (スズキ・セルボ), the first three generations. ja.wikipedia.org
  7. Suzuki klassiekers (the Dutch Suzuki register), “Suzuki Coupé Geschiedenis”, 12 December 2015, archived copy, read in full (in Dutch). web.archive.org
  8. English Wikipedia, Suzuki Cervo, the first three generations; it cites Car Graphic of 1977 and 1990, the Dutch register and Suzuki’s brochures. en.wikipedia.org

Suzuki Fronte: the three-cylinder kei car Moss drove

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A very early 1967 Suzuki Fronte 360 Deluxe, with the thicker first-year mouldings, at Suzuki Plaza, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A white Suzuki Fronte 360 Deluxe (LC10) from behind in 2014, showing its engine-cooling slots. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A gold 1971 Suzuki Fronte 71 GC/W in the Suzuki History Museum, Hamamatsu, in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The 1968 Suzuki Fronte SS 360 high-speed test car in its Milano–Roma–Napoli Autostrada del Sole livery at Suzuki Plaza in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A brown 1967 Suzuki Fronte 360 Super Deluxe in the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2024. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A white 1969 Suzuki Fronte 360 Deluxe (LC10) at an indoor show in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A silver-green 1969 Suzuki Fronte 360 Super Deluxe at an indoor show in 2015. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A yellow Suzuki Fronte 500 at Schaffen-Diest, Belgium, in 2015. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A yellow 1970 Suzuki Fronte 500 De Luxe at Japan Classic Sunday in the Netherlands in 2023. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A grey Suzuki Fronte 360 Super Deluxe (LC10) at a meeting in Japan in 2008. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A pale green 1973 Suzuki Fronte (LC20) at a meeting in 2016. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A blue 1973 Suzuki Fronte LC20 four-door (FC grade) in Indonesia in 2019. Photo: Fronteblar, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A green 1970 Suzuki Fronte SSS at a meeting in Japan in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A white Suzuki Fronte 360 Deluxe (LC10) in profile in a car park in 2014. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A 1969 Suzuki Fronte 360 Super Deluxe from behind at a show in 2015. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. The yellow Belgian Fronte 500 from behind in 2015. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A silver 1973 Suzuki Fronte FC four-door (LC20) at Suzuki Plaza in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. The Autostrada del Sole Fronte SS 360 test car from behind in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A green 1970 Suzuki Fronte SSS from behind at a meeting in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The Toyota museum’s Fronte 360 Super Deluxe from behind in 2008. Photo: Mytho88, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. The yellow Fronte 500 from behind at Japan Classic Sunday in 2022. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A yellow Suzuki Fronte 500, first supplied in the Netherlands, head-on at Japan Classic Sunday in 2022. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A white 1967 Suzuki Fronte 360 head-on in the Suzuki History Museum, Hamamatsu, in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. An orange 1970 Suzuki 500, the export Fronte, in the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A cream Suzuki Fronte 360 in the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A yellow 1969 Suzuki Fronte SS 360 in the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. An olive 1970 Suzuki Fronte 360 Super Deluxe in the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A white early sixth-generation Suzuki Fronte, photographed in 2010. Photo: Kuha455405, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A white late sixth-generation Suzuki Fronte Wit in 2016. Photo: Toyotacoronaexsaloon, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A blue 1986 Suzuki Fronte in profile in Chile in 2018. Photo: RL GNZLZ, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. The Fronte Wit from behind in 2016. Photo: Toyotacoronaexsaloon, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A white 1987 Suzuki Fronte FG five-door at Suzuki Plaza in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A red 1976 Suzuki Fronte 7-S Custom at Suzuki Plaza, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A green 1977 Suzuki SS10 Custom, a left-hand-drive car, in Chile in 2012. Photo: Cristobal Platz, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. The 1976 Fronte 7-S Custom from behind at Suzuki Plaza in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. The green Fronte 7-S from behind in 2010. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A green 1977 Suzuki SS10 Custom from behind in Chile in 2011, showing its glass hatch. Photo: Cristobal Platz, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A green Suzuki Fronte 7-S Super Deluxe (SS10), before its facelift, in 2010. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A cream 1981 Suzuki Fronte in a street in Chile in 2014. Photo: order_242, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A yellow 1981 Suzuki Fronte in Chile in 2011. Photo: RL GNZLZ, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A red 1981–⁠83 Suzuki Fronte FS-C at Suzuki Plaza in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A red 1981 Suzuki Fronte from behind in Chile in 2016. Photo: RL GNZLZ, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A white Suzuki Fronte (SS40) in a car park in 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. An orange 1981–⁠83 Suzuki Fronte with the May 1981 facelift grille in the Suzuki History Museum in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A silver 1972 Suzuki Fronte 72 GL-W on wet tarmac in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A pale blue 1972 Suzuki Fronte 72 GO-W at a meeting in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. An orange 1971 Suzuki Fronte GT/W (LC10W) in profile in 2008. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A grey Suzuki Fronte 72 GL-W in the Motorcar Museum of Japan in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A silver 1976 Suzuki Fronte Hatch T, one of the last 360 cc kei cars, in 2008. Photo: Mytho88, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. The Fronte Hatch B from behind at Suzuki Plaza in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. An abandoned 1973–⁠74 Suzuki Fronte Hatch (LS30) rusting in Japan in 2007. Photo: Deer in alcove, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A Suzuki Fronte Van Super Deluxe (LS10) from behind in the Suzuki History Museum in 2013. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A gold 1973 Suzuki Fronte Hatch B, repainted, at Suzuki Plaza in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A 1969 Suzuki Fronte Van (LS10) in the Suzuki History Museum in 2011. Photo: Yones, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. The cabin of a Suzuki Fronte 500 at Gemert, Netherlands, in 2023. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. The cabin of the 1976 Fronte 7-S Custom at Suzuki Plaza in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. The dashboard of the Fronte Hatch B at Suzuki Plaza in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. The LC10-series three-cylinder two-stroke in the engine bay of a Suzuki Fronte 72 GO-W, the third-generation saloon the Fronte Coupé was derived from, photographed in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. The 1955 Suzulight SS saloon in the Suzuki History Museum, Hamamatsu, in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  60. A 1973 Suzuki Fronte Coupé GXCF in Continental Maroon at Suzuki Plaza, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. A red 1979 Suzuki Alto at Suzuki Plaza, the Suzuki History Museum in Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. The Honda Collection Hall’s red N360 from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  63. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1958 Subaru 360 from the left front three-quarter in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. A white 1971 Daihatsu Fellow Max saloon with quad headlamps on display in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Suzuki Motor Corporation, Suzuki Digital Library, “Fronte” (in Japanese), every generation with its specifications, read in full. www.suzuki.co.jp
  2. Japanese Wikipedia, スズキ・フロンテ, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  3. English Wikipedia, Suzuki Fronte, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  4. Toyota Automobile Museum, collection database, record 255, Suzuki Fronte 360 (LC10), read in full. toyota-automobile-museum.jp
  5. webCG, “No. 285: the Alto Turbo RS has a history: tracing Suzuki’s high-performance kei cars (part 1)” (in Japanese), read in full. www.webcg.net

Suzuki Jimny: the kei four-by-four, 1970–⁠81

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A yellow 1970 Suzuki Jimny LJ10 from the front quarter at a show in 2025, with its horizontal grille slots. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The air-cooled FB two-stroke twin in the engine bay of a 1970 Suzuki Jimny LJ10. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A green Suzuki Jimny LJ20V van with its steel body, photographed in 2011. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A 1973 Suzuki Jimny LJ20 still supplying a mountain hut in Austria in 2023. Photo: Schreckgespenst, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A green first-generation Suzuki Jimny with its top off, photographed in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A green first-generation Suzuki Jimny with its soft top, photographed in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A yellow first-generation Suzuki Jimny in the United States in 2010. Photo: Motohide Miwa, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A Suzuki Jimny LJ10 with its full soft top and side curtains at a car meeting in 2008. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A yellow 1970 Suzuki Jimny LJ10 from the rear quarter at a show in Japan in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. An orange 1976 Suzuki Jimny LJ50 from the rear quarter in 2022. Photo: Elise240SX, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A yellow Suzuki Jimny LJ10 on a dark display stand in 2017. Photo: Y.Leclercq, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A yellow Suzuki Jimny LJ10 of 1970 in the Suzuki History Museum, Hamamatsu. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A yellow 1979 Suzuki Jimny 55 (SJ10) in the Suzuki History Museum, Hamamatsu. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A yellow Suzuki LJ20, sold new in Australia, at a car show in Lakewood, Washington, in 2015. Photo: John Lloyd, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A yellow 1972 Suzuki LJ20 at a car show in 2018. Photo: Cars Down Under, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A green 1973 Suzuki Jimny LJ20 with its top off at the Toyota Automobile Museum in 2008. Photo: Mytho88, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A mustard Suzuki Jimny LJ20 with its soft top at a car meeting in 2008. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A camouflage 1974 Suzuki Jimny LJ20V from the front quarter in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A 1973 Suzuki Jimny LJ20 at the Toyota Automobile Museum in 2008, from the rear quarter, the spare wheel carried in the tub. Photo: Mytho88, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A white Suzuki Jimny LJ20 with a grey soft top, seen from the rear quarter, in 2010. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A camouflage-painted 1974 Suzuki Jimny LJ20V hardtop at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A Suzuki Jimny LJ20V van from the rear quarter in 2011, with its spare wheel on the tailgate. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A white Suzuki Jimny LJ20 at the Motorcar Museum of Japan in Komatsu. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A green 1972 Suzuki Jimny LJ20 in the Suzuki History Museum, Hamamatsu. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A green 1979 Suzuki Jimny LJ80 in profile beside a Dutch canal in 2024. Photo: louisznl, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  26. A green 1979 Suzuki Jimny LJ80 from the rear quarter in the Netherlands in 2024, with the spare wheel on its tail. Photo: louisznl, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  27. A pale blue 1979 Suzuki LJ80 from the rear quarter in a showroom in 2015. Photo: Dennis Elzinga, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A Suzuki Jimny SJ20 convertible pick-up from the rear quarter in 2026, with its spare wheel. Photo: Ethan Llamas, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A blue 1982 Suzuki LJ80Q in a farmyard in the Netherlands in 2013. Photo: Niels de Wit, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. The cockpit of a Suzuki Jimny SJ20 pick-up in 2026, with its body-coloured dashboard. Photo: Ethan Llamas, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. The cockpit of a 1972 Suzuki Jimny LJ20, seen from above. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. The dashboard of a 1979 Suzuki LJ80, painted in the body colour. Photo: Dennis Elzinga, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. The engine bay of a Suzuki Jimny LJ20, with its water-cooled two-stroke twin. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A 1981 Suzuki LJ80 with its bonnet raised to show the four-stroke engine, at a show in England in 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. The Jimny Water Cool badge that marked the water-cooled Suzuki Jimny LJ20, photographed in 2008. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. An abandoned 1979 first-generation Suzuki Jimny beside a derelict hot-rod project in New Zealand in 2012. Photo: Riley, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. An olive green 1979 Suzuki LJ80 with a roll bar, parked in a Dutch street in 2024. Photo: louisznl, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  38. A white Suzuki LJ80 with a bull bar in Cuxhaven, Germany, in 2019. Photo: Ra Boe, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A white 1981 Suzuki LJ80 with its top off, parked under trees in Grondola, Tuscany, in 2013. Photo: rvandermaar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  40. A yellow 1981 Suzuki LJ80 with the steel hardtop in Ede, the Netherlands, in 2015. Photo: Niels de Wit, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  41. A yellow 1981 Suzuki LJ80 at InterClassics in Maastricht in 2023. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  42. A red 1980 Suzuki LJ80V with the steel hardtop, photographed in 2014. Photo: order_242, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A beige 1980 Suzuki LJ81 pick-up, the long-wheelbase export version, in Chile. Photo: papurojugarpool, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A yellow Suzuki Jimny SJ20 convertible pick-up, a Japanese-market car, in the Philippines in 2026. Photo: Ethan Llamas, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A white 1976 Suzuki LJ50, the export SJ10, at a car show in Australia in 2014. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. An orange 1976 Suzuki LJ50 in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, in 2022. Photo: Elise240SX, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A green 1979 Suzuki Jimny 55 (SJ10) van, photographed in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A Suzuki Jimny 55 (SJ10) photographed in black and white in 2004. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. An olive Honda Vamos from the left front quarter at the Honda Collection Hall, Twin Ring Motegi, in 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. The Suzuki museum’s Carry FB from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A very early 1967 Suzuki Fronte 360 Deluxe, with the thicker first-year mouldings, at Suzuki Plaza, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A 1973 Suzuki Fronte Coupé GXCF in Continental Maroon at Suzuki Plaza, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A red 1979 Suzuki Alto at Suzuki Plaza, the Suzuki History Museum in Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A 1957 Daihatsu Midget DKA at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2018. Photo: Rikita, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Suzuki Digital Library, Jimny (ジムニー), the maker’s history with specification tables for each model, read in full. www.suzuki.co.jp
  2. Japanese Wikipedia, Suzuki Jimny (スズキ・ジムニー), the prehistory and the first and second generations, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  3. English Wikipedia, Suzuki Jimny, the first-generation section. en.wikipedia.org
  4. Japanese Wikipedia, Hope (company) (ホープ (企業)), read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  5. Japanese Wikipedia, Kei truck (軽トラック), the history and the list of makers. ja.wikipedia.org

Suzuki Suzulight: Suzuki’s first car, a kei Lloyd

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The 1955 Suzulight SS saloon in the Suzuki History Museum, Hamamatsu, in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The Suzulight’s transverse two-stroke twin and front-drive layout on a display chassis at the Suzuki History Museum. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A 1960 Suzulight TL-II 360 van at the Suzuki History Museum, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A development team with the Suzulight prototypes on a mountain road test in 1954. Photo: Suzuki Motor Corporation, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The 1957 Suzulight SL at the Toyota Automobile Museum in 2025. Photo: Coolalabright, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A 1955 Suzulight SL in the Suzuki History Museum, Hamamatsu, in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s Suzulight SL from the right side in 2026. Photo: Oq10pass, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The 1966 Suzulight FE van from the rear three-quarter at the Suzuki History Museum in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. The Suzulight SD van from behind in 2024, showing its side-hinged rear door. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. The Suzuki museum’s Suzulight SS from the rear three-quarter, posed in a factory inspection tableau, in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. The Suzulight TL-II van from the rear three-quarter at the Suzuki History Museum in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. The pale blue Suzulight Fronte FEA-II from behind at the Suzuki History Museum in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A Suzulight Fronte in the No. 9 livery of the 1963 Japanese Grand Prix at the Suzuki History Museum in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A 1957 Suzulight SL at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2008. Photo: Mytho88, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. The front seats and steering wheel of the Suzulight SD van in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. Inside the Suzulight TL-II van in 2024: front seats, dashboard and the load floor. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. The dashboard and steering wheel of a 1966 Suzuki Suzulight FE van at the Suzuki History Museum, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. The dashboard and two-spoke steering wheel of a 1962 Suzuki Suzulight Fronte TLA at the Suzuki History Museum, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The dashboard and large two-spoke steering wheel of a Suzuki Suzulight SD van at the Suzuki History Museum, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The TL’s engine and front-drive unit on a display chassis at the Suzuki History Museum. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A 1966 Suzulight FE van at the Suzuki History Museum, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A grey 1963 Suzulight FE van at Uminonakamichi Seaside Park, Fukuoka, in 2015. Photo: Muyo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A pale blue 1965 Suzulight Fronte FEA-II at the Suzuki History Museum in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A lime-green 1967 Suzulight Fronte at the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A cream 1962 Suzulight Fronte TLA saloon at the Suzuki History Museum in 2013. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. The Suzulight SD delivery van from the right front three-quarter at the Suzuki History Museum in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A maroon and yellow Suzulight SD delivery van in the Suzuki History Museum in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A white 1962 Suzulight 360 TL van in a museum row in 2025. Photo: RL GNZLZ, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A first-series Lloyd LP 300 saloon with the narrow bonnet, beside the Rhine in Germany in 2007. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1958 Subaru 360 from the left front three-quarter in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A very early 1967 Suzuki Fronte 360 Deluxe, with the thicker first-year mouldings, at Suzuki Plaza, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. The Suzuki museum’s Carry FB from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A grey 1955 Flying Feather with its hood up at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2008. Photo: Mytho88, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. The surviving 1950s Auto Sandal FS with its folding hood, displayed in Japan in 2010. Photo: Muyo, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Japanese Wikipedia, Suzuki Suzulight, read in full on 7 October 2026. It cites Kokusansha 100-nen no kiseki, Iwatate Kikuo’s articles in Old-timer 79–80 (2004), the Japan Automotive Hall of Fame’s 2008 press release and 360cc kei-jidōsha no subete. ja.wikipedia.org
  2. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan (JSAE), Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology, item 1-17, “Suzulight SS”, read in full. www.jsae.or.jp
  3. Suzuki Motor Corporation, Suzuki Digital Library, “Suzulight” (the SS, SL, SP, SD, TL, FE and FE II), read in full. www.suzuki.co.jp
  4. Suzuki Motor Corporation, Suzuki Digital Library, the Suzulight L and T engines, read in full. www.suzuki.co.jp
  5. English Wikipedia, Suzuki Suzulight, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Chris Rees, Microcar Mania (1995), Ozeki’s Suzuki Story, suzukiklassiekers.nl and a Senshu University paper. en.wikipedia.org
  6. Toyota Automobile Museum, collection record 201, “Suzuki Suzulight Model SL”, read in full. toyota-automobile-museum.jp
  7. Japan Automotive Hall of Fame, list of Historic Cars (“SUZUKI SUZULIGHT”, 2008), list read. www.jahfa.jp
  8. Japanese Wikipedia, Subaru 360, its section on the kei cars before Subaru (citing Katsuragi Yōji, Tentōmushi ga hashitta hi, p. 52) and its motor-sport section, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  9. Subaru Museum, the Subaru 360 story, read in full. members.subaru.jp

Suzuki Twin: the two-seat hybrid kei car, 2003–⁠05

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A dark-blue Suzuki Twin in a car park in Japan in April 2014. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A white Suzuki Twin Gasoline V from the rear three-quarter in Japan in September 2008. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The cabin of a Suzuki Twin seen through the passenger’s (left) door in Japan in July 2010. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A yellow Suzuki Twin Gasoline V in CoCo Ichibanya curry-house delivery livery in Japan in June 2009. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A blue Suzuki Twin Gasoline V with colour-keyed wheel covers in Japan in October 2014. Photo: Ten-nen Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A red Suzuki Twin with a grey lower body in a car park in Japan in January 2008. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A red Suzuki Twin in a parking bay at Ibigawa, Gifu, Japan, in October 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A red Suzuki Twin parked at a kerb in Japan in May 2008. Photo: Toshiyuki IMAI, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  9. A dark-blue Suzuki Twin Gasoline V from the rear three-quarter in a car park in Japan in April 2014. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A white Suzuki Twin from the rear in front of a garage shutter in Japan in January 2004. Photo: bato93, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  11. A cream-yellow Suzuki Twin with a dark green lower body seen head-on in Japan in May 2026. Photo: Misei sen, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A silver Suzuki Twin Gasoline B with aftermarket alloy wheels in a car park in Japan in January 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A tuned Suzuki Twin Gasoline B from the rear three-quarter in a car park in Japan in January 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A yellow Suzuki Twin with a large Twin side decal and aftermarket alloy wheels in Nagoya, Japan, in August 2021. Photo: 円周率３パーセント, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A red 1979 Suzuki Alto at Suzuki Plaza, the Suzuki History Museum in Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A red and black 2001 Smart City-Coupé passion (450) ‘Softouch’ in Leamington Spa, England, in January 2020. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A white Toyota iQ in a car park in Germany in June 2009. Photo: M 93, Attribution (Wikimedia Commons), via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Japanese Wikipedia, 「スズキ・ツイン」 (Suzuki Twin), read in full. Used as a lead. ja.wikipedia.org
  2. Suzuki Motor Corporation, press release 「経済的・実用的な２シーター軽乗用車「ツイン」発売」 (“The economical, practical two-seat kei car Twin goes on sale”), 22 January 2003, read in full. www.suzuki.co.jp
  3. English Wikipedia, Suzuki Twin, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org

Tamplin: the fibreboard tandem cyclecar, 1919–⁠1927

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Red and black 1921 Tamplin cyclecar with its hood up in the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in April 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. 1921 Tamplin cyclecar head-on, its narrow body, V-twin and lamps, in the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Tamplin cyclecar of 1921 parked in a yard before a timber shed, its long side chain on show. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. 1921 Tamplin cyclecar from the left front quarter in the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Bronze female-figure mascot on the radiator cap of a Tamplin cyclecar, in black and white, photographed in March 2015. Photo: Jasper Smallenbroek, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  6. Yellow Carden monocar of 1916, its engine at the rear and Carden script on the dummy radiator, at the Petersen Automotive Museum, Los Angeles, in August 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A yellow 1913 Bédélia BD2 at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in May 2022. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A green 1913 Humber Humberette V-twin cyclecar with a buttoned black seat at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A blue 1927 Austin Seven Chummy tourer with its hood up at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, West Sussex, in July 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Grace’s Guide, “Tamplin”, quoting The Motor Cycle of 11 December 1919, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  2. English Wikipedia, Tamplin, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Culshaw and Horrobin, Complete Catalogue of British Cars (1974), and Baldwin, A–Z of Cars of the 1920s (1994). en.wikipedia.org

Tata Nano: India’s one-lakh car, 2008–⁠18

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A yellow Tata Nano from the front three-quarter in a street in Bengaluru, India, in March 2011. Photo: Krokodyl, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. An orange Tata Nano on the Tata stand at the Auto Expo, New Delhi, India, in January 2008, the week of its unveiling. Photo: Dr. Sudhindra Sharma, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  3. The rear engine of a Tata Nano, reached from inside the car, in June 2013. Photo: Clayton Tang, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A white GenX Nano XT from behind, with the opening tailgate added in 2015, in Karnataka, India, in June 2016. Photo: Abdulla Al Muhairi, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  5. A silver Tata Nano on a village road near Beechanahalli, Karnataka, India, in September 2014, as a man leads two bullocks past. Photo: Vinayaraj, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A yellow Tata Nano in the Deutsches Museum Verkehrszentrum, Munich, Germany, in 2011. Photo: High Contrast, CC BY 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A light-blue Tata Nano parked in Kolkata, India, in September 2011. Photo: Biswarup Ganguly, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A red Tata Nano parked by a roadside in India in January 2011. Photo: Selmer van Alten, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  9. A yellow Tata Nano on a Tata show stand in January 2008. Photo: Sandeep Rathod, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. An orange Tata Nano with black bumpers in a Kolkata street, India, in May 2016. Photo: Biswarup Ganguly, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A silver Tata Nano in profile on the Tata stand in India in January 2008. Photo: Anugrah Adams, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  12. A yellow Tata Nano parked in a street of pink-walled houses in India in December 2011. Photo: দেবর্ষি রায়, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  13. A yellow Tata Nano parked under trees in India in January 2011. Photo: Vengolis, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. An orange Indian-market Tata Nano on the turntable at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2008. Photo: Sudhanwa, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  15. A yellow Tata Nano LX from the rear three-quarter in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India, in February 2023. Photo: Ank Kumar, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A silver Tata Nano from the rear three-quarter near Panaji, Goa, India, in January 2011, its rear closed with no opening hatch. Photo: Mike W., CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  17. A yellow Tata Nano from the rear three-quarter in a street in Bengaluru, India, in March 2011. Photo: Krokodyl, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. An orange Indian-market Tata Nano seen head-on at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2008. Photo: Sudhanwa, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  19. A yellow Tata Nano LX seen head-on in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India, in February 2023. Photo: Ank Kumar, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. An Indian-registered Tata Nano on the 2016 Mongol Rally, stopped in Barcelona, Spain, in July 2016. Photo: Vasconium, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. An orange Tata Nano driving on the Durgapur Expressway, West Bengal, India, in August 2013. Photo: Indrajit Das, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A Tata Nano covered in magazine covers at the AutoRAI motor show, Amsterdam, Netherlands, in April 2011. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A yellow Tata Nano in profile in the Deutsches Museum Verkehrszentrum, Munich, Germany, in 2011. Photo: High Contrast, CC BY 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A silver Tata Nano at the Gedee Car Museum, Coimbatore, India, in 2009. Photo: Rainer Halama, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A red GenX Nano Easy Shift in Mumbai, India, in May 2015, just before its launch. Photo: Alexander Gounder, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A white and green GenX Nano in profile by a temple in Karnataka, India, in June 2016. Photo: Abdulla Al Muhairi, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  27. A purple GenX Nano from behind on Hitec-Kukatpally Main Road, Hyderabad, India, in November 2025. Photo: Syced, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A white GenX Nano XT with green stripes seen head-on in Karnataka, India, in June 2016. Photo: Abdulla Al Muhairi, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  29. The cabin of a GenX Nano in Karnataka, India, in June 2016. Photo: Abdulla Al Muhairi, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  30. The dashboard of a Tata Nano, with its centre-mounted speedometer, in June 2013. Photo: Clayton Tang, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A white Tata Nano seen from above at Kommadi, Visakhapatnam, India, in November 2013. Photo: Adityamadhav83, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A cutaway Tata Nano with its doors and panels removed at the Gedee Car Museum, Coimbatore, India, in 2009. Photo: Rainer Halama, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. The front compartment of a GenX Nano with its bonnet up, holding the spare wheel, in Karnataka, India, in June 2016. Photo: Abdulla Al Muhairi, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  34. The Tata Nano Europa concept head-on at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2009. Photo: David Villarreal Fernández, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. The Tata Nano Europa concept from the front three-quarter at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2009. Photo: David Villarreal Fernández, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. The Tata Nano Europa concept from behind at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2009. Photo: David Villarreal Fernández, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A red Tata Nano in base Standard form at the Auto Expo, New Delhi, India, in January 2008. Photo: Ankit Sud, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. An orange Tata Nano head-on on its turntable at the Auto Expo, New Delhi, India, in January 2008, a yellow Nano beside it. Photo: Ankit Ahuja, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  39. A light-green Tata Nano in profile at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2008. Photo: Douglas Jose, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A black and yellow Bajaj Qute used as an auto-rickshaw at JVPD bus station, Andheri, Mumbai, India, in September 2020. Photo: Srikanth Ramakrishnan/BESTpedia, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 N with fixed side windows from the front in Bristol in 2017, its show card on the windscreen. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A white 1973 Fiat 126 of the first series on a woodland verge in England in 2009. Photo: Tony Harrison, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A white Toyota iQ in a car park in Germany in June 2009. Photo: M 93, Attribution (Wikimedia Commons), via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Tata Nano, read in full with its infobox and reference titles. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  2. “Tata Nano production falls: the journey of India’s cheapest car”, Business Today, 6 July 2018. www.businesstoday.in
  3. Launch report, The Tribune (Chandigarh), 11 January 2008. www.tribuneindia.com
  4. Tata Motors, “The Tata Nano arrives”, press release of 23 March 2009, as reproduced by auto123.com. www.auto123.com
  5. “When Ratan Tata’s big Nano dream drowned in Bengal”, Outlook India, known from a search summary only. outlookindia.com
  6. “Nano to launch in October, despite Tata’s exit from Singur”, Wards Auto, 26 September 2008. wardsauto.com
  7. Reports of the launch, bookings and first deliveries by auto123, Motorbeam and carsales, known from search summaries. www.carsales.com.au
  8. “Nano gets 2.03 lakh bookings”, Autocar Professional, May 2009. www.autocarpro.in
  9. “Tata Nano deliveries begin in India”, CarAdvice, July 2009, known from a search summary. www.caradvice.com.au
  10. “Tata Motors inaugurates new plant for Nano”, Autocar Professional, 2 June 2010. www.autocarpro.in
  11. “New plant for Tata Nano at Sanand inaugurated”, report held by the Land Matrix, known from a search summary. landmatrix.org
  12. “Tata Nano sales in 2018”, Rushlane, 8 February 2019. www.rushlane.com
  13. Donal Fagan, “Is Tara’s Tiny A Big Threat to Tata’s Nano?”, The Truth About Cars, 18 February 2008, citing The Economic Times. www.thetruthaboutcars.com
  14. Indrani Roy Mitra, “Tara Tiny @ Rs 99K is the world’s cheapest car!”, Rediff.com, 17 March 2008, first page read from the archived copy. web.archive.org
  15. English Wikipedia, Tara Tiny, read in full. Used as a lead; tagged for more citations. en.wikipedia.org

Tazzari Zero: Imola’s aluminium electric two-seater

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red Tazzari Zero with a black roof parked in a street in Rome, Italy, in July 2013. Photo: 罗布泊, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A white Tazzari Zero in Smiles car-sharing livery in December 2009. Photo: Ernesto Ruge, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A yellow Tazzari Zero of the Université Lille 1 electrical-engineering laboratory in Lille, France, in September 2014. Photo: fdecomite, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  4. Two Zencar car-sharing Tazzari Zeros charging at kerbside bays on Avenue Louise, Brussels, Belgium, in September 2011. Photo: Jean-Etienne Minh-Duy Poirrier, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  5. A red Tazzari Zero demonstrator in ‘Test Drive’ lettering at a public event in Girona, Spain, in September 2010. Photo: Georges Jansoone, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A white Tazzari Zero with a black roof in Città di Castello, Umbria, Italy, in July 2011. Photo: Overlaet, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A Zencar car-sharing Tazzari Zero in profile at a kerbside charger in Brussels, Belgium, in March 2012. Photo: Klever, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A red Tazzari Zero demonstrator from the rear three-quarter at a public event in Girona, Spain, in September 2010. Photo: Georges Jansoone, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A matt-grey Tazzari Zero with yellow wheels from the rear three-quarter in Germany in January 2019. Photo: KarleHorn, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A white Tazzari Zero from the rear three-quarter in Città di Castello, Umbria, Italy, in July 2011. Photo: Overlaet, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A Zencar car-sharing Tazzari Zero from behind, its charging cable plugged in, on Avenue Louise, Brussels, Belgium, in September 2011. Photo: Jean-Etienne Minh-Duy Poirrier, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  12. A matt-grey Tazzari Zero with yellow wheels, seen head-on in a car park in Germany in January 2019. Photo: KarleHorn, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A red 2013 Renault Twizy 80 on grass in December 2021. Photo: PabloLinoCalleBoulicaud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A red and black 2001 Smart City-Coupé passion (450) ‘Softouch’ in Leamington Spa, England, in January 2020. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. km77.com, “Tazzari Zero (2011): información general”, read in summary. www.km77.com
  2. Tazzari EV, official website. www.tazzari-zero.com
  3. Martin Schwoerer, “Tazzari Zero: Can an Urban EV Be Sexy?”, The Truth About Cars, 28 July 2009, read in summary. www.thetruthaboutcars.com
  4. “Auto elettriche: i fratelli Tazzari puntano su Zero”, Quotidiano.net, Motori, May 2011, read in summary. motori.quotidiano.net
  5. Italian Wikipedia, Tazzari Zero, read in full. Used as a lead. it.wikipedia.org
  6. German Wikipedia, Tazzari Zero, read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  7. English Wikipedia, Tazzari Zero, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  8. W.E. Ning, “Beijing Auto EX Concept debuts on the Shanghai Auto Show in China”, CarNewsChina, 20 April 2015. carnewschina.com
  9. Tycho de Feijter, “This Is The Beijing Auto ArcFox-1 City Car Concept”, CarNewsChina, 12 May 2016. carnewschina.com
  10. Joey Wang, “Beijing Auto ArcFox-1 EV Concept Hits The Guangzhou Auto Show”, CarNewsChina, 24 November 2016. carnewschina.com
  11. Tycho de Feijter, “Official Photos Of The New ArcFox (?) LITE Mini EV For China”, CarNewsChina, 22 August 2017. carnewschina.com
  12. Tycho de Feijter, “This Is The Arcfox Lite Premium Mini EV For China”, CarNewsChina, 6 November 2017. carnewschina.com
  13. Bart Demandt, “Arcfox Lite China Auto Sales Figures”, carsalesbase.com, archived 2021. carsalesbase.com
  14. English Wikipedia, Arcfox Lite, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org

Teilhol Citadine: an electric car with a door in its nose

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A Teilhol Citadine with its top-hinged nose door raised, at the Musée auto-moto-vélo in Châtellerault in 2022. Photo: Jean-Marie Vugnon (2), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A yellow Teilhol Citadine in a recycling firm’s lettering at the Liège public-transport museum in 2013. Photo: Klaus Nahr from Germany, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A yellow Teilhol Citadine from behind in Paris in 2004, its single rear wheel and empty battery cradle showing beneath the tail. Photo: JOHN LLOYD from Concrete, Washington, United States, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  4. A yellow Teilhol Citadine from the front, parked in a Paris courtyard in 2004. Photo: John Lloyd (Hugo90), CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A 1972 Porquerolles at the Musée auto-moto-vélo in Châtellerault in 2013. Photo: Jean-Marie Vugnon (2), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A 1953 Iso Isetta at the Bonhams sale in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A red open Tomcar in the ALAAC collection in Lorraine in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. An orange 1974 Zagato Zele 2000 at the Classic Motor Show at the NEC, Birmingham, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. automobile-propre.com, “Teilhol et sa gamme de véhicules électriques commercialisés entre 1974 et 1986”, based on period documents and press. www.automobile-propre.com
  2. Lane Motor Museum, “Teilhol Citadine – 1974”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  3. French Wikipedia, Teilhol. fr.wikipedia.org
  4. English Wikipedia, Teilhol, seen only as a search snippet. en.wikipedia.org
  5. Lane Motor Museum, “Peugeot VLV – 1942”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  6. Lane Motor Museum, “About”, the museum’s own page, read 7 October 2026. www.lanemotormuseum.org

Temperino: Turin’s V-twin cyclecar, 1908–⁠1924

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red 1920 Temperino 8/10 HP with its script radiator cowl at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, Italy, in July 2009. Photo: tomislav medak, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A Temperino open tourer drawn in the Illustrierte Sport-Zeitung of 14 January 1923. Photo: Illustrierte Sport-Zeitung, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A black 1918 Temperino tourer with its hood folded at the Museo delle comunicazioni Lucia e Francesca, Italy, in 2006. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A red 1920 Temperino 8/10 HP head-on, showing its narrow track, at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, Italy, in July 2009. Photo: tomislav medak, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A yellow 1913 Bédélia BD2 at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in May 2022. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Red David cyclecar No. 17 on show in Barcelona, Spain, before the Barcelona–Sitges rally in March 2012. Photo: Jordi Payà, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A grey 1925 Bjering with its hood up at the Norsk Teknisk Museum, Oslo, Norway, in November 2014. Photo: Bjoertvedt, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A cream and black 1936 Fiat 500 A at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, in May 2026. Photo: Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Donatella Biffignandi, “Alla piccola vettura un grande avvenire!”, Centro di Documentazione del Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile di Torino, 2005, read in full. It cites La Stampa Sportiva (1919), Motori Cicli & Sports (1911–⁠20), Automobile Quarterly 17 (2) and La Manovella (1975). www.museoauto.it
  2. Italian Wikipedia, Temperino (azienda), read in full. Used as a lead. it.wikipedia.org
  3. English Wikipedia, Temperino, and Grace’s Guide, “Temperino”, both read in full. Used as leads. en.wikipedia.org
  4. German Wikipedia, Temperino, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Linz and Schrader and Georgano. de.wikipedia.org

Tempo three-wheelers: Hamburg’s delivery tricars, 1928–⁠43

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Blue-grey Tempo A 400 three-wheeled pick-up at Jonsdorf, Saxony, in August 2015. Photo: Rainerhaufe, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Green Tempo T 6 front-loader three-wheeler at the Museum der Arbeit, Hamburg, in March 2026. Photo: Mozzihh, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The swivelling front drive unit of a Tempo A 400, engine and gearbox carried on the steered front wheel, at Wörth am Rhein in July 2006. Photo: Norbert Schnitzler, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Blue Tempo E 400 three-wheeled pick-up at the Technik Museum Speyer in December 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Grey Tempo A 400 three-wheeled pick-up at the Oldtimer Museumsfest, Großschönau, in August 2026. Photo: Dk0704, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Blue Tempo A 400 three-wheeled pick-up at the classic vehicle meeting at the Mercedes-Benz works, Wörth am Rhein, in July 2006. Photo: Norbert Schnitzler, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Blue Tempo A 400 three-wheeled pick-up from behind at the Wörth am Rhein classic vehicle meeting in July 2006. Photo: Norbert Schnitzler, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Grey Tempo A 400 box van from behind in the Kollwitzkiez, Berlin, in July 2017. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Grey Tempo A 400 three-wheeled pick-up head-on at the Oldtimer Museumsfest, Großschönau, in August 2026. Photo: Dk0704, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. Green Tempo A 400 three-wheeled pick-up at the Freilichtmuseum Roscheider Hof, Konz. Photo: Rainer Blazejewicz (Freilichtmuseum Roscheider Hof), CC0 1.0, via rlp.museum-digital.de.
  11. Radiator and two-stroke twin of the blue Tempo A 400 box van, seen from the front in Nuremberg in May 2008. Photo: Norbert Pietsch, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. Grey Tempo A 400 box van parked in the Kollwitzkiez, Berlin, in July 2017. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. Blue Tempo A 400 box van with its engine cover raised in Nuremberg in May 2008. Photo: Norbert Pietsch, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. Red Tempo three-wheeled box van in Otto Versand mail-order livery at the Museum der Arbeit, Hamburg, in March 2026. Photo: Mozzihh, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. Tempo V 600, the firm’s first four-wheeler, in Romanian Army service with soldiers in gas masks at a parade in Chișinău, October 1942. Photo: Willy Pragher, Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg, CC BY 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. Black Goliath Pionier coupé with a red stripe at the Borgward meeting in Andernach in September 2007. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A green Framo Stromer FP 200 roadster at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, in September 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A yellow Deutsche Bundespost Goggomobil TL Transporter with its sliding door open, Heusenstamm, 2011. Photo: Urmelbeauftragter, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A dark green Ape 50 pick-up in an Italian piazza, 2010. Photo: Andrew Childs, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Vidal & Sohn Tempo-Werk, read in full with its model table. It cites Werner Oswald, Deutsche Autos 1920–⁠1945 (10th edition, 1996), ATZ 7/1952 and the Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (2008). de.wikipedia.org
  2. Lane Motor Museum, “Tempo G1200 – 1937”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  3. Tempo-dienst, “1928 – 1978: 50 Jahre Vidal + Sohn”, the firm’s history by a specialist parts firm, read through a summary. tempo-dienst.de

Think City: Norway’s electric car, Ford’s experiment

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A blue 2000 Ford TH!NK City (A266) at the Hebden Bridge Vintage Weekend, England, in August 2022. Photo: DieselFordMondeo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A turquoise Pivco PIV3 City Bee, forerunner of the Think City, from the front three-quarter in July 2009. Photo: Egil Kvaleberg, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A light-blue second-generation Think City (A306) in a car park in June 2009. Photo: Mark Doliner, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  4. The red Team Think car, a Think City (A306), at the start arch of the Zero Rally, Norway, in June 2011. Photo: Zero Emission Resource Organisation, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A red 2011 Think City (A306) in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, United States, in July 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A green Ford-era TH!NK City (PIV4, A266) from the front three-quarter at Fully Charged Live in May 2022. Photo: Jan Ainali, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A red Ford-era TH!NK City (A266) still in use, parked in the United States in September 2017. Photo: JOHN LLOYD, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  8. A green Ford-era TH!NK City (PIV4, A266) on display at Fully Charged Live in May 2022. Photo: Jan Ainali, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A blue Ford TH!NK City (A266) on display at the Museum Autovision, Altlußheim, Germany, in October 2008. Photo: Claus Ableiter, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A cream and blue 2001 Ford TH!NK City (A266) on display at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, in July 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A black Think City (A306) car-share car parked on a square in Amsterdam, Netherlands, in January 2012. Photo: Brbbl, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A red Think City (A306) in Ener1 ‘100% electric’ livery at an electric-vehicle show in Washington, D.C., in April 2011. Photo: Mariordo (Mario Roberto Duran Ortiz), CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A black Think City (A306) with ‘Ich fahre elektrisch’ lettering, parked by a railing in Switzerland in May 2018. Photo: crash71100, CC0 1.0, via Flickr.
  14. A black Think City (A306) parked on a street in Denmark with bicycles behind. Photo: tomislavmedak, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A red Think City (A306) parked on cobbles beside a street market in April 2008. Photo: Mahlum, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A red Think City (A306) demonstrator in ‘100% electric’ livery in the United States in June 2010. Photo: Richard Kelly, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  17. A black Think City (A306) with a plug graphic, parked in Girona, Spain, in September 2010. Photo: Georges Jansoone (JoJan), CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A Think City (A306) in the livery of the Dutch grid company Liander in the Netherlands in May 2011. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A red Think City (A306) at Leisure World, Maryland, in the United States in July 2012. Photo: IFCAR, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A sun-faded red Think City (A306) seen from a high front-side angle in January 2021. Photo: Bill Abbott, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A red Think City (A306) demonstrator in profile with its hatch open, in the United States in June 2010. Photo: Richard Kelly, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  22. A sun-faded red Think City (A306) parked by a house, side view, in January 2021. Photo: Bill Abbott, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A sun-faded red Think City (A306) from the rear three-quarter, parked at a kerb, in January 2021. Photo: Bill Abbott, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A red Think City (A306) demonstrator from directly behind, its driver’s door open, in the United States in June 2010. Photo: Richard Kelly, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  25. A pink-red 2011 Think City (A306) parked at a kerb in a city street in September 2022. Photo: DestinationFearFan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A yellow and a blue Think City (A306) charging in Ærøskøbing, Denmark, in 2009. Photo: Erik Christensen, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A Think City (A306) car-sharing car at an electric charging bay in Pamplona, Spain, in June 2013. Photo: Biblioteca Pública de San Jorge - Sanduzelaiko Biblioteka Publikoa, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A Think City (A306) in E.ON livery charging at an e-mobility stand in June 2010. Photo: Spanish Coches, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  29. A red and white Think City (A306) on a driving course during the Zero Rally, Norway, in June 2011. Photo: Zero Emission Resource Organisation, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A black Think City (A306) in ‘Dare to be tough’ livery cornering at Vålerbanen, Norway, during the Zero Rally in June 2011. Photo: Zero Emission Resource Organisation, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A black 2009 Think City (A306) on display at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, England, in July 2009. Photo: Bahnfrend, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A black Think City (A306) beside a Mitsubishi i-MiEV at an electric-vehicle event in October 2010. Photo: biosfear, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  33. The front electric-drive unit under the bonnet of a Think City (A306), photographed in June 2010. Photo: Richard Kelly, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  34. The TH!NK name moulded into the plastic body panel of a 2001 Ford TH!NK City at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, in September 2016. Photo: Karen Roe, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  35. Think Technology AS data plates, marked ‘Manufactured in Norway’, under the bonnet of a Think City (A306) in June 2010. Photo: Richard Kelly, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  36. Two turquoise Pivco PIV3 City Bee electric cars, one from the front and one from behind, on Norwegian plates. Photo: Egil Kvaleberg, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A green 2010 Pure Mobility Buddy at Classic Remise, Düsseldorf, Germany. Photo: Detectandpreserve, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A cream 2007 REVA G-Wiz parked in a London street in February 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A red and white GEM e4 four-seater used for village tours, photographed in July 2006. Photo: Weatherman1126, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A white 2013 Mia electric parked in a village street in Lunteren, Netherlands, in February 2014. Photo: Niels, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Think Global, read in part (the company’s history to the Ford years and after). en.wikipedia.org
  2. German Wikipedia, Think City, read. de.wikipedia.org
  3. English Wikipedia, Think City, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  4. Lane Motor Museum, “Think City – 2011”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org

Toyota C+pod: Toyota’s ultra-compact electric two-seater

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A cyan Toyota C+pod G from the front three-quarter in an exhibition hall in Japan in April 2024. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A white Toyota C+pod G with a black upper body at a dealer in Japan in January 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The dashboard of a cyan Toyota C+pod G seen from behind the seats in a Toyota showroom in Japan in October 2022. Photo: 芯正, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A white Toyota C+pod X, the base grade, seen head-on in a showroom in Japan in November 2021. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A cyan Toyota C+pod G with a black roof on a Toyota showroom display in Japan in October 2022. Photo: 芯正, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A cyan Toyota C+pod G from the rear three-quarter in an exhibition hall in Japan in April 2024. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A cyan Toyota C+pod G from the rear three-quarter in a Toyota showroom in Japan in October 2022. Photo: 芯正, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A white Toyota C+pod G from the rear three-quarter at a dealer in Japan in January 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A white Toyota C+pod G from the rear three-quarter in a showroom in Japan in November 2021. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A white Toyota C+pod G seen nearly head-on in a showroom in Japan in November 2021. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. The driver’s seat and dashboard of a Toyota C+pod G through the open door in a showroom in Japan in November 2021. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A green and white second-generation Toyota COMS parked by a building in Japan in February 2015. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A green Toyota i-Road being driven in Grenoble, France, in September 2014. Photo: Maskrosen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A white Toyota iQ in a car park in Germany in June 2009. Photo: M 93, Attribution (Wikimedia Commons), via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A red and black 2001 Smart City-Coupé passion (450) ‘Softouch’ in Leamington Spa, England, in January 2020. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Toyota Motor Corporation, release on the limited launch of the C+pod, 25 December 2020. global.toyota
  2. English Wikipedia, Toyota C+pod, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  3. Japanese Wikipedia, 「トヨタ・C+pod」 (Toyota C+pod). Used as a lead. ja.wikipedia.org
  4. “Toyota C+Pod: Elektro-Smart-Konkurrent für Japan”, auto motor und sport, 30 December 2020. www.auto-motor-und-sport.de

Toyota COMS: Japan’s one-seat electric delivery car

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A green and white second-generation Toyota COMS parked by a building in Japan in February 2015. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A first-generation Toyota Everyday COMS Long of 2008, with open sides and a rear rack, on museum display in August 2024. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A Toyota COMS B·COM Delivery in 7-Eleven livery outside the Beppu Kannawa store, Beppu, Japan, in April 2018. Photo: daisuke1230, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The single seat and controls of a silver Toyota COMS B·COM Delivery (ZAD-TAK30) with its side open, in Nagakute, Aichi, Japan, in January 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A yellow and white Toyota COMS B·COM at the Tokyo Motor Show, Japan, in November 2013. Photo: Loadbeta, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A green and white Toyota COMS on a Toyota display stand in March 2017. Photo: JOHN LLOYD, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  7. A green and white Toyota COMS P·COM on a motor-show stand in January 2017. Photo: Zytonits, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  8. A green and white second-generation Toyota COMS P·COM from behind, showing its boot box, in Japan in February 2015. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A second-generation Toyota COMS in Ha:mo car-share livery on charge near Toyota’s Motomachi plant, Toyota City, Japan, in October 2019. Photo: Evelyn-rose, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A Toyota COMS of the Grenoble car-share scheme at a charging station in Grenoble, France, in November 2014. Photo: Raphael Desrosiers, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  11. A green and white second-generation Toyota COMS P·COM at the AMLUX Toyota showroom, Tokyo, Japan, in January 2013. Photo: Momotarou2012, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A Bridgestone air-free concept tyre fitted to a Toyota COMS at the Paris Motor Show, France, in October 2014. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. Two second-generation Toyota COMS parked by a shop in Nagoya, Japan, beside a kei car, in March 2023. Photo: 円周率３パーセント, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. Two white second-generation Toyota COMS parked on a pavement in Yokohama Chinatown, Japan, in 2024. Photo: Syced, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A Toyota COMS B·COM Delivery in 7-Eleven livery parked outside a store in Japan in March 2014. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A Toyota COMS B·COM Delivery in 7-Eleven livery parked in Tokyo, Japan, in October 2013. Photo: Daniel Davis, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  17. A Toyota COMS B·COM Delivery in 7-Eleven livery in profile, its side curtain closed, in Japan in June 2014. Photo: MIKI Yoshihito, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  18. A silver Toyota COMS B·COM Delivery (ZAD-TAK30) parked on rough ground in Nagakute, Aichi, Japan, in January 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A Toyota COMS B·COM Delivery in 7-Eleven livery from the rear three-quarter, with its lettered box, in Japan in December 2017. Photo: MiNe, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A Toyota COMS B·COM Delivery with a ‘Romi’s Poutine’ box livery on a motor-show stand in January 2017. Photo: Zytonits, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  21. The single seat of a second-generation Toyota COMS seen through its open side in Grenoble, France, in November 2014. Photo: Raphael Desrosiers, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  22. The cockpit of a second-generation Toyota COMS, with its steering wheel and digital instrument panel, in Grenoble, France, in November 2014. Photo: Raphael Desrosiers, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  23. A Toyota COMS B·COM Delivery with its rear box lid open on a display stand in March 2017. Photo: JOHN LLOYD, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  24. A first-generation Toyota Everyday COMS Long of 2008 from the rear three-quarter, showing its load rack, in August 2024. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A second-generation Toyota COMS in Rally Japan livery at Toyota City, Japan, in 2022. Photo: Evelyn-rose, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A blue Toyota COMS T·COM on the Toyota Auto Body stand at the Tokyo Motor Show, Japan, in November 2013. Photo: Mj-bird, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A red and white Toyota COMS T·COM on a turntable at the Tokyo Motor Show, Japan, in November 2013. Photo: Loadbeta, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. The Toyota Coms-X concept at the Japan Mobility Show, Tokyo, in November 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. The Toyota Coms-X concept from the rear, with its cargo box, at the Japan Mobility Show, Tokyo, in November 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A Toyota e-com two-seat electric city car of 1997 at Toyota MegaWeb, Tokyo, Japan, in September 2007. Photo: 韋駄天狗, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A cyan Toyota C+pod G from the front three-quarter in an exhibition hall in Japan in April 2024. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A green Toyota i-Road being driven in Grenoble, France, in September 2014. Photo: Maskrosen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A yellow closed-top CityEl parked on a cobbled pavement against a grey house wall in January 2022. Photo: crash71100, CC0 1.0, via Flickr.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Toyota COMS, read. en.wikipedia.org
  2. Japanese Wikipedia, コムス (COMS), read. ja.wikipedia.org
  3. 「1人乗りEV『コムス』はコスト低減で60万円以下に、セブンイレブンが宅配に採用」 (The one-seat EV COMS comes in under ¥600,000 through cost cutting; Seven-Eleven adopts it for deliveries), MONOist (ITmedia), 3 July 2012. Read in full, page 1 of 2. monoist.itmedia.co.jp

Toyota i-Road: the leaning electric three-wheeler

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A green Toyota i-Road being driven in Grenoble, France, in September 2014. Photo: Maskrosen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The Toyota i-Road at its world debut at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2013. Photo: Norbert Aepli, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Three Cité lib by Ha:mo Toyota i-Roads on a coned training course for new users in Grenoble, France, in May 2017. Photo: Patafisik, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A pink Cité lib by Ha:mo Toyota i-Road plugged in at a charging station in Grenoble, France, in October 2014. Photo: Milky, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A yellow Toyota i-Road beside a charger at Toyota’s Mega Web showroom, Odaiba, Tokyo, Japan, in April 2015. Photo: IQRemix, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A white and navy Toyota i-Road at the Tokyo Motor Show, Japan, in November 2013. Photo: Mytho88, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A pink Toyota i-Road at the Paris Motor Show, France, in October 2014. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The road-test version of the Toyota i-Road on artificial grass at the Tokyo Motor Show, Japan, in November 2013. Photo: Morio, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A white Toyota i-Road at the Vancouver International Auto Show, Canada, in March 2017. Photo: JOHN LLOYD, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  10. A green Toyota i-Road in profile at the Cleveland Auto Show, Ohio, United States, in February 2019. Photo: Erik Drost, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A blue Toyota i-Road from the rear three-quarter at the New York International Auto Show, United States, in April 2019. Photo: Kevauto, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A pink Toyota i-Road from the rear three-quarter, showing its single rear wheel, at the Paris Motor Show, France, in October 2014. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A white and navy Toyota i-Road at the Los Angeles Auto Show, United States, in November 2014. Photo: Shelby Asistio, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. The road-test Toyota i-Road from the rear three-quarter at the Tokyo Motor Show, Japan, in November 2013. Photo: Morio, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A blue Toyota i-Road seen head-on at the New York International Auto Show, United States, in April 2019. Photo: Kevauto, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A Toyota i-Road head-on at the Washington Auto Show, United States, in January 2014. Photo: U.S. Department of Energy, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. The Toyota i-Road seen head-on at its debut at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2013. Photo: Norbert Aepli, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A pink Toyota i-Road seen head-on at the Paris Motor Show, France, in October 2014. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A yellow and black Toyota i-Road on display at a Toyota exhibition in Japan in March 2017. Photo: Chad Kainz, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  20. A pink Toyota i-Road from directly behind at the Paris Motor Show, France, in October 2014. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A white Toyota i-Road head-on at the Los Angeles Auto Show, United States, in November 2015. Photo: Tracey Adams, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. The cockpit of the road-test Toyota i-Road at the Tokyo Motor Show, Japan, in November 2013. Photo: Morio, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. The Toyota i-Road with its door open at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2013. Photo: Clément Bucco-Lechat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A green and white second-generation Toyota COMS parked by a building in Japan in February 2015. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A cyan Toyota C+pod G from the front three-quarter in an exhibition hall in Japan in April 2024. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A red 2013 Renault Twizy 80 on grass in December 2021. Photo: PabloLinoCalleBoulicaud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. An orange 2000 Corbin Sparrow ‘Jelly Bean’ from the front three-quarter at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Toyota Motor Europe, “2013 Geneva Motor Show: Toyota i-ROAD”, press release, 4 March 2013. newsroom.toyota.eu
  2. Japanese Wikipedia, 「トヨタ・i-ROAD」 (Toyota i-ROAD). Used as a lead. ja.wikipedia.org
  3. English Wikipedia, Toyota concept vehicles (2010–⁠2019), the i-Road and Insect sections. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  4. German Wikipedia, Toyota i-Road, read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org

Toyota iQ: four seats in under three metres, 2008–⁠16

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A white Toyota iQ in a car park in Germany in June 2009. Photo: M 93, Attribution (Wikimedia Commons), via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The Toyota iQ Concept on the Toyota stand at the Frankfurt Motor Show, Germany, in September 2007. Photo: Axel Schwenke, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The cabin of a right-hand-drive Toyota iQ seen from the rear seats in Japan in August 2009. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A sectioned Toyota iQ exposing its engine and front suspension on the Toyoda Gosei stand at the Tokyo Motor Show, Japan, in 2009. Photo: TTTNIS, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A white 2012 Toyota iQ GRMN Supercharger in Japan in July 2026. Photo: らっそ, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. An aubergine Toyota iQ at the kerb in Wülfrath, Germany, in June 2011. Photo: M 93, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A bronze-brown Japanese-market Toyota iQ in August 2009. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A silver 2010 Toyota iQ2 1.0 VVT-i at Whitnash, Warwickshire, England, in September 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A dark purple Toyota iQ in profile in November 2015. Photo: Paul, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. An aubergine Toyota iQ from the rear three-quarter in Wülfrath, Germany, in June 2011. Photo: M 93, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A bronze-brown Japanese-market Toyota iQ from the rear three-quarter in August 2009. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A white Toyota iQ from the rear three-quarter in a car park in Germany in June 2009. Photo: M 93, Attribution (Wikimedia Commons), via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A silver 2010 Toyota iQ2 1.0 VVT-i from the rear three-quarter at Whitnash, Warwickshire, England, in September 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A silver 2014 Scion iQ at a kerb in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, in July 2026. Photo: Cutlass, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A blue Toyota iQ driving along Airport Road, Dhaka, Bangladesh, in November 2017. Photo: Shadman Samee, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A Toyota iQ of the Mons-Quévy local police in the national-day parade in Mons, Belgium, in July 2013. Photo: Collectorofinsignia, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A white Toyota iQ on display at the Science Museum, London, England, in December 2008. Photo: Paul Hudson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. The beige cabin of a Toyota iQ at an iQ promotion outside the Meiji Memorial Picture Gallery, Tokyo, Japan, in November 2008. Photo: na0905, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  19. The rear seats of a Toyota iQ folded flat in Japan in August 2009. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The dashboard of a right-hand-drive Toyota iQ from the driver’s seat in Japan in August 2009. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. The transverse engine packed into the short nose of a Toyota iQ in Japan in August 2009. Photo: Tennen-Gas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. The six-speed manual gear lever of a Toyota iQ 130G MT GO in Japan in September 2012. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A Toyota iQ 130G MT Leather Package Gran Blue in two-tone white and blue in a Toyota showroom in Japan in March 2015. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A Toyota iQ 130G MT Leather Package Gran Blue from the rear three-quarter in a Toyota showroom in Japan in March 2015. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A yellow Toyota iQ fitted by an owner with part of an Aston Martin Cygnet body kit, in December 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A Toyota iQ test car with a new diesel engine and taped panels, on Belgian plates, in August 2009. Photo: LSDSL, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A Toyota iQ diesel test car with taped rear panels, on Belgian plates, in August 2009. Photo: LSDSL, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. The mirror-tiled Toyota iQ Disco show car at the Frankfurt Motor Show, Germany, in September 2011. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. The lime-green Toyota iQ for Sports concept by Five Axis at the Frankfurt Motor Show, Germany, in September 2009. Photo: Overlaet, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. The lime-green Toyota iQ for Sports concept by Five Axis from the rear three-quarter at the Frankfurt Motor Show, Germany, in September 2009. Photo: Overlaet, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. An orange Toyota iQ GO grade with its aero kit in a Toyota showroom in Japan in October 2011. Photo: CEFICEFI, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A red Toyota iQ GO grade from the rear three-quarter in Japan in September 2012. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A white 2009 Toyota iQ GRMN in a Toyota showroom in Japan in March 2015. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A white 2009 Toyota iQ GRMN from the rear three-quarter in a Toyota showroom in Japan in March 2015. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. The orange Toyota iQ GRMN Supercharger prototype at Mega Web, Odaiba, Tokyo, Japan, in May 2015. Photo: RynseOut, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. The red Toyota iQ GRMN Supercharger prototype from the rear three-quarter in a Toyota showroom in Japan in March 2015. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A Toyota iQ in a multicoloured Toyota iQ promotional wrap in the Netherlands in June 2012. Photo: free photos & art, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A Toyota iQ in a blue and green tartan wrap at a car show in the United Kingdom in September 2011. Photo: Chris, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  39. An orange 2012 Scion iQ at the Montreal International Auto Show, Canada, in January 2011. Photo: Bull-Doser, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. An orange 2012 Scion iQ photographed by the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Photo: U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. An orange 2012 Scion iQ test car from the rear three-quarter, photographed by the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in 2012. Photo: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A light-blue Toyota eQ, the electric iQ, at the Japan EV Festival at Tsukuba Circuit, Japan, in October 2012. Photo: Comyu, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. The Toyota FT-EV concept, an iQ-based electric car with floral graphics, on a show stand in September 2009. Photo: Thomas doerfer, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. The Toyota iQ Concept from directly behind at the Frankfurt Motor Show, Germany, in September 2007. Photo: Axel Schwenke, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. The Toyota iQ Concept on its turntable at the Tokyo Motor Show, Japan, in October 2007. Photo: Nguyen Hung Vu, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A production-specification Toyota iQ with its door open on the Toyota stand at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2008. Photo: Douglas Jose, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A pearl Toyota iQ on show at the Royal College of Art, London, England, in September 2008. Photo: antony_mayfield, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  48. A copper-orange Aston Martin Cygnet, KX61 DFZ, in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A red and black 2001 Smart City-Coupé passion (450) ‘Softouch’ in Leamington Spa, England, in January 2020. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A dark-blue Suzuki Twin in a car park in Japan in April 2014. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A yellow Tata Nano from the front three-quarter in a street in Bengaluru, India, in March 2011. Photo: Krokodyl, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Toyota iQ, read in full with its specification, model-code and sales tables. Used as a lead; the sales table cites Demandt, “Toyota iQ European sales figures”, carsalesbase.com, 31 January 2014. en.wikipedia.org
  2. Japanese Wikipedia, 「トヨタ・iQ」 (Toyota iQ), read in full. Used as a lead. ja.wikipedia.org
  3. Japan Car of the Year, official record of winners: the 29th award, 2008–⁠2009. www.jcoty.org

Trojan 200: the Heinkel bubble car built in Croydon

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A 1962 Trojan 200, the Heinkel built under licence in Britain, at Leamington in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A black 1963 Trojan 200 with its door and roof open, showing the tartan bench and fixed steering wheel. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A pale blue Heinkel-I built at Dundalk, at the Konz classic-car meeting, 2010. Photo: Berthold Werner, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A blue 1964 Trojan, the four-wheel left-hand-drive Type 604, at Kampen, Netherlands, 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A green 1962 Heinkel Trojan on a lakeside promenade at dusk, Östersund, Sweden. Photo: Jonny Hansson, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A red and white Trojan 200 at a show in Nagoya, Japan, 2022. Photo: KKPCW（Kyu3）, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A red Trojan 200 at a show in 2012. Photo: Steve Glover, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  8. A red 1962 Trojan 200 at the NEC Classic Motor Show, 2007. Photo: Asterion, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A red 1962 Trojan 200 with flags, its door open and roof rolled back, 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A red 1962 Trojan 200 on display at Waterford, Western Australia, 2021. Photo: ZidaneHartono, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A red 1963 Trojan 200 beside a stone building, 2010. Photo: Phil Sangwell from United Kingdom, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A red and white 1963 Trojan 200 with its roof open on display in Takayama, Japan, 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A red 1963 Trojan 200 in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A yellow 1963 Trojan 200 at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A pale blue 1963 Trojan 200 with its door open at the NEC Classic Motor Show, 2025. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A red 1964 Trojan 200 with a badge bar at a rally, 2013. Photo: Steve Glover, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  17. A yellow 1964 Trojan 200 at a car show in Australia, 2017. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A red 1962 Trojan 200 at the Nottingham Transport Heritage Centre, 2026. Photo: Aethonatic, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A red Trojan 200 in Belgium, 2015. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A white Trojan 200 with its door open at a show, 2013. Photo: Chris Sampson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A red Trojan 200 by the sea, 2010. Photo: HHA124L, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A 1964 four-wheeled Trojan 604 from the right front in Kampen, Netherlands, in 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. The Dundalk-built Heinkel-I in side view among American cars at Konz. Photo: Berthold Werner, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A red 1962 Trojan 200 in profile in 2023, with its large side windows. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A red 1963 Trojan 200 at an outdoor show, 2008. Photo: Writegeist, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. The pale blue 1963 Trojan 200 UFO 200 at Waterford, Western Australia. Photo: ZidaneHartono, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. The Trojan 604 in side view in a Kampen street. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. The rear of the Dundalk-built Heinkel-I at Konz, 2010. Photo: Berthold Werner, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. The rear of a turquoise 1962 Trojan 200 in Leamington Spa in 2019, with its louvred engine lid. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. The rear of a white Trojan 200, DXJ 520C, in 2013, showing its single rear wheel and engine louvres. Photo: Chris Sampson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A red Trojan 200 with a black roof at the Haynes Motor Museum. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A red Trojan 200 parked at Schaffen-Diest, 2018. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. The front of a red 1962 Trojan 200 with its door swung open, photographed in 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. Looking down into a 1962 Trojan 200: the white steering wheel, column-mounted instrument and red bench. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  35. A white 1963 Trojan 200 at Coventry MotoFest, 2015. Photo: DeFacto, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A 1963 Trojan 200, UFO 200, head-on at Trinity Playing Fields, Waterford, Western Australia, in 2021. Photo: ZidaneHartono, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A red 1964 Trojan 200 head-on in a museum. Photo: David Merrett, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  38. A red Trojan 200 arriving at the Schaffen-Diest meeting, Belgium, 2018. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A pale blue Trojan 200 on a raised display at the Grampian Transport Museum. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A blue Bond Minicar Mark G beside a red Trojan 200 bubble car in 2010. Photo: Phil Sangwell from United Kingdom, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A red and white Trojan 200 and a yellow Messerschmitt KR200 with their doors open in Takayama, Japan. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A yellow 1963 Trojan 200 with its door open at the Gedee Car Museum, Coimbatore. Photo: Rainer Halama, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A red 1963 Trojan 200 parked by a hedge. Photo: Pierre,Sami & Roxi Cola, CC0, via Flickr.
  44. The rear of a pale blue Dutch-registered Trojan 200 with its roof open. Photo: DocGroove, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  45. A red Trojan 200 at Stormont, Belfast, 2024. Photo: Ddoherty958, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A red Trojan 200 with a badge bar at the NEC Classic Motor Show, 2024. Photo: Tony Hisgett from Birmingham, UK, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A pale blue Trojan 200 head-on in a museum. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A red 1962 Trojan 200 head-on with its roof rolled back. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  49. The interior of a pale blue Trojan 200 with its tartan seat. Photo: DocGroove, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  50. The dashboard and fixed steering wheel of a Trojan 200 in Belgium in 2015, seen through the open roof. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A pale blue Heinkel-I (chassis type 154) on show at Legendy 2018, Prague. Photo: Jiří Sedláček, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A blue 1957 Heinkel Kabine at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A white and blue Nobel 200 on grass at a show in 2023. Photo: Geni, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A grey 1955 bubble-window Isetta 250 at the Isetta Club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1962 Trojan 200” (Type 603), tour page (2002), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  2. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1963 Trojan 200” (Type 601), tour page (2002), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  3. Heinkel Trojan Club, “Cabin Cruisers”, a model and production history from Trojan’s records, Glass’s Guide and Motor Cycle, archived 2015, read in full. web.archive.org
  4. English Wikipedia, Trojan (automobile), read (the bubble-car and Lambretta sections). Used as a lead; it cites Georgano’s Beaulieu Encyclopedia and the Trojan Owners Club. en.wikipedia.org
  5. German Wikipedia, Heinkel-I, read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader, Georgano’s Beaulieu Encyclopedia and Zeichner, Kleinwagen International (1999). de.wikipedia.org
  6. Grace’s Guide, “Trojan”, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  7. Grace’s Guide, “Trojan: Bubble Cars”, photographs and captions. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  8. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 262, “1962 Trojan 200”. rmsothebys.com
  9. RM Sotheby’s, Auburn Fall, 2021, lot 4093, “1963 Trojan 200”. rmsothebys.com

Tula Muravei: the Soviet three-wheeled cargo scooter

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red Tula Muravei cargo scooter from the left, showing its scooter body and steel load box, in Russia in August 2010. Photo: Игоревич, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A dark blue early Tula Muravei with a rounded scooter body and flat platform in Russia in July 2006. Photo: Вагин Александр, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A red Tula Muravei at work in an allotment beside a heap of sand in Talitsa, Russia, in August 2013. Photo: Igor Savin, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A Tula Muravei with a home-made cab frame ridden along a street in Uzbekistan in September 2015. Photo: w0zny, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A green TMZ TGA-200 Muravei at the technology museum in Molėtai, Lithuania, in September 2021. Photo: Terminator216, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A black Tula Muravei with a rusty red load box against a concrete wall in Russia in September 2009. Photo: Artem Svetlov, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  7. A blue Tula Muravei with a wooden-sided load box on a street in Oğuz, Azerbaijan, in July 2019. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A red Tula Muravei cargo scooter from the right rear, its engine exposed under the seat, in Russia in August 2010. Photo: Игоревич, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. An orange TMZ 403-01 Muravei head-on with its label at the technology museum in Molėtai, Lithuania, in September 2021. Photo: Terminator216, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A red Tula Muravei cargo scooter head-on on a dirt track in Russia in August 2010. Photo: Игоревич, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A red Tula Muravei at the railway history museum in Donetsk. Photo: Andrey Butko, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A restored red Tula Muravei on a lift in the Oldtimer-Gallery, Moscow, Russia, in March 2010. Photo: Alexander Plushev, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A blue Tula Muravei used as a kvass and souvenir stall on the embankment in Kolomna, Russia, in September 2026. Photo: Artyom Svetlov, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A pale blue Goggomobil saloon at a meeting in Wingst, 2019. Photo: © Ra Boe / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A pale grey 1960 Lambretta Li 175 Series 2 van at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, England, in November 2017. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A dark green Ape 50 pick-up in an Italian piazza, 2010. Photo: Andrew Childs, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  17. A 1957 Daihatsu Midget DKA at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2018. Photo: Rikita, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Russian Wikipedia, Муравей (мотороллер), read in full in a plain-text copy. It cites the catalogue Мир мотоциклов (Za Rulyom, 1999). ru.wikipedia.org
  2. Overclockers.ru blog, «Тула-200 – „дедушка“ русских мотороллеров», a popular history, read through a summary. overclockers.ru
  3. E1.ru, Yekaterinburg, news report, 17 September 2021, read through a summary. www.e1.ru
  4. A. Pototsky, «Тула будет лучшей», Za Rulyom, January 1960, read through a summary of the archive page. www.zr.ru
  5. «По письму приняты меры», Za Rulyom, June 1978, read through a summary of the archive page. www.zr.ru

Twike: the Swiss electric car you can also pedal

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red Twike 3 Active parked under a tree on a country lane in May 2007. Photo: Franko30, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Twike II prototype of 1991 in a studio photograph, lettered A·L on its flank. Photo: TWIKE GmbH, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The cockpit of a Twike 3 Active, with the central joystick, display and pedal crank, in July 2010. Photo: Anders Unterwegs, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  4. Pedal-powered Twike I prototype in Lufthansa livery on the shore at Vancouver, Canada, the city skyline behind, at the time of Expo 86. Photo: TWIKE GmbH, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. An orange Twike 3 with its canopy hinged open, parked in a street in Munich, Germany, in June 2013. Photo: Zeitlupe, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Two Twike 3s in event livery at the start of an electric-vehicle tour in Munich, Germany, in May 2014. Photo: Werner Hillebrand-Hansen, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  7. A red Twike 3 with its canopy raised being looked over in a street in April 2012. Photo: rsaxvc, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  8. A red Twike 3 parked by the kerb in Winterthur, Switzerland, in July 2014. Photo: AxelBoldt, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. An orange Twike 3 with its canopy hood raised outside a modern glass building in July 2010. Photo: Anders Unterwegs, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  10. A Twike 3 in ‘Twike to fly’ livery at the IAA motor show, Frankfurt, Germany, in September 2015. Photo: Spielvogel, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. An orange Twike 3 parked on a grass airfield beside a glider in July 2010. Photo: Anders Unterwegs, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  12. A red Twike 3 in a meadow before Benediktbeuern Abbey and the Bavarian Alps, Germany, in April 2005. Photo: Werner Hillebrand-Hansen, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  13. A white Twike 3 at a public event in August 2006, side view with its canopy open. Photo: David B. Gleason, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  14. A white Twike 3 parked in a loading bay in Basel, Switzerland, in 2006. Photo: Syced, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A white Twike 3 from directly behind in evening light in July 2010, with an advertising board in its rear window. Photo: Anders Unterwegs, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  16. An orange Twike 3 head-on in front of a glider on a grass airfield in July 2010. Photo: Anders Unterwegs, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  17. A red Twike 3 parked on the Stadthausstrasse in Winterthur, Switzerland, in January 2014. Photo: JoachimKohler-HB, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A white Twike 3 taking a bend near Gaiberg, Germany, in April 2015. Photo: Radosław Drożdżewski (Zwiadowca21), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A white Twike 3 with sponsor lettering driving past cars near Gaiberg, Germany, in April 2015. Photo: Radosław Drożdżewski (Zwiadowca21), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A silver Twike 3 with driver and passenger on a country road during an electric-vehicle tour in Germany in May 2014. Photo: Werner Hillebrand-Hansen, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  21. A white Twike 3 on indoor display among wheelchairs and pushchairs in November 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. An orange Twike 3 head-on with its hood raised outside a glass building in July 2010. Photo: Anders Unterwegs, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  23. A silver Twike 3 ‘Redesign’ (Twike You) from the front three-quarter in a covered car park in 2008. Photo: Rama, CC BY-SA 2.0 fr, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A silver Twike 3 ‘Redesign’ (Twike You) in profile in a covered car park in 2008. Photo: Rama, CC BY-SA 2.0 fr, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A silver Twike 3 ‘Redesign’ (Twike You) in a parking bay, rear three-quarter, in 2008. Photo: Rama, CC BY-SA 2.0 fr, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A white Twike 3 ‘Redesign’ (Twike You) with a Zürich plate from directly behind in April 2007. Photo: Reto H., CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. Inside a 1998 Twike 3 Active, with the control panel, joystick and pedal crank between the seats, photographed in August 2007. Photo: Matt Childress, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. The cockpit of a Twike 3 from above, with seats, joystick and control panel, photographed in March 2024. Photo: TWIKE GmbH, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. The footwell of a Twike 3 with its pedal crank and joystick, photographed in 2006. Photo: Gerfriedc, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. The interior of a Twike 4 with its two sidesticks, photographed in March 2024. Photo: TWIKE GmbH, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. The Twike 4 (TW4XP) prototype on display, front three-quarter, in September 2015. Photo: El monty, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. The Twike 4 (TW4XP) prototype from the rear three-quarter on display in September 2015. Photo: El monty, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. The Twike 5 rolling chassis on the Twike stand at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2019. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A yellow closed-top CityEl parked on a cobbled pavement against a grey house wall in January 2022. Photo: crash71100, CC0 1.0, via Flickr.
  35. A green 2010 Pure Mobility Buddy at Classic Remise, Düsseldorf, Germany. Photo: Detectandpreserve, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A Sinclair C5 on grass at the Nottingham Motor Show in 2026. Photo: Aethonatic, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A white 2013 Mia electric parked in a village street in Lunteren, Netherlands, in February 2014. Photo: Niels, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Twike, read in full with its references. en.wikipedia.org
  2. German Wikipedia, Twike, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  3. Twike Klub, “Wie entstand das TWIKE”, the owners’ club’s history of the Twike I to III, to 1997. www.twikeklub.ch
  4. German Wikipedia, CityEL, for its comparison of sales. de.wikipedia.org

Velam Isetta: France’s re-engineered Isetta, 1955–⁠58

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A white 1956 Velam Isetta at the Bonhams sale during the Greenwich Concours, Connecticut, in 2023. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A white 1956 Velam Isetta from the left rear at Greenwich, Connecticut, in 2023, showing its smooth French tail and closely set rear wheels. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A white Velam Isetta in the Automobiles of the World museum in Moscow. Photo: Sergey A. Demidov, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The 1957 Velam record car at Rétromobile in Paris in 2018. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A pale Velam Isetta in the Musée automobile de Vendée at Talmont-Saint-Hilaire in 2014. Photo: Gérard Delafond, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A white 1956 Velam Isetta from the right front quarter at Greenwich, Connecticut, in 2023, showing its flank and narrow rear track. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The 1957 Velam record car, its aluminium cigar body by Jean Bianchi, at Rétromobile in Paris in 2024. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  8. A 1953 Iso Isetta at the Bonhams sale in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A grey 1955 bubble-window Isetta 250 at the Isetta Club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A yellow 1957 Romi-Isetta, with the Iso engine, in Brazil in 2012. Photo: JasonVogel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A pale blue Goggomobil saloon at a meeting in Wingst, 2019. Photo: © Ra Boe / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A green 1958 Vespa 400 with whitewall tyres on German plates in 2018. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A green 1956 Inter 175 A Berline at RM Sotheby’s Paris sale, Les Invalides, in 2017. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1957 Velam Isetta”, tour page (© 2002), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  2. “VELAM: The French Isetta with a couple of sporting twists”, rarefrenchsportscars.wordpress.com, PDF study, author not named, read in full. rarefrenchsportscars.wordpress.com
  3. RM Auctions, The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia, 2013, lot 546, “1956 Isetta Velam”, catalogue text, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  4. English Wikipedia, Isetta, section on the VELAM Isetta; it cites Revue Technique Automobile no. 119 (1956), not seen. en.wikipedia.org
  5. German Wikipedia, Vélam, read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader for the yearly production, and Georgano’s Beaulieu Encyclopedia for the TA 6, not seen. de.wikipedia.org

Velorex: the Czech three-wheeler with a cloth body

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A brown Velorex 16/350 with its black hood up, parked by a lawn in the Netherlands in 2011. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The bare welded steel-tube frame of a Velorex, displayed in a museum in Poland in 2019. Photo: MOs810, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. An overturned Velorex in a field in Budapest’s 21st district in 1961. Photo: Fortepan / Budapest Főváros Levéltára, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A brown Velorex 435-0 four-wheeler, made 1971–⁠73, at the Nostalgiewelt museum in Eggenburg in 2016. Photo: Karl Gruber, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A 1969 Velorex 16/350, exhibited as the car from the comedy Vrchní, prchni!, at Automobilové klenoty in 2019. Photo: Stribrohorak, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A brown 1971 Velorex 16/350 against a stone wall in 2003. Photo: Sven Leist, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A 1968 Velorex 16/350 from the nearside front at Trinity Playing Fields, Waterford, Western Australia, in 2021. Photo: ZidaneHartono, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A weathered black Velorex with a beige hood and its plate removed, photographed in 2008. Photo: Ojp, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A cream and maroon Velorex three-wheeler at a classic-car meeting in 2015. Photo: MartinHansV, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A black Velorex 16 from the front quarter at Želechovice nad Dřevnicí, showing its metal wings and spoked front wheels. Photo: Sevela.p, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. The brown Velorex 16/350 from the front quarter with its hood raised and red pleated seats, 2012. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A brown Velorex with roof rack and Czech flags at the Komárovice Multicar meeting in 2025. Photo: Jan Polák, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A red Velorex with a black hood at the Classic Moto Show in 2014. Photo: Dawid783, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A brown Velorex with a grey hood and red-painted frame, parked on a street in Linz in 2010. Photo: Andreas Praefcke, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A red Velorex with a cream hood at the festival for 150 years of Brno public transport in 2019. Photo: 150 let MHD Brno, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A brown Velorex with red front wings and wheel hubs, at the Havlíčkův Brod veterans’ meeting in 2023. Photo: Pohled 111, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A 1968 Velorex 16/350 at a car show at Trinity Playing Fields, Waterford, Western Australia, in 2021. Photo: ZidaneHartono, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A tan Velorex with a weathered grey hood at the Křetín meeting in 2025. Photo: Roman Mifek, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A Velorex 16/350 in profile in 2012, its hood half folded and a case strapped to the rear. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A brown Velorex with its black hood up, from the rear quarter at Havlíčkův Brod in 2023. Photo: Pohled 111, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A brown Velorex 16 in profile at Havlíčkův Brod in 2023, showing the turnbutton-fastened leatherette skin. Photo: Pohled 111, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A red Velorex 16 in profile in 2014, showing the hood fastened over the engine to the tail. Photo: Dawid783, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A brown Velorex driven through a Prague street, its driver in leather helmet and goggles. Photo: Radosław Drożdżewski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A Velorex 16/350 from the rear quarter in 2011, with Dutch registration AH-13-44. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A Velorex 16 from the rear quarter at Komárovice in 2025, its rear body lifted to reach the engine. Photo: Jan Polák, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A black Velorex with its hood stowed, from the rear quarter at a filling station in Želechovice nad Dřevnicí. Photo: Sevela.p, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. The Topacz museum Velorex from behind, with its Velorex-lettered panel and twin silencers, 2016. Photo: Jakub “flyz1” Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A brown Velorex 16/350 with a spare wheel on its roof rack and a CS plate, at Legendy 2018 in Prague. Photo: Jiří Sedláček, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A brown Velorex 16/350 head-on at a motorcycle show in 2012, with Dutch and Czech flags on its wings. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A hood-up Velorex 16 head-on at the Havlíčkův Brod veterans’ meeting in 2023. Photo: Pohled 111, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. An olive-green Velorex parked on a grass verge in 2023. Photo: Honza 112, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A blue-grey 1970 Velorex 350, head-on in a cobbled town square at a veterans’ meeting in 2011. Photo: Chmee2, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A pale pink Velorex with brown wings at the Retro městečko show in 2015. Photo: Stribrohorak, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A brown Velorex driven across a field at the 130th-anniversary celebrations of the Nový Knín fire brigade in 2012. Photo: Miloš Hlávka, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A Velorex 16 driven across the airfield apron at Komárovice, Czech Republic, in 2025. Photo: Jan Polák, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. An ochre Velorex with its hood up, driven through Košice at Cassovia Retro 2019. Photo: Andrei Stroe, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A black Velorex with a red hood on the road at the Liberec autoklub’s 110th-anniversary run in 2015. Photo: Miloslav Rejha, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A Velorex trailing two-stroke smoke along Dukelských hrdinů street in Prague, past a police van. Photo: ŠJů, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. Velorex 16/250 in everyday use in a street in Strakonice, Czechoslovakia, in August 1992, its owners unloading a crate of vegetables. Photo: JoopAnt, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A Velorex shown as a 1969 250 cc at Gilbert’s Motor Museum, Strathalbyn, South Australia, in 2025. Photo: RegionVisitor90, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A tan Velorex among bicycles, motorcycles and a fuel pump in the Transport Museum, Bratislava, in 2018. Photo: Спасимир (Spasimir Pilev), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A cream and blue-grey Velorex with red wheel rims at the Nostalgiewelt museum in Eggenburg, Austria, in 2016. Photo: Karl Gruber, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A cream and maroon Velorex with its nose cover rolled back over the tube frame, at the Topacz motor museum in Poland in 2016. Photo: Jakub “flyz1” Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A Velorex 350 three-wheeler beside a Velorex 435-0 four-wheeler at Tuhaň in 2020. Photo: Jiří Erben, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A tan Velorex with luggage on its rack beside a matching tan caravan at a Velorex camping meeting. Photo: rob Stoeltje from loenen, netherlands, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A tan and a brown Velorex parked beside a matching tan caravan at a Velorex camping meeting. Photo: rob Stoeltje from loenen, netherlands, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A line of Velorexes under a chestnut tree at the Křetín meeting in 2025. Photo: Roman Mifek, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. Velorexes gathered in a farm courtyard at the Křetín meeting in May 2025. Photo: Roman Mifek, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. The blue-grey 1970 Velorex from behind, showing the single rear wheel and twin silencers, 2011. Photo: Chmee2, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A green Velorex from above and behind at Křetín in 2025, its folded hood strapped under the roof hoops. Photo: Roman Mifek, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A black Velorex 16 from directly behind at Želechovice nad Dřevnicí, Czech Republic, showing its single rear wheel, Jawa engine and folded hood. Photo: Sevela.p, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. The red-winged Velorex from behind, showing the single rear wheel and twin exhausts, Havlíčkův Brod, 2023. Photo: Pohled 111, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A brown Velorex with its hood stowed, head-on in the square at Havlíčkův Brod in 2023. Photo: Pohled 111, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. The plain black dashboard and floor-mounted gear lever of a Velorex 435-0 four-wheeler, built 1971–⁠73. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. Inside a cream and maroon Velorex at the Topacz motor museum in 2016, with its red pleated bench. Photo: Jakub “flyz1” Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. The cockpit of a brown Velorex, with its red dashboard and pleated bench, at the Havlíčkův Brod veterans’ meeting in 2023. Photo: Pohled 111, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. The dashboard of the red-winged Velorex, with a red-and-brown bound steering wheel, Havlíčkův Brod, 2023. Photo: Pohled 111, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. The varnished wooden dashboard of a 1968 Velorex 16/350 at Waterford, Western Australia, in 2021, with its red Velorex script. Photo: ZidaneHartono, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. The plain wooden dashboard and pleated bench of the blue-grey 1970 Velorex, 2011. Photo: Chmee2, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  60. The Jawa 350 twin in the tail of a brown Velorex 16/350, with the rear body cover opened, 2012. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. The Jawa twin-cylinder engine in the tube frame of a Velorex 16 at Komárovice, Czech Republic, in 2025, with the rear body raised. Photo: Jan Polák, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. The steel-tube cage under the folded-back bonnet cover of a Velorex, 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  63. The nose of the red-winged Velorex, with its twin headlamps, horns and Velorex script, at Havlíčkův Brod in 2023. Photo: Pohled 111, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. The Velorex script on the grained leatherette skin of a three-wheeler, 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  65. A pale blue Velorex 435-0 with rusting doors in the museum at Nové Město nad Metují in 2019. Photo: MOs810, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  66. A red Velorex 435 of the 1959–⁠63 pilot series at a meeting in 2009. Photo: Zipacna1, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  67. The grey Velorex 435-0 at Tuhaň from the front quarter, showing its flat bonnet and white bumper, 2020. Photo: Jiří Erben, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  68. A grey Velorex 435-0 four-wheeler at Kovozoo, Staré Město, in 2022. Photo: Michal Gregor, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  69. A grey Velorex 435-0 four-wheeler at the Legendy show in Prague in 2018. Photo: Jiří Sedláček, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  70. The pale blue Velorex 435-0 head-on in the Nové Město nad Metují museum in 2023, now on French plates. Photo: Donald Judge, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  71. A Velorex 435-0 from the rear quarter at Tuhaň, Czech Republic, in 2020, with its rear cover and roof folded back. Photo: Jiří Erben, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  72. A Velorex with a roof rack parked in a Prague street in December 1972. Photo: Robert Schediwy, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  73. An orange Duo with its hood up in a Leipzig street, 2011. Photo: Appaloosa, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  74. A pale blue 1976 AC Model 70, NPN 924P, on the grass at a show in 2010. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  75. A 1950 Fend Flitzer 101 coupé on display in a museum in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  76. A blue Mikrus MR-300 on the quay at Szafarnia, Gdańsk, in 2012. Photo: Artur Andrzej, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1959 Velorex Oskar”, tour page, archived, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  2. Czech Wikipedia, Velorex, read in full. It cites velorextym.cz and the books of Fajman (2010) and Brož and others (2010). cs.wikipedia.org
  3. German Wikipedia, Velorex, read in full. It cites Zeichner, Kleinwagen International (1999), and Fajman. de.wikipedia.org
  4. Velorex tým, “Historie vozítek VELOREX”, archived 2 September 2018, read in full: a summary of Brož and others, Velorex – Tělesně vadní do šťastnější budoucnosti (2010). www.velorextym.cz
  5. Velorex klub, “Historie výroby vozítek OSKAR – Velorex”, archived 28 March 2016, read in full. velorexklub.cz
  6. English Wikipedia, Velorex, read in full; used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  7. Czech Wikipedia, Velorex 16/250, read in full. cs.wikipedia.org

Vespa 400: Piaggio’s French-built car, 1957–⁠61

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A green 1958 Vespa 400 with whitewall tyres on German plates in 2018. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A yellow 1959 Vespa 400 with its rear-hinged door open, showing the seats, at a show in 2008. Photo: Kev, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The engine compartment of a pale blue Vespa 400 with the rear lid raised, showing the twin and its cooling turbine. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  4. US Navy sailors look over a Vespa 400 beach car on Paris plates at Cannes, about 1960. Photo: U.S. Navy, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A red Vespa 400 with whitewall tyres on the lawn at the Stan Hywet Hall concours, Akron, Ohio, in 2014. Photo: Phil Kalina, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  6. A pale blue 1958 Vespa 400 at an outdoor gathering in 2021. Photo: Alexandre Prévot, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A blue 1959 Vespa 400 from the front in 2008, with a tinted sun visor over the windscreen. Photo: Detectandpreserve, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A silver-grey 1959 Vespa 400 in a museum in 2006. Photo: Asterion, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. An orange 1960 Vespa 400 at a show in 2016. Photo: Wleiter, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A pale blue later Vespa 400, plate VA 400, at a meeting in Germany. Photo: KarleHorn, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A pale blue Vespa 400 on the Tour de Bretagne in 2024. Photo: Kev22, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A pale blue Vespa 400 at a meeting in 2016, from the front left. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A pale green Vespa 400 with its door open at the AACA Fall Meet, Hershey, Pennsylvania, in 2010. Photo: JOHN LLOYD, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  14. A green Vespa 400 at InterClassics Brussels in 2024. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A red Vespa 400 on a turntable at the Paris motor show in 2004. Photo: Cars en travel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A blue 1959 Vespa 400 with its roof rolled back and a luggage rack over the engine, in 2008. Photo: Detectandpreserve, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A blue Vespa 400 from the rear on the Tour de Bretagne, France, in 2024, its black fabric roof closed. Photo: Kev22, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A light blue Vespa 400 with a luggage rack at the Semaine Italienne in Montreal in 2010. Photo: abdallahh, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  19. The white 1960 Vespa 400 from the rear at Verdun-sur-le-Doubs in 2019, its louvred engine lid on show. Photo: crash71100, CC0 1.0, via Flickr.
  20. A pale blue 1958 Vespa 400 head-on in the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne in 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A pale blue Vespa 400 head-on in the Museu do Automóvel de Famalicão, Portugal, in 2019. Photo: Joseolgon, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A red 1959 Vespa 400 head-on in a museum, on German plates HH-YS 400. Photo: Dustin May, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  23. A white 1960 Vespa 400 at a show in Verdun-sur-le-Doubs, France, in 2019. Photo: crash71100, CC0 1.0, via Flickr.
  24. A pale green Vespa 400 on the move in the harvest-festival parade at Provins in 2012. Photo: Ancalagon, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A pale blue 1958 Vespa 400 in the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne in 2011. Photo: Croquant, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A cream 1958 Vespa 400 with red interior in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A cream 1958 Vespa 400 in the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, in 2015. Photo: Rahil Rupawala, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A white 1958 ACMA Vespa 400 at the Manoir de l’Automobile, Lohéac, in 2022. Photo: Koreller, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A rusty barn-find Vespa 400 in the barn diorama of the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim, 2012. Photo: Technik Museum Sinsheim und Speyer, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A green Vespa 400 on a storage rack in the reserve store of the Musée des arts et métiers, Saint-Denis, in 2010. Photo: dalbera, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. An orange Vespa 400 beside a Renault 4CV in the Museu Nacional de l’Automòbil, Encamp, Andorra, in 2021. Photo: Chatsam, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. An orange Vespa 400 in a museum display in 2015. Photo: Rhbrakman, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A white Vespa 400 in a museum workshop setting in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A white 1959 Vespa 400 on display at Autoworld, Brussels, in 2021. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  35. A green 1958 Vespa 400 parked beside a red Messerschmitt KR201 at a meeting in Germany in 2018. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A red Vespa 400 from behind at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2012, its roof rolled back. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A red Vespa 400 at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. Inside a pale blue Vespa 400, with its two front seats, tunnel-mounted levers and parcel area behind. Photo: KarleHorn, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. The dashboard of a green 1958 Vespa 400, with its two-spoke wheel and central speedometer. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. The dashboard and floor of an unrestored white Vespa 400, with the gear lever on the central tunnel. Photo: JeDi, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A pale blue Vespa 400 with its engine lid raised at a meeting in Bailly, France, in 2011. Photo: Lebubu93, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. The engine of a pale blue Vespa 400: the twin, its turbine housing and carburettor. Photo: KarleHorn, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. The engine bay of an unrestored white Vespa 400, with its twin, cooling fan housing and dynastart. Photo: JeDi, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. The Vespa 400 script on the engine lid of a Vespa 400 on the Tour de Bretagne, France, in 2024. Photo: Kev22, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A white 1960 Vespa 400 seen from above with its canvas roof rolled back over the engine lid. Photo: hell0094, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  46. A pale blue Vespa 400 fitted with Ardor accessories and Ape Assistenza Tecnica lettering, photographed in 2017. Photo: Marco Cantarutti, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A Vespa 400 with hot-rod flame paint at the Pioneer Auto Show, Murdo, South Dakota, in 2009. Photo: JOHN LLOYD, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 N with fixed side windows from the front in Bristol in 2017, its show card on the windscreen. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A red Bianchina Trasformabile at the Hershey car show, Pennsylvania, in 2009. Photo: JOHN LLOYD from Concrete, Washington, United States, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A pale blue Goggomobil saloon at a meeting in Wingst, 2019. Photo: © Ra Boe / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A white 1956 Velam Isetta at the Bonhams sale during the Greenwich Concours, Connecticut, in 2023. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A dark green Ape 50 pick-up in an Italian piazza, 2010. Photo: Andrew Childs, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  53. A red US-specification Ghia Jolly with a striped canopy at Ypsilanti, Michigan, in 2007. Photo: JOHN LLOYD from Concrete, Washington, United States, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Jean Goyard, “La Vespa 400 — la petite auto de Fourchambault”, Automobilia no. 34, February 1999, pp. 44–49, with the 1958 brochure, advertisements and magazine covers reproduced. Read in full. new.vespa400.com
  2. Jacques Vuillaumier, “Vespa 400 Histoire / history”, capaction, read in full. capaction.filcom.com
  3. RM Auctions, The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia, 2013, lot 612, “1957 Piaggio Vespa 400”, catalogue text, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  4. ma-vespa-400.com, “Caractéristiques techniques de la Vespa 400”, read in full; its production table is credited to L’Argus de l’Automobile. www.ma-vespa-400.com
  5. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1957 Vespa 400”, tour page (© 2002), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  6. vespa400.com (Nicolas Courtonne), home page, with the club’s history. new.vespa400.com
  7. English Wikipedia, Vespa 400, read in full; it cites Automobilia’s Toutes les voitures françaises annuals for 1958 and 1959, and The Motor, 15 April 1959, not seen. en.wikipedia.org
  8. French Wikipedia, Vespa 400, read in full. fr.wikipedia.org
  9. German Wikipedia, Vespa 400, read in full; it cites Robert Poensgen’s test in Der Kleinwagen 10/1959 and Classic Cars 7/2011, not seen. de.wikipedia.org

Vignale Gamine: a 1930s roadster on a Fiat 500

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A blue Vignale Gamine from the front in Sorrento, Italy, in 2021, its vertical grille and round headlamps in chrome. Photo: Викидим, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A 1969 Vignale Gamine from the rear left in 2010, showing its separate rear wings and cut-down doors. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A pale blue 1969 Vignale Gamine beside a Peel P50 at the NEC in Birmingham in 2023. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A red Vignale Gamine at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile in Turin in 2023. Photo: Derbrauni, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A yellow 1969 Vignale Gamine with its hood folded at the Goodwood Festival of Speed in 2010. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A red Vignale Gamine drawing a crowd at Brooklands in 2011. Photo: Tony Harrison from Farnborough, UK, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A red Vignale Gamine on a show stand at the NEC in Birmingham in 2022. Photo: Phil Parker from Leamington Spa, UK, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A yellow and red Vignale Gamine from the front left at a show in Dorset in 2016, its tall grille between the separate wings. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A blue Vignale Gamine in profile in Sorrento, Italy, in 2021. Photo: Викидим, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A yellow and red Vignale Gamine at a show in Dorset in 2016, seen from the rear right. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A red Vignale Gamine from behind at Brooklands in 2011, its Vignale badge on the tail. Photo: Tony Harrison from Farnborough, UK, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. White Vignale Gamine of 1969, DR-39-58, driven towards the camera with two aboard, in April 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. Orange Vignale Gamine, 95-75-GJ, with its driver at a classic-car meeting in the Netherlands, from the photographer’s own 1990s print. Photo: Erremm, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. Orange Vignale Gamine of 1970 on a club run in Wijchen, Netherlands, in July 2020, its driver giving a thumbs-up. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  15. Inside a blue Gamine in Sorrento: a wood-rimmed wheel, tan leather seats and the Fiat 500 speedometer. Photo: Викидим, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. Inside a yellow and red Vignale Gamine in Dorset in 2016: two black seats and a body-coloured dashboard. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. The dashboard of a white 1969 Vignale Gamine in 2010: a three-spoke wheel and the Fiat 500’s single round speedometer. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 N with fixed side windows from the front in Bristol in 2017, its show card on the windscreen. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A red US-specification Ghia Jolly with a striped canopy at Ypsilanti, Michigan, in 2007. Photo: JOHN LLOYD from Concrete, Washington, United States, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A yellow 1967 Ferves Ranger from the front left at Chorleywood in 2016, showing its open four-seat cabin. Photo: PSParrot, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Vignale Gamine, read in full. It cites Richard Dredge, Rob de la Rive Box, Encyclopaedia of Classic Cars (1999), and Guus Beliën, Vignale Gamine – Complete Historie (2024), p. 23. en.wikipedia.org
  2. Richard Dredge, “The story of the Fiat 500-based Gamine”, Below The Radar, 6 December 2020, read in summary. www.below-the-radar.com
  3. The Vignale Gamine register, vignalegamine.net, read in summary on 7 October 2026. www.vignalegamine.net
  4. Italian Wikipedia, Fiat Nuova 500, table of derivatives, read in full. it.wikipedia.org

Voisin Biscooter: Gabriel Voisin’s last car, 1949

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A polished aluminium 1956 Voisin C31 Biscooter with its black hood up at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2020. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. An open aluminium 1951 Voisin C31 Biscooter with a period picnic hamper in a museum at Aigle, Switzerland, in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A bare aluminium Voisin Biscooter in a museum at Orgon, signed by the museum as a 1947 prototype. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A Voisin C31 Biscooter with a canvas top and red seats on a transporter bed at a French meeting in 2016. Photo: Guillaume Vachey, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A riveted aluminium 1951 Voisin C31 Biscooter on a stand at the Reims classic show in 2011. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. An open Biscúter at a car show in Aguadulce, Almería, in 2019. Photo: Schumi4ever, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A green 1956 Inter 175 A Berline at RM Sotheby’s Paris sale, Les Invalides, in 2017. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A red Rovin D2 with a cream hood at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2018. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A yellow and maroon 1953 Mochet CM-125 Luxe in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. RM Auctions, The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 583, “1949 Voisin Biscooter Prototype”, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  2. RM Auctions, The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, February 2013, lot 292, “1957 Voisin Biscooter C31”, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  3. French Wikipedia, Gabriel Voisin, read in extract. Used as a lead. fr.wikipedia.org
  4. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1957 Voisin Biscooter”, tour page (© 2002), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  5. English Wikipedia, Biscúter, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  6. Spanish Wikipedia, Biscúter, first half read. Used as a lead. es.wikipedia.org
  7. Artcurial, Rétromobile sale, Paris, 4 February 2011, lot 209, “Voisin Biscooter type C31, 1957”, seen as a title only. old.artcurial.com

La Voiture Électronique Porquerolles: the joystick car

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A 1972 Porquerolles at the Musée auto-moto-vélo in Châtellerault in 2013. Photo: Jean-Marie Vugnon (2), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A Porquerolles at Autoworld in Brussels in 2011, seen from above with its two seats and control stick. Photo: Thomas Quine, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A pale blue 1972 Porquerolles from low at the front in 2011, its single castor wheel trailing under the nose. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A Teilhol Citadine with its top-hinged nose door raised, at the Musée auto-moto-vélo in Châtellerault in 2022. Photo: Jean-Marie Vugnon (2), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A red open Tomcar in the ALAAC collection in Lorraine in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. An orange 1974 Zagato Zele 2000 at the Classic Motor Show at the NEC, Birmingham, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1969 La Voiture Electronique Porquerolles”, tour page, read in full via the Internet Archive (2015). www.microcarmuseum.com
  2. Lane Motor Museum, “Jarret La Voiture Electronique – 1969”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  3. German Wikipedia, Voiture Électronique, citing Georgano (2001) and René Bellu’s Automobilia. de.wikipedia.org
  4. automobile-propre.com, “Quand L’Automobile essaye une Jarret Porquerolles, en 1972”, a retelling of the road test in L’Automobile, August 1972. www.automobile-propre.com
  5. Lane Motor Museum, “About”, the museum’s own page, read 7 October 2026. www.lanemotormuseum.org

Westcoaster Mailster: the US Post Office’s three-wheeler

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A restored red Westcoaster Mailster at the Petersen Automotive Museum, Los Angeles, in August 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A city letter carrier in a three-wheeled Cushman mailster in the United States in 1955. Photo: Smithsonian National Postal Museum, No known copyright restrictions, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A line of Post Office mailsters dressed as Santa’s reindeer in a Christmas parade in Maryland in 1954. Photo: Smithsonian National Postal Museum, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A yellow Deutsche Bundespost Goggomobil TL Transporter with its sliding door open, Heusenstamm, 2011. Photo: Urmelbeauftragter, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A dark green Ape 50 pick-up in an Italian piazza, 2010. Photo: Andrew Childs, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  6. A pale grey 1960 Lambretta Li 175 Series 2 van at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, England, in November 2017. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A red Tula Muravei cargo scooter from the left, showing its scooter body and steel load box, in Russia in August 2010. Photo: Игоревич, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Westcoaster Mailster, read in full in a plain-text copy without its references. en.wikipedia.org
  2. Smithsonian Institution, National Postal Museum, object record “Westcoaster mailster”, 1985.0372.1, read in full in an archived copy. www.si.edu
  3. The Autopian, “Before getting real cars, postal workers had to drive these…”, read through a summary; it draws on the Smithsonian. www.theautopian.com
  4. National Archives, The Unwritten Record blog, “How to Drive the Mailster: A Time-Traveling Lesson in Postal Technology”, 6 December 2022, read through a summary. unwritten-record.blogs.archives.gov
  5. Cushman (Textron), “About Cushman”, read in full in the Wayback Machine’s copy of 19 February 2016. www.cushman.com
  6. John Burchill, “Cushman Truckster: Winnipeg Police Parking Patrol, Unit 1741”, Winnipeg Police Museum, 22 September 2024, read in full. It quotes the Winnipeg Tribune of 17 December 1964, the Winnipeg Free Press of 27 December 1967 and Cushman’s advertising. winnipegpolicemuseum.ca

Willam City: the Lambretta dealers’ licence-free car

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A green Lawil City at the UMMC Museum of Automotive Technology, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia, in 2023. Photo: Vyacheslav Bukharov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A green Lawil City in profile at the UMMC Museum of Automotive Technology, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia, in 2023, showing how short the car is. Photo: Vyacheslav Bukharov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. An orange Lawil Farmer, the open version, at the UMMC museum in Verkhnyaya Pyshma in 2023. Photo: Vyacheslav Bukharov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. An olive Lawil Fourgonnette lettered for Lambretta, on display at the Veer Mall, Yekaterinburg, Russia, in 2022. Photo: Wild Child, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A cream Lawil City, sold in France as the Willam City, on display in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A grey 1972 Willam A3 City at the Curioseum in Willingen-Usseln, Germany, in 2013. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. The grey Willam A3 City from the front right at the Curioseum in 2013. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A rusty Willam Fourgonnette in profile on a trailer, showing the long load body behind the cab. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. An ochre Willam Fourgonnette van from behind at a UK classic car show in 2019, showing its side-hinged rear door. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  10. The Lawil badge set in a car’s wire-mesh grille, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A cream 1971 Lawil S3, the open Farmer type, on Italian plates in an Italian museum in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. The cream Lawil pick-up at the Yekaterinburg display, in Vespa Service livery. Photo: Wild Child, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. An ochre Willam Fourgonnette, the long-wheelbase van version of the City, at a British classic-car show in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  14. A 1979 Willam Sulky, the French-market Casalini Sulky, at the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne in 2010. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A red Amica 1000 S1 automatic, a later four-wheeled Amica, in the Netherlands in 2012. Photo: free photos & art, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. An orange 1974 Zagato Zele 2000 at the Classic Motor Show at the NEC, Birmingham, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A pale grey 1960 Lambretta Li 175 Series 2 van at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, England, in November 2017. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 N with fixed side windows from the front in Bristol in 2017, its show card on the windscreen. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1967 Willam City”, tour page, read via the Internet Archive (2015). www.microcarmuseum.com
  2. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1977 Willam Sulky”, tour page, read via the Internet Archive. www.microcarmuseum.com
  3. German Wikipedia, Lawil, citing Linz and Schrader, Die Internationale Automobil-Enzyklopädie (2008). de.wikipedia.org
  4. Lane Motor Museum, “Willam City A3 – 1969”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  5. Classicvirus, “Short wheel base: 1974 Lawil Varzina”, 5 April 2018. classicvirus.com

Wuling Hongguang Mini EV: China’s best-selling EV

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A white Wuling Hongguang Mini EV parked in Sanming, Fujian, China, in August 2022. Photo: JamesYoung8167, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A Wuling Hongguang Mini EV plugged into a kerbside public charger in Dongguan, Guangdong, China, in February 2022. Photo: unknown, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A pastel-green Wuling Hongguang Mini EV Macaron with a white roof in Zhongshan, Guangdong, China, in May 2023. Photo: User3204, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A Wuling Hongguang Mini EV painted by its owner in Gulf racing colours, in traffic in China in June 2022. Photo: Zotyefan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A yellow Freze Nikrob, the Lithuanian-assembled Hongguang Mini EV, in Vilnius, Lithuania, in March 2022. Photo: Igorigorevich1, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. An orange Wuling Hongguang Mini EV GameBoy parked in a street in China in April 2023. Photo: Zotyefan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A lime-green Wuling Hongguang Mini EV in profile on a wet street in China in April 2021. Photo: Lamvanhan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A pastel-green Wuling Hongguang Mini EV Macaron from the rear three-quarter in Zhongshan, Guangdong, China, in May 2023. Photo: User3204, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A white Wuling Hongguang Mini EV from the rear three-quarter in Sanming, Fujian, China, in August 2022. Photo: JamesYoung8167, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A green second-generation Wuling Hongguang Mini EV of the Almaty municipal parking service on Nazarbayev Avenue, Almaty, Kazakhstan, in April 2025. Photo: Nikolai Bulykin, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. The cabin of a Wuling Hongguang Mini EV Cabrio seen from above in a showroom in China in May 2023. Photo: JustAnotherCarDesigner, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. The cabin of a Wuling Hongguang Mini EV GameBoy in China in December 2022. Photo: Zotyefan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The two-tone dashboard of a Wuling Hongguang Mini EV Macaron at a motor show in China in April 2021. Photo: JustAnotherCarDesigner, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. The dashboard of a second-generation Wuling Hongguang Mini EV, with two free-standing screens, at a show in China in April 2025. Photo: JustAnotherCarDesigner, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A yellow Freze Nikrob from behind in a street in Vilnius, Lithuania, in March 2022. Photo: Igorigorevich1, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A pale-blue Wuling Hongguang Mini EV Cabrio with its roof folded in a showroom in China in May 2023. Photo: JustAnotherCarDesigner, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A pale-blue Wuling Hongguang Mini EV Cabrio from the rear three-quarter with its roof down in a showroom in China in May 2023. Photo: JustAnotherCarDesigner, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A pale-blue Wuling Hongguang Mini EV Cabrio with its black soft-top raised, in a car park in China in August 2023. Photo: Zoerides, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The Wuling Hongguang Mini EV Cabrio concept in profile on a motor-show turntable in China in April 2021. Photo: JustAnotherCarDesigner, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A yellow Smiley-themed Wuling Hongguang Mini EV Macaron on display at the Guangzhou Auto Show, China, in November 2023. Photo: Tim Wu, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A dark-green facelifted second-generation Wuling Hongguang Mini EV in China in January 2026. Photo: JustAnotherCarDesigner, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A turquoise second-generation Wuling Hongguang Mini EV with a white roof in China in November 2025. Photo: JustAnotherCarDesigner, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A turquoise second-generation Wuling Hongguang Mini EV from the rear three-quarter in China in November 2025. Photo: JustAnotherCarDesigner, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A pale-blue Rainwoll RW10, the Turkish-market Hongguang Mini EV, in Turkey in May 2023. Photo: Otomobil Günlüklerim, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A pink Wuling Hongguang Mini EV GameBoy with a black roof in Kunming, Yunnan, China, in July 2023. Photo: User3204, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A Wuling Hongguang Mini EV GameBoy in KFC promotional livery on show in China in December 2022. Photo: Zotyefan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A pink Wuling Hongguang Mini EV GameBoy from the rear three-quarter in Kunming, Yunnan, China, in July 2023. Photo: User3204, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A grey-green Wuling Hongguang Mini EV GameBoy in profile in China in April 2022. Photo: GZrex, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A white 2018 Levdeo (Leiding) D30 low-speed electric car, front three-quarter, in Luoyang, Henan, China, in August 2018. Photo: Kevauto, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A grey 2021 Citroën Ami with orange wheel inserts in Valbonne, France, in October 2021. Photo: John K, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A yellow Tata Nano from the front three-quarter in a street in Bengaluru, India, in March 2011. Photo: Krokodyl, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A matt-green Microlino in a courtyard in May 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Wuling Hongguang Mini EV, with its reference list. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  2. MarkLines, “SAIC GM’s Wuling brand launches first 4-seat new energy model Hong Guang MINI EV”, July 2020 (preview). www.marklines.com
  3. GM Authority, “New Wuling EV the Hong Guang launched in China” (July 2020) and “Wuling Hong Guang EV outsells Tesla Model 3 in China in August” (September 2020), seen as search results only. gmauthority.com
  4. GM Authority, “Wuling Mini EV cumulative sales exceed 400,000 units”, October 2021, seen as a search result only. gmauthority.com
  5. Qian Jin, “The Geely Panda mini EV opened for pre-sale and will launch on February 6”, CarNewsChina, 1 February 2023. carnewschina.com
  6. Tycho de Feijter, “Eye to Eye with the Zhi Dou D2 EV in China”, CarNewsChina, 22 March 2016. carnewschina.com
  7. English Wikipedia, Zhidou D2. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  8. “Car sharing: Milano, vandalismi, Sharengo interrompe il servizio”, La Gazzetta dello Sport, 20 February 2020. www.gazzetta.it
  9. English Wikipedia, Kandi K12, a short article. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  10. GM China, “SAIC-GM-Wuling Launches Baojun E100, Its First Electric Vehicle”, release, 21 July 2017. media.gm.com
  11. German Wikipedia, Baojun E100. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  12. English Wikipedia, Baojun E100, with its sales table. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  13. Bart Demandt, “Baojun E100 China Sales Figures”, CarSalesBase (archived copy, 2022). carsalesbase.com
  14. GM China, “Baojun to Launch its Second Electric Vehicle, the E200”, release, 4 September 2018. media.gm.com
  15. English Wikipedia, Baojun E200. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  16. German Wikipedia, Baojun E200. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  17. “Baojun E200 China Sales Figures”, CarSalesBase (archived copy, 2022). carsalesbase.com
  18. GM China, “Baojun Launches E300 and E300 Plus Electric Vehicles”, release, 25 June 2020. media.gm.com
  19. “Baojun E300 / KiWi EV China Auto Sales Figures”, CarSalesBase (archived copy, 2024). carsalesbase.com
  20. English Wikipedia, Baojun KiWi EV, with its sales table. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  21. Tycho de Feijter, “Official: Chery QQ Ice Cream Is A New Small Electric Car For China”, CarNewsChina, 25 August 2021. carnewschina.com
  22. Tycho de Feijter, “Chery QQ Ice Cream Is Aiming To Freeze The Wuling Hongguang MINI EV”, CarNewsChina, 16 August 2021. carnewschina.com
  23. English Wikipedia, Chery QQ Ice Cream. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  24. English Wikipedia, Xiaohu FEV, the only account found. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  25. “Sweet! The DFSK Sokon Candy”, Car News China, 14 September 2021. carnewschina.com
  26. Basith Rahman, “Dongfeng Fengguang MINI EV official images released”, Car News China, 2 January 2022. carnewschina.com
  27. English Wikipedia, Fengon Mini EV, with its sales table. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  28. English Wikipedia, Wuling Air EV, with its sales table. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  29. Jonathan Lee, “Wuling EV for Indonesia revealed”, Paul Tan’s Automotive News, 2 June 2022. paultan.org
  30. Dina Rayanti, “Wuling Air ev Jadi Raja Mobil Listrik di Indonesia”, detikOto, 18 January 2023. oto.detik.com
  31. “MG Comet EV confirmed as new city runabout”, Autocar India, 2023. www.autocarindia.com
  32. “MG Comet EV launched at Rs 7.98 lakh”, Autocar India, April 2023. www.autocarindia.com
  33. English Wikipedia, Geely Panda Mini EV. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org

Zagato Zele: Milan’s electric city car of 1974–⁠76

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. An orange 1974 Zagato Zele 2000 at the Classic Motor Show at the NEC, Birmingham, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The cabin of the 1974 Zagato Zele shown at the NEC, Birmingham, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. An Elcar with its door open, showing the bench seat and the batteries under the floor, in a 1977 US government photograph. Photo: Martin Brown, NASA (US National Archives), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A pale grey 1973 Zagato Zele 1000 at the Petersen Automotive Museum, Los Angeles, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A weathered pale blue Zele with Zagato Elettrica badges, left in a disused museum building in the Netherlands in 2012. Photo: noisytoy.net, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. An orange 1974 Zagato Zele from behind at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Dashboard and steering wheel of the weathered Zele in the disused Dutch museum building in 2012. Photo: noisytoy.net, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. An Elcar seen head-on with a test board propped against its bumper during a 1977 US government electric-vehicle demonstration. Photo: Martin Brown, NASA (US National Archives), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. An orange Elcar, the US-market Zele, from the front three-quarter in the 1977 US government test photographs. Photo: Martin Brown, NASA (US National Archives), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. An orange Elcar, the American-market Zele, photographed side-on for a US government electric-vehicle test programme in 1977. Photo: Martin Brown, NASA (US National Archives), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A long line of Zagato Zele electric cars outside the Zagato factory at Rho, near Milan, Italy, the Zagato Z on the building. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A white Zagato Zele lettered Elcar on its nose, with a man standing beside it, in 1974. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A yellow CitiCar SV-48 in bright sunshine beside a stone building in 2014. Photo: Eric Kilby, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  14. A yellow 1975 Enfield 8000 on a stand at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2023. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A green Lawil City at the UMMC Museum of Automotive Technology, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia, in 2023. Photo: Vyacheslav Bukharov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 N with fixed side windows from the front in Bristol in 2017, its show card on the windscreen. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Italian Wikipedia, Zagato Zele, read in full. It cites La Stampa of 8 November 1972, p. 11, and of 30 October 1974, p. 28. it.wikipedia.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Zagato Zele, read in full. It cites the Bulletin des Schweizerischen Elektrotechnischen Vereins 68:3 (1977). en.wikipedia.org
  3. Lane Motor Museum, “Elcar 1975”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  4. RM Sotheby’s, London, 5 September 2018, lot 110, “1974 Zagato Zele 1000”; the date and estimate from Hagerty’s past-sales record. rmsothebys.com
  5. N. B. Sargent, E. A. Maslowski, R. Slavik and R. F. Soltis, Baseline Tests of the Zagato Elcar Electric Passenger Vehicle, NASA TM-73764, Lewis Research Center, October 1977, read in full. archive.org
  6. Below the Radar, article on the Zagato Zele; used only for the claims it alone makes. below-the-radar.com
  7. Petersen Automotive Museum, “1973 Zagato Zele 1000 / Elcar 1000”, vehicle spotlight, known from search results; and Carrozzieri Italiani’s page on the Zele. carrozzieri-italiani.com
  8. Free Library of Philadelphia, digital collection item 46372, known from its catalogue summary. libwww.freelibrary.org
  9. fDrive.cz, “Elektromobily, které neznáte: Elcar”. fdrive.cz
  10. Italian Wikipedia, Fiat City Car, read in full; it cites Fiat’s heritage page on the X 1/23. it.wikipedia.org
  11. English Wikipedia, Fiat X1/23, read in full; it cites Autocar of 7 May 1977, p. 16. en.wikipedia.org
  12. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1977 Willam Sulky”, tour page, read in full from the archived copy. www.microcarmuseum.com

Zündapp Janus: the two-faced car with back-to-back seats

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A green and white 1958 Zündapp Janus at the Deutsches Automuseum Langenburg in 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The red Zündapp Janus at the Erwin Hymer Museum with both its front and rear doors open, 2019. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A green and white Zündapp Janus with its rear door open, showing the rear-facing seat, at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Inside the red Janus at the Erwin Hymer Museum, its seats folded into a bed, 2020. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A Zündapp Janus in ADAC Straßenwacht road-patrol yellow at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A two-tone blue 1958 Zündapp Janus with its front door raised at the Museum Walters Oldtimer, Knittlingen, in 2022. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A blue and white 1958 Zündapp Janus with its front door open at the Stahls Automotive Collection, Michigan, in 2021. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A cream and white Zündapp Janus at the Deutsches Technikmuseum, Berlin, in 2017. Photo: Mike Peel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A pale blue Zündapp Janus 250 at a show in 2014. Photo: nakhon100, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A red Zündapp Janus among Zündapp motorcycles at the Museum Industriekultur, Nuremberg, in 2012. Photo: Sam Gamdschie, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A two-tone green Zündapp Janus at the Legendy show in Prague in 2018. Photo: Jiří Sedláček, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A pink 1958 Zündapp Janus 250 at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim in 2018. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The Weiner museum Zündapp Janus with both its front and rear doors open. Photo: The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A two-tone turquoise Zündapp Janus in profile at the Nostalgiewelt Eggenburg, Austria, in 2016. Photo: Karl Gruber, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. The yellow and white Zündapp Janus in profile at Schramberg, 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A red and white Zündapp Janus in profile in the museum at Sigmaringen, 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A pink 1958 Zündapp Janus 250 in profile at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim in 2013. Photo: Valder137, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A cream and white Zündapp Janus 250 at the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia. Photo: The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A cream Zündapp Janus at the AMTS show, Hungexpo, Budapest, in 2017. Photo: Christo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A blue and white Zündapp Janus in a museum in 2012, from the rear three-quarter. Photo: Helena, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A pink Zündapp Janus in a museum in 2011. Photo: W. Bulach, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A yellow and white 1957 Zündapp Janus at the Auto & Uhrenwelt Schramberg in 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. The rear of the cream Zündapp Janus at the Deutsches Technikmuseum, Berlin, in 2019. Photo: Nick.Pr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A red 1958 Zündapp Janus with its rear door open and camping luggage aboard, Erwin Hymer Museum, Bad Waldsee, 2019. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A cream Zündapp Janus with its front door open at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. The rear of the red and white Zündapp Janus at the museum in Sigmaringen, 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. The Zündapp Janus at the Deutsches Technikmuseum, Berlin, from the front in 2017. Photo: Mike Peel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. The yellow and white Zündapp Janus head-on at Schramberg, 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A grey Zündapp Janus among the crowded displays of the Fahrzeugmuseum Marxzell in 2014. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A green 1958 Zündapp Janus at the station festival in Ebermannstadt in 2017. Photo: Ermell, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. The driver’s seat, steering wheel and dashboard of a Zündapp Janus through its open front door, NEC, 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. The “Janus 250” script and winged Zündapp badge on the ADAC road-patrol car, Essen, 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. The winged Zündapp badge on the nose of a Janus, NEC, Birmingham, 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. The ADAC Straßenwacht Zündapp Janus in profile at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2016. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A Zündapp Janus parked in Creglingen about 1960, as a woman waters the street. Photo: Georg Schaffert, Nationaal Archief (Van de Poll collection), CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A grey 1955 bubble-window Isetta 250 at the Isetta Club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A blue 1957 Heinkel Kabine at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A blue 1959 BMW 600 at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A pale blue Goggomobil saloon at a meeting in Wingst, 2019. Photo: © Ra Boe / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1958 Zundapp Janus”, tour page (2002), archived, read in full. web.archive.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Zündapp Janus, read in full; used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  3. German Wikipedia, Zündapp Janus, read in full. Used as a lead; its production table is from Oswald, Deutsche Autos 1945–⁠1975 (1979), and it cites Rauch (1977) and Small Cars, January 1958. de.wikipedia.org
  4. Werner Oswald, on the Dornier Delta, with works photographs by Toni Schneiders, auto motor und sport 11/1955, read in full. archive.org
  5. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 248, “1958 Zündapp Janus”. rmsothebys.com
  6. Dipl.-Ing. W. Buck, “Schon wieder ein Kleinfahrzeug: Zündapp-Janus”, with Zündapp’s preliminary data and press caption, auto motor und sport 20/1956, read in full. archive.org

Aircraft makers and microcars: the ban and the truth

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A cream Inter 175 A Berline with its canopy raised in the foyer at Époqu’Auto, Lyon, in 2025. Photo: Pemberlaid, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A green 1953 Messerschmitt KR175 Series 1 with its canopy open at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, in 2025, showing its narrow front and motorcycle-style mudguards. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A red Heinkel Kabine in the ‘Klein, kleiner, Kleinstwagen’ exhibition at the Dornier Museum, Friedrichshafen, in 2018. Photo: indeedous, Attribution (Wikimedia Commons), via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A crowd round a new Messerschmitt KR175 in a Den Haag street on 12 April 1954. Photo: van Duinen / Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The 1950 Fend Flitzer 101 at the ErfinderZeiten Auto- und Uhrenmuseum, Schramberg in 2015, seen low from the front three-quarter. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Welcome party round the Heinkel Kabine VD-50-47, lettered Amsterdam Roma Amsterdam, on its return to Amsterdam in 1956. Photo: Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Bohumil Turek in his Aero 500, number 42, outside the Aero works, November 1929. Photo: Unknown photographer, Magazin Auto (1929), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A yellow Scottish Aviation Scamp pre-production car, DTD 141E, on blocks beneath aircraft at the National Museum of Flight, East Fortune, in 2008. Photo: DeFacto, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. The cockpit of an Inter 175 A Berline with the canopy open, showing its handlebar steering. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. Cockpit of a KR175 at the National Polytechnic Museum, Sofia. Photo: Georgy Palpurin, ShareBulgaria, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. The re-erected brick saw-tooth wall at Isesaki that marks the birthplace of the Subaru 360, in 2020. Photo: Qurren, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A new Leyat Hélica propeller car with two men aboard beneath the Eiffel Tower, Champ de Mars, Paris, in July 1921. Photo: Agence Meurisse, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A San Diego Town Shopper, in its Towne or later Carter form, with two men outside the San Diego City and County Administration Building in 1948. Photo: State Library and Archives of Florida, No known copyright restrictions, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A bare aluminium Voisin Biscooter in a museum at Orgon, signed by the museum as a 1947 prototype. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A red Avolette, an open fibreglass car, at an outdoor club meeting in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A pale green and blue 1960 Nobel 200 at InterClassics Brussels in 2024. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. The WSK emblem on the nose of a Mikrus MR-300, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A cream 1960 Mitsubishi 500 in the Mitsubishi Auto Gallery, Okazaki, in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. Wooden-bodied Slaby-Beringer two-seater of 1924 with green wings and a canvas hood at the Audi museum mobile, Ingolstadt, Germany, in August 2014. Photo: Glen Bowman, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  20. A white 1958 Opperman Unicar in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. The 1921 Leyat Hélica sport that Gustave Courau gave to the Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris, on its glass floor in November 2017. Photo: Lomita, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A red King Midget Model III with a white top, parked in Leavenworth, Washington, in 2009. Photo: joaquin uy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A yellow 1956 Bond Minicar Mark C De Luxe Tourer, JTK 277, at Keynsham in 2011. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A 1953 Iso Isetta at the Bonhams sale in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A turquoise 1960 KR200 with whitewall tyres at an Australian show in 2014. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A green 1958 Vespa 400 with whitewall tyres on German plates in 2018. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A pale yellow 1959 FMR Tg500 with its Plexiglas canopy at Sherborne Castle, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  28. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1958 Subaru 360 from the left front three-quarter in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. Blue BMW 3/15 DA-2 saloon on display at the Sakai City Historic Car Collection, Japan, in October 2013. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A polished aluminium 1956 Voisin C31 Biscooter with its black hood up at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2020. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A red 1952 Kleinschnittger F 125 at a meeting in 2009. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. An open Biscúter at a car show in Aguadulce, Almería, in 2019. Photo: Schumi4ever, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A green 1956 Inter 175 A Berline at RM Sotheby’s Paris sale, Les Invalides, in 2017. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A turquoise and white Messerschmitt KR175 at the Oldtimer show in Moscow in 2013. Photo: Svetlov Artem, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A blue 1957 Heinkel Kabine at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A green and white 1958 Zündapp Janus at the Deutsches Automuseum Langenburg in 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A 1962 Trojan 200, the Heinkel built under licence in Britain, at Leamington in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. Green 1921 Slaby-Beringer electric single-seater IA-7421 in a museum, photographed in October 2015. Photo: 1971markus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. Maroon Aero 10 HP roadster of 1930 at the Veletržní palác, Prague, in May 2008. Photo: Tony Hisgett, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A maroon and cream 1936 Ohta OC phaeton at the Classic Car Festival in Kiryū, Gunma, in November 2014. Photo: NEXT-EXIT, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A 1950 Fend Flitzer 101 coupé on display in a museum in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. The 1954 Allard Clipper 906 CMT at the NEC Classic Motor Show in 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A 1958 Opperman Unicar T in light blue, in the Williams Microcars collection in 2024. Photo: Guards951, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. An unrestored P. Vallée Chantecler in a store, its paint patched and worn. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A blue Mikrus MR-300 on the quay at Szafarnia, Gdańsk, in 2012. Photo: Artur Andrzej, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A white and blue Nobel 200 on grass at a show in 2023. Photo: Geni, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A green Mitsubishi 500 Super Deluxe in the Mitsubishi Auto Gallery, Okazaki, in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. An olive 1970 Subaru K55 Sambar truck at the Showa Era Lifestyle Museum, Kitanagoya, Japan, in March 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. The Scottish Aviation Scamp pre-production car LHT 149E at the Grampian Transport Museum, Alford, Aberdeenshire, in 2026. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A green 1913 Humber Humberette V-twin cyclecar with a buttoned black seat at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. The Martin Stationette at the Lane Motor Museum in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. An open Puli in sponsor livery at the Hungarian Museum of Transport in Budapest in 2014. Photo: DALIBRI, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A 1946 Volugrafo Bimbo 46 at the Mahymobiles museum, Leuze-en-Hainaut, Belgium, in 2014. Photo: Klaus Nahr, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Protocol of the Proceedings of the Berlin Conference (the Potsdam Agreement), 1 August 1945, economic principles, paragraph 11, in the Avalon Project, Yale Law School. avalon.law.yale.edu
  2. SCAP Directive No. 3 (SCAPIN-47), 22 September 1945, section 4, “Prohibited Items”, in the database “The World and Japan”, University of Tokyo. worldjpn.net
  3. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, “Inkrafttreten der Pariser Verträge”, 5 May 1955, in its calendar of the history of the CDU. www.kas.de
  4. German Wikipedia, Messerschmitt AG, read in summary; used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  5. German Wikipedia, Dornier Do 27, read in summary; used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  6. German Wikipedia, Ernst Heinkel Flugzeugwerke, read in summary; used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  7. Kawasaki Heavy Industries, corporate history timeline. global.kawasaki.com
  8. English Wikipedia, Nakajima Aircraft Company, read in summary; used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  9. German Wikipedia, Messerschmitt Kabinenroller, read in full. Used as a lead; its references include Rosellen, Deutsche Kleinwagen (1991), and the 8-Uhr-Blatt’s Messerschmitt supplement of 1956. de.wikipedia.org
  10. David Garner, “Fritz Fend: father of the Messerschmitt Kabinenroller”, Messerschmitt Owners’ Club, 14 January 2014. messerschmitt.co.uk
  11. Wolfgang Kraus, Uschi Kettenmann and Heiko Zimmermann, KR201 History, translated by David Garner, Messerschmitt Owners’ Club. messerschmitt.co.uk
  12. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “Messerschmitt KR-175”, tour page. www.microcarmuseum.com
  13. Stadtarchiv Rosenheim, “Fritz Fend und sein ‘Flitzer’”, from Rosenheim 2000. Eine Stadt im 20. Jahrhundert (2000). www.stadtarchiv.de
  14. Bill Cawthon, “Fritz Fend’s Marvelous Micro-cars”, Promotex Online, March 2004, written with the Messerschmitt Owners’ Club’s help; a secondary hobby column. web.archive.org
  15. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1950 Fend Flitzer 101”, tour page, archived. www.microcarmuseum.com
  16. auto motor und sport 3/1955 (5 February 1955), news of the KR200 with the KR175’s sales; and 5/1955, “Rollermobile brauchen Leistung und Sicherheit”. archive.org
  17. English Wikipedia, Messerschmitt KR200, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Automobile Quarterly 11 (2), 1973. en.wikipedia.org
  18. RM Sotheby’s, Amelia Island, 2021, lot 150, 1958 FMR Tg 500, chassis 20555, catalogue text. rmsothebys.com
  19. Heinkel Trojan Club, “Cabin Cruisers”: German, Irish, Argentine and English production, archived 2015. web.archive.org
  20. German Wikipedia, Heinkel Kabine, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Oswald, Deutsche Autos 1945–⁠1990, vol. 4. de.wikipedia.org
  21. “Ei auf 3 Rädern”, photograph and caption of the Heinkel prototype, auto motor und sport 5/1955. archive.org
  22. Dr Paul Simsa, “Unser Test: Heinkel-Kabine 175 ccm”, auto motor und sport 19/1956 (15 September 1956). archive.org
  23. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1956 Heinkel Kabine”, tour page (2002), archived. web.archive.org
  24. News: “Die Heinkel-Kabine wird in Deutschland nicht mehr gebaut”, auto motor und sport 6/1958. archive.org
  25. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 301, “1956 Heinkel Kabine 153”. rmsothebys.com
  26. Werner Oswald, on the Dornier Delta, with works photographs by Toni Schneiders, auto motor und sport 11/1955. archive.org
  27. Report from the Frankfurt show, auto motor und sport 20/1955. archive.org
  28. German Wikipedia, Zündapp Janus, read in full. Used as a lead; its production table is from Oswald, Deutsche Autos 1945–⁠1975 (1979). de.wikipedia.org
  29. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1958 Zundapp Janus”, tour page (2002), archived. web.archive.org
  30. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1955 Inter 175 A Berline”, tour page (2002). www.microcarmuseum.com
  31. Lane Motor Museum, “Inter 175A Berline – 1956”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  32. Richard Dredge, “SNCAN Inter 175A Autoscooter”, Below the Radar. www.below-the-radar.com
  33. RM Sotheby’s, Amelia Island, 2018, lot 120, “1957 Inter 175A Berline”, catalogue text. rmsothebys.com
  34. German Wikipedia, Inter (Automarke), read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader, not seen. de.wikipedia.org
  35. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, 2013, lot 284, “1956 Paul Vallée”, catalogue text. rmsothebys.com
  36. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1957 Voisin Biscooter”, tour page (2002). www.microcarmuseum.com
  37. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 292, “1957 Voisin Biscooter C31”, catalogue text. rmsothebys.com
  38. RM Auctions, the same sale, lot 583, “1949 Voisin Biscooter Prototype”, catalogue text. rmsothebys.com
  39. English Wikipedia, Biscúter, and Spanish Wikipedia, Biscúter. en.wikipedia.org
  40. Jean Goyard, “La Vespa 400 — la petite auto de Fourchambault”, Automobilia no. 34, February 1999, pp. 44–49. new.vespa400.com
  41. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1956 Avolette Record De Luxe”, tour page (2002). www.microcarmuseum.com
  42. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, 2013, lot 604, “1956 Avolette Record Deluxe”, catalogue text. rmsothebys.com
  43. English Wikipedia, Nobel (automobile), read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Moore, Motor Makers in Ireland (1982), The Autocar, the Daily Herald of 7 October 1958, the Belfast News-Letter and Glass’s guide. en.wikipedia.org
  44. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 627, “1958 Nobel 200”. rmsothebys.com
  45. German Wikipedia, York Noble Industries; it cites Linz and Schrader, and Georgano’s Beaulieu Encyclopedia. de.wikipedia.org
  46. Grace’s Guide, “Scottish Aviation”. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  47. English Wikipedia, Scottish Aviation Scamp, revision of 18 September 2026, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Design no. 211 (1966), W. G. Watson’s unpublished account of the project and the MIRA reports of 1967 and 1968. en.wikipedia.org
  48. Polish Wikipedia, Mikrus MR-300. Used as a lead; it cites the Encyklopedia miasta Mielca and Motor (1959). pl.wikipedia.org
  49. English Wikipedia, Mikrus MR-300; used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  50. German Wikipedia, Aero 10; it cites aero-ig.de. de.wikipedia.org
  51. Czech Wikipedia, Aero (automobilka). cs.wikipedia.org
  52. magyarjarmu.hu, “Törpeautó-program Magyarországon (Alba Regia, Balaton, Úttörő)”, drawing on ministry documents and the transport museum’s archive photographs. magyarjarmu.hu
  53. Pál Négyesi, “Hungarian MicroCars of the 50’s”, part two, The Auto Channel. www.theautochannel.com
  54. Japanese Wikipedia, スバル・360 (Subaru 360), read in full; it cites Katsuragi, てんとう虫が走った日 (1987), and Fuji Heavy Industries’ thirty-year history (1984). ja.wikipedia.org
  55. Subaru Corporation, Subaru Museum pages on the Subaru 360, with its chronology, in Japanese. members.subaru.jp
  56. Japanese Wikipedia, 百瀬晋六 (Momose Shinroku), read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  57. Toyota Automobile Museum, collection record 109, “Subaru 360 Model K111”. toyota-automobile-museum.jp
  58. English Wikipedia, Subaru 360; used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  59. Lane Motor Museum, “Subaru 360 Sedan – 1970”. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  60. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 330 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology, 1-23: Mitsubishi 500 A10. www.jsae.or.jp
  61. Japanese Wikipedia, 三菱・500 (Mitsubishi 500), read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  62. Mitsubishi Motors, “Car History”, read in summary. www.mitsubishi-motors.com
  63. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1955 Fuji Cabin”, tour page, archived about 2015. www.microcarmuseum.com
  64. Japanese Wikipedia, 富士自動車・フジキャビン (Fuji Cabin), and the Toyota Automobile Museum’s collection record 85, “Fujicabin Model 5A”. ja.wikipedia.org
  65. Lane Motor Museum, “BMW Dixi – 1930”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  66. German Wikipedia, Fahrzeugfabrik Eisenach; it cites Oswald and Kittler, Alle BMW-Automobile seit 1928. de.wikipedia.org
  67. German Wikipedia, Slaby-Beringer, read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  68. Italian Wikipedia, Iso Isetta, read in full; its bibliography includes Flavio Campetti, Da ISO a Iso Rivolta (2004). it.wikipedia.org
  69. Italian Wikipedia, Ermenegildo Preti, read in full; it cites Franco Bugada in VFR Aviation no. 18 (2016). it.wikipedia.org
  70. English Wikipedia, Isetta, read in full; its Iso section cites Norm Mort (2008). en.wikipedia.org
  71. English Wikipedia, Bond Minicar, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Wotherspoon (1993). en.wikipedia.org
  72. Fairthorpe Sports Car Club, “Fairthorpe Limited – The vision of Air Vice Marshall Donald (Pathfinder) Bennett”. www.fairthorpescc.com
  73. Grace’s Guide, “Fairthorpe”. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  74. “Dach überm Kopf”, Der Spiegel 4/1989, a feature on Paul Kleinschnittger after his death. www.spiegel.de
  75. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1952 Kleinschnittger F‑125”, tour page, archived. www.microcarmuseum.com
  76. Mal Pearson, “Towne Shopper”, The Makes That Didn’t Make It, 2022. www.makesthatdidntmakeit.com
  77. English Wikipedia, Keller (automobile). Used as a lead; it rests largely on John Liefeld’s recollections. en.wikipedia.org
  78. Mal Pearson, “Take to the Air in an Airways”, The Makes That Didn’t Make It, 25 October 2021. www.makesthatdidntmakeit.com
  79. Small Cars Club, “Airway”. smallcarsclub.com
  80. Athens Messenger, Throwback Thursday, “King Midget Motors glory days”, 2024. www.athensmessenger.com
  81. French Wikipedia, Marcel Leyat, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites helica.info, Courau and Genty. fr.wikipedia.org
  82. English Wikipedia, Blériot-Whippet. Used as a lead; it cites Culshaw and Horrobin (1974) and Georgano (2000). en.wikipedia.org
  83. Grace’s Guide, “Air Navigation and Engineering Co”. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  84. Register of Unusual Microcars, “Allard Clipper”, archived copy of 2014. web.archive.org
  85. Undiscovered Classics, Forgotten Fiberglass, “1954 Allard Clipper and Margaret Woolsey”, 2009. www.forgottenfiberglass.com
  86. English Wikipedia, Opperman. Used as a lead; it cites Sedgwick and Gillies, Auto-Parade (1958). en.wikipedia.org
  87. Grace’s Guide, “S. E. Opperman”. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  88. Cars Forgotten Stories, “The ghost car”, 20 March 2020, read as a page summary. carsforgottenstories.com
  89. English Wikipedia, Volugrafo; it cites Linz and Schrader (2008) and Walter Zeichner, Kleinwagen International (1999). en.wikipedia.org
  90. German Wikipedia, Volugrafo; it cites Linz and Schrader. de.wikipedia.org
  91. Japanese Wikipedia, オオタ自動車工業 (Ohta Jidōsha Kōgyō). Used as a lead. ja.wikipedia.org
  92. Bruno Vijverman, “Book of the dead: Ohta Jidōsha”, Driven to Write, 5 May 2025; based partly on Walter Zeichner’s book. driventowrite.com
  93. Japanese Wikipedia, スバル・サンバー (Subaru Sambar). ja.wikipedia.org

Bubble cars: the cabin scooters of c. 1953–⁠64

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A teal and white 1958 Isetta 300 with its door open on a lawn, 2007. Photo: Joe Ross, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  2. A blue 1959 FMR KR200, 239 UXT, with its canopy open, 2023. Photo: Steve Knight, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  3. A red Peel Trident, LMV 626C, at the Hampton Court Concours d’Elegance, Surrey, in 2023. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A crowd round a new Messerschmitt KR175 in a Den Haag street on 12 April 1954. Photo: van Duinen / Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A 1953 Fuldamobil N‑2 with its hammered-aluminium body, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Mario Cipolla and L. Brioschi’s Iso Isetta, no. 2100, on a hairpin in the 1954 Mille Miglia. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. KR175s and KR200s lined up in Amsterdam on 23 November 1955 to advertise the film A Prize of Gold. Photo: Ben van Meerendonk / AHF, collection IISG, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Officials touring the opening of the RAI motor-scooter show in Amsterdam pass an Isetta, 28 February 1957. Photo: Joop van Bilsen for Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Heinkel Kabine ‘autoscooter’ ready to leave Amsterdam for Rome on 26 October 1956, its two drivers seated behind the open front door. Photo: Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A Messerschmitt KR200 in Új utca, Hungary, in 1969. Photo: Fortepan / Lechner Nonprofit Kft., CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A blue 1960 Isetta with the door wide open and the steering column swung out with it. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A black 1963 Trojan 200 with its door and roof open, showing the tartan bench and fixed steering wheel. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. Heinkel Kabine VD-50-47, lettered Amsterdam Roma, at night with its two travellers aboard, Amsterdam, 1956. Photo: Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A red 1963 Scootacar and a pale blue 1959 Scootacar Mk1 from the front in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A yellow 1957 Romi-Isetta, with the Iso engine, in Brazil in 2012. Photo: JasonVogel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. The pale blue-grey Fuji Cabin 5A at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A Fiat 500 and a BMW Isetta outside the W. W. Smit garage in the Netherlands, 21 September 1959. Photo: IISG, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A Zündapp Janus parked in Creglingen about 1960, as a woman waters the street. Photo: Georg Schaffert, Nationaal Archief (Van de Poll collection), CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. An Isetta crossing a busy junction with buses behind, 1964. Photo: Willem van de Poll, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. BMW Isetta 300 head-on with two officials at the wheel at the opening of the RAI motor-scooter show, Amsterdam, 28 February 1957. Photo: Joop van Bilsen, Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. Messerschmitt KR200 parked at the kerb of a Helsinki street with tram tracks, about 1960. Photo: Constantin Grünberg, Helsinki City Museum, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. Hungary, 1956: a pale Messerschmitt KR200 at the roadside, its canopy swung open to the right. Photo: Fortepan / Négyesi Pál, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A KR175 on a long-distance journey, parked by an arched building with uniformed men, 1955. Photo: IISG, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  24. The red Zündapp Janus at the Erwin Hymer Museum with both its front and rear doors open, 2019. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A 1965 Peel Trident, DAJ 551C, with its canopy fully raised at the NEC in 2018, showing how you climb in. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A white 1956 Velam Isetta at the Bonhams sale during the Greenwich Concours, Connecticut, in 2023. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. The pale green Inter 175 A Berline in the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A 1950 Fend Flitzer 101 coupé on display in a museum in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. The cream and red 1957 Brütsch Mopetta at the ErfinderZeiten Auto- und Uhrenmuseum, Schramberg in 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A yellow 1960 Frisky Family Three in the Louwman Museum, The Hague. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. An Isetta parked below the ruined Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church in West Berlin, 29 September 1959. Photo: Warren K. Leffler, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A 1953 Iso Isetta at the Bonhams sale in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A grey 1955 bubble-window Isetta 250 at the Isetta Club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A turquoise 1960 KR200 with whitewall tyres at an Australian show in 2014. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A pale yellow 1959 FMR Tg500 with its Plexiglas canopy at Sherborne Castle, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  36. A red 1963 Peel P50 at the London Concours, 2025. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. The Louwman Museum’s Bambino 200 head-on, with its Bambino 200 badge on the nose. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A green 1956 Inter 175 A Berline at RM Sotheby’s Paris sale, Les Invalides, in 2017. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A turquoise and white Messerschmitt KR175 at the Oldtimer show in Moscow in 2013. Photo: Svetlov Artem, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s Fuji Cabin 5A from the left front three-quarter in 2025. Photo: Coolalabright, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A blue 1957 Heinkel Kabine at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A white 1956 Velam Isetta from the right front quarter at Greenwich, Connecticut, in 2023, showing its flank and narrow rear track. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A white and blue Brütsch Mopetta at a concours in Schwetzingen in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. The Romi-Isetta among the cars and aircraft of the Museu Eduardo André Matarazzo in Bebedouro in 2012. Photo: MARCO AURÉLIO ESPARZ…, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A red 1959 Scootacar at the Classic Gala in Schwetzingen in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A green and white 1958 Zündapp Janus at the Deutsches Automuseum Langenburg in 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A pale blue 1958 Friskysport at a classic-vehicle meeting in Mering, Bavaria, 2009. Photo: MartinHansV, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A 1962 Trojan 200, the Heinkel built under licence in Britain, at Leamington in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A pale-blue 1965 Peel Trident, DAJ 551C, on a plinth at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A Fend Flitzer 101 head-on at the ErfinderZeiten Auto- und Uhrenmuseum, Schramberg in 2015, its museum plate giving 1950, 98 cc, 4.5 PS and 154 built. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A Brütsch Zwerg single-seater at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen in 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A white and blue Nobel 200 on grass at a show in 2023. Photo: Geni, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A 1967 Attica 200 coupé at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2014. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A green 1954 Kroboth Allwetterroller with its hood up, in a museum in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. A maroon Junior 3R-197 three-wheeler at the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition in 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German patent DE 883 244, “Motorangetriebenes Erdfahrzeug mit Kabine bzw. Führerstand”, Ermenegildo Preti and Mario Salvo, filed 9 October 1951, published 16 July 1953, via Google Patents. patents.google.com
  2. Italian Wikipedia, Iso Isetta, read in full; its bibliography includes Flavio Campetti, Da ISO a Iso Rivolta (2004). it.wikipedia.org
  3. BMW Group PressClub, “50 Years of BMW Isetta”, press release of 25 February 2005, and its long version “50 years of the BMW Isetta”, with technical data. www.press.bmwgroup.com
  4. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1957 Velam Isetta”, tour page (2002). www.microcarmuseum.com
  5. Pesquisa FAPESP no. 362, April 2026, “Há 70 anos nascia o primeiro carro brasileiro”. revistapesquisa.fapesp.br
  6. Classic & Sports Car, “Classic shrine: National Bubble and Microcar Museum”. www.classicandsportscar.com
  7. German Wikipedia, Messerschmitt Kabinenroller, read in full with its references; it cites Rosellen, Deutsche Kleinwagen (1991). de.wikipedia.org
  8. auto motor und sport 20/1955: report on the smallest vehicles at the Frankfurt show, the table “Kleinstwagen und Rollermobile” and the price list of 22 September 1955. archive.org
  9. “Produktionszahlen 1957”, West German production by model for 1955–⁠57, with motorcycles, scooters and mopeds, and the Vespa 400 comparison, auto motor und sport 4/1958. archive.org
  10. Stadtarchiv Rosenheim, “Fritz Fend und sein ‘Flitzer’”, from Rosenheim 2000. Eine Stadt im 20. Jahrhundert (2000). www.stadtarchiv.de
  11. German Wikipedia, Fend Flitzer, read in full; it draws on Rosellen (1991) and Thyssen-Bornemissza, Lexikon der vergessenen Automarken. de.wikipedia.org
  12. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1950 Fend Flitzer 101”, tour page, archived. www.microcarmuseum.com
  13. English Wikipedia, Fuldamobil, read in full; used as a lead, but detailed, citing Das Auto, auto motor und sport and club and museum sites. en.wikipedia.org
  14. German Wikipedia, Fuldamobil, read in full with its model table; it cites Schermer, Das dritte Rad (1998), and Rosellen (1991). de.wikipedia.org
  15. German Wikipedia, Kleinschnittger F 125, read in full; it cites Rosellen (1991), pp. 152–171. de.wikipedia.org
  16. German Wikipedia, Lloyd 300, read in full; it cites Kurze, Borgward Typenkunde (2009), and Oswald, Deutsche Autos 1945–⁠1975 (1979). de.wikipedia.org
  17. English Wikipedia, Isetta, read in full; used as a lead; it cites Norm Mort (2008) and The Motor, 6 March 1957. en.wikipedia.org
  18. English Wikipedia, Messerschmitt KR175, read in full; used as a lead; its data come from Carl Wagner, Automobile Quarterly 11 (2), 1973, and the Weiner museum. en.wikipedia.org
  19. David Garner, “Fritz Fend: father of the Messerschmitt Kabinenroller”, Messerschmitt Owners’ Club, 14 January 2014. messerschmitt.co.uk
  20. German Wikipedia, BMW Isetta, read in full; used as a lead; it cites sales brochures, Motor Klassik and Der Spiegel 46/1955. de.wikipedia.org
  21. Werner Oswald, “BMW-Isetta für 2550 Mark!”, auto motor und sport 8/1955, p. 11. archive.org
  22. “Für Rollermobile”, news note on the commuting allowance and motorcycle insurance, auto motor und sport 3/1956. archive.org
  23. Reports from the Frankfurt show (IFMA), October 1956, auto motor und sport 22/1956. archive.org
  24. Notes on the 1956 Vespa models and on BMW motorcycle prices, auto motor und sport 4/1956. archive.org
  25. Dr Paul Simsa, “Unser Test: Heinkel-Kabine 175 ccm”, auto motor und sport 19/1956 (15 September 1956). archive.org
  26. German Wikipedia, Heinkel Kabine, read in full; used as a lead; it cites Oswald, Deutsche Autos 1945–⁠1990, vol. 4. de.wikipedia.org
  27. New-car price list, auto motor und sport 18/1956. archive.org
  28. Heinkel Trojan Club, “Cabin Cruisers”, a production history of the German, Irish, Argentine and British cars and the British imports, from Trojan’s records, Glass’s Guide and Motor Cycle, archived 2015. web.archive.org
  29. Dr Paul Simsa, “Unser Test: Messerschmitt Kabinenroller KR 200”, auto motor und sport 22/1955 (October 1955), pp. 12–15. archive.org
  30. Günther Molter, “Rekorde der Kleinsten”, auto motor und sport 19/1955, p. 25, with the record table. archive.org
  31. Messerschmitt Owners’ Club (UK), model pages and “Messerschmitt 200 Super: a world record breaker!” (Messerschmitt Foundation of Great Britain, May 1994). messerschmitt.co.uk
  32. German Wikipedia, Brütsch (Automobilhersteller), read in full; it cites Rosellen (1991), pp. 176–197. de.wikipedia.org
  33. German Wikipedia, Brütsch Mopetta, read in full; used as a lead; it relies on Rosellen (1991). de.wikipedia.org
  34. German Wikipedia, Zündapp Janus, read in full; used as a lead; its production table is from Oswald, Deutsche Autos 1945–⁠1975 (1979). de.wikipedia.org
  35. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1958 Zundapp Janus”, tour page (2002), archived. web.archive.org
  36. Dipl.-Ing. W. Buck, “Schon wieder ein Kleinfahrzeug: Zündapp-Janus”, auto motor und sport 20/1956. archive.org
  37. Wolfgang Kraus, Uschi Kettenmann and Heiko Zimmermann, KR201 History, translated by David Garner, Messerschmitt Owners’ Club. messerschmitt.co.uk
  38. English Wikipedia, Scootacar, read in full; used as a lead; it cites the Scootacar Register and Sedgwick and Gillies, A–Z of Cars 1945–⁠1970 (1993). en.wikipedia.org
  39. English Wikipedia, Nobel (automobile), read in full; used as a lead; it cites Moore, Motor Makers in Ireland (1982), and Glass’s guide. en.wikipedia.org
  40. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1959 Frisky Family Three”, tour page (2002). www.microcarmuseum.com
  41. BMW Group, “1959 – 2009: fifty years of MINI”, press release T0012284EN (2009). www.press.bmwgroup.com
  42. English Wikipedia, Mini; used as a lead only. en.wikipedia.org
  43. “VELAM: The French Isetta with a couple of sporting twists”, rarefrenchsportscars.wordpress.com, PDF study, author not named. rarefrenchsportscars.wordpress.com
  44. Lane Motor Museum, “Inter 175A Berline – 1956”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  45. Richard Dredge, “SNCAN Inter 175A Autoscooter”, Below the Radar. www.below-the-radar.com
  46. RM Sotheby’s, Amelia Island, March 2018, lot 120, “1957 Inter 175A Berline”, catalogue text. rmsothebys.com
  47. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1958 Iso Isetta (Spanish built)”, tour page, archived. www.microcarmuseum.com
  48. Canaltech, “Romi Isetta: como foi o primeiro carro fabricado no Brasil”, about 2022–⁠23. canaltech.com.br
  49. auto-historia.com.ar, “Bambi la microcupé de Fuldamobil”, archived 2016. web.archive.org
  50. Toyota Automobile Museum, collection record 85, “Fujicabin Model 5A”. toyota-automobile-museum.jp
  51. Italian Wikipedia, Fiat Nuova 500, read in full; it cites Alessandro Sannia, Il grande libro delle piccole Fiat (2008), and Il Sole, 3 July 1957. it.wikipedia.org
  52. Table “Personenwagen-Neuzulassungen 1957”: production and registrations for 1957 and 1956, export shares and registrations for the first half of 1958, auto motor und sport 20/1958. archive.org
  53. German Wikipedia, BMW 600, read in full; used as a lead; it cites Oswald (1979) and Kittler, BMW: Alle Personenwagen seit 1928 (2008). de.wikipedia.org
  54. German Wikipedia, Goggomobil, read in full with its production tables; used as a lead; it cites Oswald and Rosellen (1991). de.wikipedia.org
  55. English Wikipedia, Messerschmitt KR200, read in full; used as a lead; it cites Automobile Quarterly 11 (2), 1973. en.wikipedia.org
  56. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1966 Peel Trident”, tour page, archived about 2015. web.archive.org
  57. Lane Motor Museum, “1965 Peel Trident”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org

Built under licence: microcars made by other firms

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A 1967 Attica 200 coupé at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2014. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A light blue 1974 Polski Fiat 126p at the Classic Moto Show, Kraków, in 2013. Photo: Dawid783, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A 1962 Trojan 200, the Heinkel built under licence in Britain, at Leamington in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Polski Fiat 126p cars on the assembly line at FSM, Bielsko-Biała, in the 1970s. Photo: Lech Zielaskowski (Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Léon Bollée and Madame Bollée seated on their Léon Bollée tricar, about 1896–⁠1898. Photo: Max de Nansouty, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Bas driving a Peugeot Bébé BP1 up the Mont Ventoux hill climb near Bédoin, France, in August 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Dixi 3/15 DA, the licence-built Austin Seven, with a child sitting on its radiator and a woman at the wheel, about 1930. Photo: Archiv Superikonoskop, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Blanchon’s Rosengart LR2 saloon, No. 21, at the weighing for the Paris–Nice touring trial in Paris, France, in March 1929. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A green 1961 Steyr-Puch 500 DL in the Johann Puch Museum, Graz. Photo: Dnalor 01, CC BY-SA 3.0 at, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. Crowd round one of the first Polski Fiat 126p cars, still on temporary plate PPR 951, in Poland in 1973. Photo: Stiopa, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A white 1956 Velam Isetta at the Bonhams sale during the Greenwich Concours, Connecticut, in 2023. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A pale blue and white Romi-Isetta with its front door open at the Museu Eduardo André Matarazzo, Bebedouro, Brazil, in 2010. Photo: Marco Antônio, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. Pastori and Casiraghi’s Iso Isetta, no. 2102, cornering in the 1954 Mille Miglia. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A pale blue Heinkel-I built at Dundalk, at the Konz classic-car meeting, 2010. Photo: Berthold Werner, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A cream Bambino 200 at the Louwman Museum in 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A blue Goggomobil Dart 400 with rally plates on the cobbles of a Danish town in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A Biscúter in the traffic of Barcelona’s Plaça de Catalunya in October 1960. Photo: Harry Pot / Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. Lombard (110), Honel (111) and Ramón Bueno (112) seated in their GN-type cyclecars on the grass before a hangar for the 1921 Paris–Nice cyclecar trial. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. Morgans of Darmont, Casse and Sandford lined up before a hangar for the Paris–Nice cyclecar trial in 1921. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. An American Austin of about 1931 beside an American Bantam of about 1937–⁠38, photographed in April 2015. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A red 1955 Fuldamobil NWF 200, photographed in 2013. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. Lifting a Biscúter by hand in Spain, 1958: the car weighed under 300 kg. Photo: Willem van de Poll / Nationaal Archief, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. The last 126p built, a yellow car of 2000, when it was officially the Maluch, at the Wena Motoring Museum, Oława, in 2024. Photo: Yurek88, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A red 1962 Trojan 200 with flags, its door open and roof rolled back, 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. Green 1935 Morgan Super Sports AKD 455 at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, England, in April 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A blue 1927 Austin Seven Chummy tourer with its hood up at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, West Sussex, in July 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A cream and black 1936 Fiat 500 A at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, in May 2026. Photo: Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A turquoise Reliant Regal 3/30, EPO 499H, with spot lamps at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Grimsthorpe Castle, in 2022. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A 1953 Iso Isetta at the Bonhams sale in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A grey 1955 bubble-window Isetta 250 at the Isetta Club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A pale blue Goggomobil saloon at a meeting in Wingst, 2019. Photo: © Ra Boe / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 N with fixed side windows from the front in Bristol in 2017, its show card on the windscreen. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A green 1958 Vespa 400 with whitewall tyres on German plates in 2018. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1958 Subaru 360 from the left front three-quarter in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A blue July 1975 Mk1 Robin 750 at the Knebworth House Classic Motor Show in 2013. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A dark blue 1914 Peugeot Bébé BP1 with brass lamps at the Museu do Caramulo, Portugal, in June 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. Cream 1921 GN cyclecar from the front quarter in a museum, showing its air-cooled V-twin, photographed in April 2011. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. Blue BMW 3/15 DA-2 saloon on display at the Sakai City Historic Car Collection, Japan, in October 2013. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A red 1932 American Austin coupé at the Old Car Festival in Greenfield Village, Dearborn, Michigan, in September 2013. Photo: F. D. Richards from Clinton, MI, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A 1932 Datsun Type 11 phaeton from the front quarter in the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, Japan, in February 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A polished aluminium 1956 Voisin C31 Biscooter with its black hood up at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2020. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A 1953 Fuldamobil N‑2 with its hammered-aluminium body, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. An open Biscúter at a car show in Aguadulce, Almería, in 2019. Photo: Schumi4ever, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A turquoise and white Messerschmitt KR175 at the Oldtimer show in Moscow in 2013. Photo: Svetlov Artem, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A blue 1957 Heinkel Kabine at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A white 1956 Velam Isetta from the right front quarter at Greenwich, Connecticut, in 2023, showing its flank and narrow rear track. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A yellow 1957 Romi-Isetta, with the Iso engine, in Brazil in 2012. Photo: JasonVogel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A pale blue Steyr-Puch 500 D with rear-hinged doors and cream wheels, in a courtyard in 2005. Photo: Ghostwriter9151, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A green and white 1958 Zündapp Janus at the Deutsches Automuseum Langenburg in 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A pale blue 1958 Friskysport at a classic-vehicle meeting in Mering, Bavaria, 2009. Photo: MartinHansV, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. The rear of the Dundalk-built Heinkel-I at Konz, 2010. Photo: Berthold Werner, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A white 1973 Fiat 126 of the first series on a woodland verge in England in 2009. Photo: Tony Harrison, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A blue 1898 Léon Bollée tricar with red-spoked wheels at the Musée automobile de Vendée, France, in September 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. 1913 Scripps-Booth JB Rocket in the Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan, in September 2024. Photo: Warren LeMay, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  55. Blue 1927 Darmont Spécial DS No. 31 at Autoworld, Brussels, in February 2014. Photo: Sandra Fauconnier, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. Blue Amilcar CC roadster of 1921–⁠22 from the front quarter at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim, Germany, in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. Unrestored Mauser Einspurauto of 1923 among motorcycles at the Fahrzeugmuseum Marxzell, Germany, in 1999. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. A blue 1928 Rosengart LR2 saloon in the Rosengart-Museum at Bedburg, Germany, in 2021. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. Blue-grey Tempo A 400 three-wheeled pick-up at Jonsdorf, Saxony, in August 2015. Photo: Rainerhaufe, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  60. A dark green Ape 50 pick-up in an Italian piazza, 2010. Photo: Andrew Childs, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  61. A pale green 1953 Champion 400 H, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. A pale grey 1960 Lambretta Li 175 Series 2 van at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, England, in November 2017. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  63. A Brütsch Zwerg single-seater at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen in 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. A red Solyto canvas-backed van (fourgonnette bâchée) in Carantic livery at Rétromobile, Paris, in 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  65. A pale green Spatz carrying the sparrow-and-script Spatz badge, on show at the IAA in Frankfurt in 2019. Photo: Johannes Maximilian, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  66. A blue Mikrus MR-300 on the quay at Szafarnia, Gdańsk, in 2012. Photo: Artur Andrzej, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  67. A white and blue Nobel 200 on grass at a show in 2023. Photo: Geni, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  68. A yellow Goggomobil Dart from the front three-quarter at the German Auto Fest, Earlwood, New South Wales, in 2015. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  69. An orange and white 1962 Mazda K360 in the Mazda Classic museum, Augsburg, Germany, in 2017. Photo: Bergfalke2, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  70. A red Avolette, an open fibreglass car, at an outdoor club meeting in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  71. A white and turquoise 1967 Attica 200 coupé from behind at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in 2014, showing its tapering tail and single rear wheel. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  72. Grey 1913 Violet-Bogey Type A torpedo from the front quarter at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in March 2026. Photo: Andy Dingley, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  73. A grey 1925 Bjering with its hood up at the Norsk Teknisk Museum, Oslo, Norway, in November 2014. Photo: Bjoertvedt, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  74. Cream 1922 Koco two-seater at the Autostadt, Wolfsburg, Germany, in June 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  75. A red Fram-King-Fulda at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

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  32. French Wikipedia, Simca 5, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites René Bellu, Toutes les Simca, and the Le Mans museum. fr.wikipedia.org
  33. German Wikipedia, Fiat 500 Topolino, read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  34. German Wikipedia, NSU-Fiat, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Werner Oswald, Deutsche Autos. de.wikipedia.org
  35. German Wikipedia, Steyr-Puch 500, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Kraftfahrzeugtechnik 5/1958, Ehn, Die Puch-Automobile 1900–⁠1990, and Marschik and Krusche (2012). de.wikipedia.org
  36. English Wikipedia, Puch 500, read in full. Used as a lead; its production table is from Friedrich F. Ehn (ed.), Das Puch Automobil Buch (2019), p. 286, and its Adria TS from Austro Classic 3/2017. en.wikipedia.org
  37. Italian Wikipedia, Fiat Nuova 500, read in full. it.wikipedia.org
  38. FIVA, “Heroes of motoring history: Sobieslaw Zasada”, read in full. fiva.org
  39. English Wikipedia, Fiat 500, read in full. It cites Fiat: Tutti i modelli del Novecento, Autocar of 17 April 1969, La Stampa of 25 August 1968 and Webster, Assembly: New Zealand Car Production 1921–⁠98. en.wikipedia.org
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  41. Steyr-Puch-Freunde Oberkärnten, “Puch Kleinwagen: Puch 126”, the Austrian club’s page, read in full. www.steyrpuch.at
  42. Italian Wikipedia, Iso Isetta, read in full; its bibliography includes Flavio Campetti, Da ISO a Iso Rivolta (2004), and Ruoteclassiche no. 59 (1993). it.wikipedia.org
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  44. German Wikipedia, BMW Isetta, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites sales brochures, Motor Klassik and Der Spiegel 46/1955. de.wikipedia.org
  45. RM Auctions, The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia, 2013, lot 546, “1956 Isetta Velam”, catalogue text, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  46. English Wikipedia, Isetta, section on the VELAM Isetta; it cites Revue Technique Automobile no. 119 (1956), not seen. en.wikipedia.org
  47. German Wikipedia, Vélam, read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader for the yearly production, and Georgano’s Beaulieu Encyclopedia for the TA 6, not seen. de.wikipedia.org
  48. Portuguese Wikipedia, Isetta, the sections on the technical details and the Romi-Isetta, read in full; it cites the 1959 Romi-Isetta owner’s manual (Máquinas Agrícolas Romi S.A.). pt.wikipedia.org
  49. Pesquisa FAPESP no. 362, April 2026, “Há 70 anos nascia o primeiro carro brasileiro”, read in full. revistapesquisa.fapesp.br
  50. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1957 Isettacarro”, tour page (archived), read in full. web.archive.org
  51. RM Auctions, The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 561, “1957 Iso Isettacarro”, catalogue text, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  52. German Wikipedia, Iso España, read in full; it cites Walter Zeichner, Kleinwagen International (1999). de.wikipedia.org
  53. Werner Oswald, “BMW-Isetta für 2550 Mark!”, auto motor und sport 8/1955, p. 11, with a comparison table. archive.org
  54. English Wikipedia, Messerschmitt KR175, read in full. Used as a lead; its data come from Carl Wagner, Automobile Quarterly 11 (2), 1973, and the Weiner museum. en.wikipedia.org
  55. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1954 Messerschmitt KR-175” (the white Series 1 car), tour page. www.microcarmuseum.com
  56. German Wikipedia, Zündapp Janus, read in full. Used as a lead; its production table is from Oswald, Deutsche Autos 1945–⁠1975 (1979), and it cites Rauch (1977) and Small Cars, January 1958. de.wikipedia.org
  57. English Wikipedia, Zündapp Janus, read in full; used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  58. German Wikipedia, Fuldamobil, read in full with its model table. It cites Schermer, Das dritte Rad (1998), and Rosellen, Deutsche Kleinwagen (1991). de.wikipedia.org
  59. English Wikipedia, Fuldamobil, read in full; used as a lead, but detailed, citing Das Auto, auto motor und sport and club and museum sites. en.wikipedia.org
  60. German Wikipedia, Bambino (Automarke), read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader (1986) and Georgano (1975). de.wikipedia.org
  61. Dutch Wikipedia, Hostaco, read in full; it cites a 1957 Hostaco-Mobiel advertisement and Het Motorrijwiel no. 115 (2012). nl.wikipedia.org
  62. English Wikipedia, List of microcars by country of origin: N, Bambino entry, citing Georgano’s Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars (1982) and Tony Marshall’s More Microcars. en.wikipedia.org
  63. Arne Granfoss, “Fram King Fulda – Cars made in Sweden”, Konditori 100, 2000, archived, read in full. web.archive.org
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  65. English Wikipedia, Nobel (automobile), read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Moore, Motor Makers in Ireland (1982); Who’s Who in the Motor Industry (1958); The Autocar (10 October 1958, 27 February 1959); the Daily Herald (7 October 1958); The Guardian; the Belfast News-Letter; and Glass’s guide. en.wikipedia.org
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  67. Spanish Wikipedia, Fuldamobil Bambi, read in full; it cites Clarín and Argentine enthusiasts’ sites. es.wikipedia.org
  68. English Wikipedia, Attica (automobiles), read in full. It cites Skartsis and Avramidis, Made in Greece (Typorama, 2003), Skartsis (2012) and Georgano, The New Encyclopedia of Motorcars (1982). en.wikipedia.org
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  71. FEGA & Schmitt, company history. www.fega-schmitt.de
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  74. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1963 Trojan 200” (Type 601), tour page (2002), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
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  76. German Wikipedia, Brütsch (Automobilhersteller), read in full. It cites Rosellen, Deutsche Kleinwagen (1991), pp. 176–197, and Automobilchronik 5/1977. de.wikipedia.org
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  97. German Wikipedia, Egyptian Automotive Company and Egyptian Light Transport Manufacturing Company, read in full. They cite Linz and Schrader, Die Internationale Automobil-Enzyklopädie; Georgano, The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile, vol. 3, p. 1296; and Die Chronik des Automobils (1994), p. 347. de.wikipedia.org
  98. German Wikipedia, Champion 250, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  99. Kia Heritage Archive, “K‑360”, read in summary. worldwide.kia.com
  100. Kia Heritage, history, chapter 1, with search-result summaries on the Shiheung line; not read in full. heritage.kia.com
  101. Japanese Wikipedia, Mazda B360, the section on Myanmar, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  102. Toni Solans, La web de los microcoches (grupo7.com), “Vespa”, read in full (Spanish). grupo7.com
  103. Scooternova, “Has Scooters India Ltd finally finished?”, 22 January 2021. scooternova.com
  104. German Wikipedia, Vidal & Sohn Tempo-Werk, read in full with its model table. It cites Werner Oswald, Deutsche Autos 1920–⁠1945 (10th edition, 1996), ATZ 7/1952 and the Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (2008). de.wikipedia.org
  105. Tempo-dienst, “1928 – 1978: 50 Jahre Vidal + Sohn”, the firm’s history by a specialist parts firm, read through a summary. tempo-dienst.de
  106. Japanese Wikipedia, Subaru 360, read in full on 7 October 2026. It cites Katsuragi Yōji, Tentōmushi ga hashitta hi (Grand Prix Shuppan, 1987 and 1995); Fuji Jūkōgyō sanjūnen-shi (1984); 360cc kei-jidōsha no subete (San’ei Shobō, 2013); NHK’s Project X (2001); and the Meisha Bunka Kenkyūjo. ja.wikipedia.org
  107. English Wikipedia, Reliant Robin, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Motor of 3 November 1973 for the dimensions, Skartsis’s Modern Greece’s Machines and BBC programme pages. en.wikipedia.org
  108. German Wikipedia, Reliant Robin, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Culshaw and Horrobin (1997) and Pither (2001). de.wikipedia.org
  109. Reliant Motor Club, “Reliant Robin History: Mk I, Mk II, Mk III and BN1/BN2 (1973–⁠2002)”, read in full. www.reliant.website
  110. Eugeniusz Guliński (WSK Mielec), “MIKRUS a GOGGOMOBIL”, Motor 16/1959, transcribed on mikrus.net.pl (20 June 2018), read in full. mikrus.net.pl
  111. English Wikipedia, Peugeot Bébé, read in full. Used as a lead; it quotes the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot’s exhibit label of 2012. en.wikipedia.org

Cyclecars: the motorcycle-engined cars of 1910–⁠1925

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Cream 1921 GN cyclecar from the front quarter in a museum, showing its air-cooled V-twin, photographed in April 2011. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A yellow 1913 Bédélia BD2 at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in May 2022. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Maroon 1912 Morgan Runabout De Luxe with its hood up on grass at a show in July 2009. Photo: Brian Snelson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Robert Bourbeau steering his Bédélia from the rear seat, a passenger in front, at the Circuit de Paris, France, in March 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Carden single-seat monocar of 3½ hp raising dust on a 100-mile trial in England, from The Cyclecar of 24 November 1913. Photo: The Cyclecar (1913), Public domain, via gracesguide.co.uk.
  6. Plan drawing of the GWK friction-drive light car chassis, from the ninth edition of the Autocar Handbook, about 1919. Photo: Autocar Handbook, 9th edition (Iliffe & Sons, c. 1919), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Bonville in a Bédélia among spectators and cyclists at the Circuit de Paris, France, in April 1912. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. British Morgan three-wheeler racing before the flag-hung grandstands in the Cyclecar Grand Prix at Amiens, France, on 13 July 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. Pouliez’s Violet-Bogey and Canouel’s Sphinx-Globe No. 36 side by side before the grandstands in the Cyclecar Grand Prix at Amiens, France, on 13 July 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. Racing cyclecars lined up on A Street, Tacoma, Washington, between crowds of men in September 1914. Photo: Marvin D. Boland, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. Scripps-Booth Rocket cyclecar of 1914, built in Detroit, in a period three-quarter view. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. Smith Flyer buckboard, by A. O. Smith, with its motor wheel at the rear, driven in a park in the United States, 1916. Photo: The World’s Work (1916), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A Bédélia wartime ambulance with a soldier at the wheel and a stretcher case along its body in a French wood in 1914. Photo: Agence de presse Meurisse, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. André Morel in his Amilcar at the first Bol d’Or, near Vaujours, France, in May 1922, which he won. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A Peugeot Quadrilette tourer parked by roadworks near Paris in April 1923, a labourer shovelling beside it. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. An Austin Seven tourer on the stand of the Hague dealer Riemer at the Amsterdam motor show (AutoRAI) in 1924. Photo: Spaarnestad Photo, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. Old Morgan three-wheeler with its hood folded, its owner leaning over the cockpit, on the grass before stone houses in Wales, November 1958. Photo: Geoff Charles, National Library of Wales, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A 1912 French advertisement for Bédélia voiturettes, Types A to BDII, from Bourbeau & Devaux, Paris. Photo: Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. General view of the paddock and grandstands at the sidecar and cyclecar Grand Prix at Amiens, France, on 13 July 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The Ronteix cyclecars of Ronteix and Jolibois racing in the Cyclecar Grand Prix at Amiens, France, on 13 July 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. Start of the voiturette race on the Circuit de la Sarthe, Le Mans, in August 1920, with Douglas’s GN and Viscaya’s Bugatti among the crowd. Photo: Agence Meurisse, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. GN-type cyclecars numbers 51, 52 and 53 with their crews, among them Mauve, Bueno, Lombard and Honel, on cobbles before a hangar at Marly-le-Roi, France, in April 1921. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. The Imp cyclecar of W. H. McIntyre, Auburn, Indiana, with two men aboard in tandem, as printed in Automobile Topics in 1913. Photo: Automobile Topics (W. H. McIntyre Company), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. Woods Mobilette Model No. 5 with two occupants, from a 1915 advertisement by the International Cyclecar & Accessories Company, Chicago. Photo: International Cyclecar & Accessories Company, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. Bjering of 1919 on a snowy Norwegian street, runners fitted in place of its front wheels and chains on its rear tyres, about 1920. Photo: Norsk Teknisk Museum, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A new Leyat Hélica propeller car with two men aboard beneath the Eiffel Tower, Champ de Mars, Paris, in July 1921. Photo: Agence Meurisse, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A Mauser Einspurauto, registered IIIK 778, with two men aboard in tandem at the time of the Berlin motor show, October 1923. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. Violette Morris in Benjamin No. 81 at the Bol d’Or weigh-in, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, in May 1923. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. Red and black 1921 Tamplin cyclecar with its hood up in the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in April 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. Scott Sociable two-seater cabriolet of 1923 from a low front quarter at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, in May 2018. Photo: joergens.mi, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. Blue Amilcar CC roadster of 1921–⁠22 from the front quarter at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim, Germany, in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A yellow 1924 Austin Seven Chummy tourer under show lighting at the British International Motor Show, Farnborough, in August 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A Bédélia climbing the Montanglaust hill near Coulommiers, France, between rows of spectators in February 1912. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A yellow 1911 Bédélia 8 HP with red wire wheels at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, Italy, in April 2015. Photo: Rahil Rupawala, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. Green 1935 Morgan Super Sports AKD 455 at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, England, in April 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. The 1921 Leyat Hélica sport that Gustave Courau gave to the Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris, on its glass floor in November 2017. Photo: Lomita, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A blue 1927 Austin Seven Chummy tourer with its hood up at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, West Sussex, in July 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A dark blue 1914 Peugeot Bébé BP1 with brass lamps at the Museu do Caramulo, Portugal, in June 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. White 1921 GN cyclecar in profile in a museum, photographed in April 2011. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. 1920 Briggs & Stratton Flyer with its motor wheel trailing at the rear, in the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. Green 1921 Peugeot Type 161 Quadrilette from the front quarter, its tandem seats visible, at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, France, in April 2016. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A black Mochet two-seat Vélocar with a tan canopy at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A red Rovin D2 with a cream hood at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2018. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A blue 1898 Léon Bollée tricar with red-spoked wheels at the Musée automobile de Vendée, France, in September 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A 1904 Cyklon Cyklonette showing its engine on the front wheel at the Deutsches Museum Verkehrszentrum, Munich, Germany, in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A 1910 AC Sociable, AC 1910, on the Sunbeam Motor Cycle Club Pioneer Run from Epsom to Brighton, England, in March 2011. Photo: Rob, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A red 1920 Temperino 8/10 HP with its script radiator cowl at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, Italy, in July 2009. Photo: tomislav medak, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A red 1909 Le Zèbre Type A from the front three-quarter at the Franschhoek Motor Museum, South Africa, in October 2016. Photo: naeem mayet, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. Yellow Carden monocar of 1916, its engine at the rear and Carden script on the dummy radiator, at the Petersen Automotive Museum, Los Angeles, in August 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. Red David cyclecar No. 17 on show in Barcelona, Spain, before the Barcelona–Sitges rally in March 2012. Photo: Jordi Payà, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. 1913 Scripps-Booth JB Rocket in the Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan, in September 2024. Photo: Warren LeMay, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  52. Blue 1927 Darmont Spécial DS No. 31 at Autoworld, Brussels, in February 2014. Photo: Sandra Fauconnier, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. Green 1921 Slaby-Beringer electric single-seater IA-7421 in a museum, photographed in October 2015. Photo: 1971markus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. 1921 Tamplin cyclecar head-on, its narrow body, V-twin and lamps, in the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. A 1922 Amilcar CC behind a rope at the Manoir de l’Automobile, Lohéac, France, in September 2022. Photo: Koreller, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. Unrestored Mauser Einspurauto of 1923 among motorcycles at the Fahrzeugmuseum Marxzell, Germany, in 1999. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. Grey Scott Sociable two-seater, registered SS 1922, with red wheels at the Bradford Industrial Museum, Bradford, in February 2017. Photo: Tim Green, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  58. Yellow Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo of 1922 at the Bonny-sur-Loire wine fair, Loiret, in July 2019. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. Red Sima-Violet two-seat cyclecar of 1924 with white wings at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  60. A green 1913 Humber Humberette V-twin cyclecar with a buttoned black seat at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. O-We-Go tandem cyclecar of 1914 in orange, lettered OWEGO behind a chain in a museum. Photo: Aaron Headly, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. Grey 1913 Violet-Bogey Type A torpedo from the front quarter at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in March 2026. Photo: Andy Dingley, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  63. A grey 1925 Bjering with its hood up at the Norsk Teknisk Museum, Oslo, Norway, in November 2014. Photo: Bjoertvedt, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. Cream 1922 Koco two-seater at the Autostadt, Wolfsburg, Germany, in June 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. The Cyclecar, first issue, 27 November 1912 (Temple Press): “The Pastime and Industry Abroad: France”, the Olympia show exhibitors, technical survey and tables, and the editorial “The Stability of Cyclecars”, read from Grace’s Guide’s scan. graces-guide-s3-live.s3.amazonaws.com
  2. Louwman Museum, “Bédélia BD2 MG”, collection page. www.louwmanmuseum.nl
  3. French Wikipedia, Bédélia, read in full; used as a lead. fr.wikipedia.org
  4. Bill Boddy, “The car with the back-seat driver”, Motor Sport, May 2009. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  5. Grace’s Guide, “Bedelia”. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  6. Cecil Clutton with H. R. Godfrey, “A history of the G.N.”, Motor Sport, August 1949. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  7. Grace’s Guide, “GN Car Co”; it cites The Autocar of 1912 and The Engineer of 1920. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  8. H. F. S. Morgan, “How the Morgan began”, The Light Car, December 1949, read in an archived reproduction on morgan3w.de. web.archive.org
  9. W. Boddy, “The vintage years of the Morgan 3-wheeler”, Motor Sport, June, July and August 1965, compiled from H. F. S. Morgan’s cuttings books. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  10. The Cyclecar, 16 July 1913: the Cyclecar Grand Prix reports, official results and editorial, and “The Latest Carden Monocar”, read from Grace’s Guide’s scan. graces-guide-s3-live.s3.amazonaws.com
  11. Grace’s Guide, “GWK”. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  12. The Cyclecar, 25 December 1912: “Classification of Cyclecars” and “Topics of the Week”, read from Grace’s Guide’s scan. graces-guide-s3-live.s3.amazonaws.com
  13. The Cyclecar, 18 December 1912: an interview with Mr Bednell on definitions, and a note on the international meeting at the Automobile Club de France, read from Grace’s Guide’s scan. graces-guide-s3-live.s3.amazonaws.com
  14. Grace’s Guide, “Cyclecars”. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  15. Finance (1909–⁠10) Act 1910, Fifth Schedule, Part II, “Rates of Duties on Motor Cars”, as reproduced in the Irish Statute Book. www.irishstatutebook.ie
  16. W. Boddy, “The Trikes Return”, Motor Sport, September 1996, and “The Battle of the Small Cars – 60 minutes flat out”, Motor Sport, March 1996. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  17. Grace’s Guide, “Cyclecar Club”, citing Gareth Rogers, 100 Years of the British Automobile Racing Club (2011). www.gracesguide.co.uk
  18. Grace’s Guide, “Carden Engineering Co” and “John Valentine Carden”; they cite The Light Car and Cyclecar of 8 November 1919 and Flight of 19 December 1935. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  19. Kenneth Neve, “An account of the 1913 Cyclecar Grand Prix”, Motor Sport, January 1943. motorsportmagazine.com
  20. Motor Age, 15 January 1914: the Detroit cyclecar reports, “Takes Ride in Rocket”, and the full cyclecar directory, read at the Internet Archive. archive.org
  21. Motor Age, 16 July 1914: the cyclecar reliability run notice and the dissolution of the Princess Cyclecar Co., read at the Internet Archive. archive.org
  22. English Wikipedia, Smith Flyer; used as a lead. It cites the Guinness Book of Records (1992), p. 361. en.wikipedia.org
  23. Lane Motor Museum, “Auto Red Bug with Aerothrust Engine – 1924”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  24. Classic & Sports Car, Rétromobile 2019 preview and report. www.classicandsportscar.com
  25. Cercle Pégase Amilcar, “Histoire”: the founders and the cyclecar law of 30 July 1920. cercle.amilcar.free.fr
  26. Cercle Pégase Amilcar, “Amilcar CC – 1922–⁠1925”, model history and technical description. cercle.amilcar.free.fr
  27. English Wikipedia, Peugeot Quadrilette, and French Wikipedia, Peugeot Quadrilette; used as leads. en.wikipedia.org
  28. Grace’s Guide, “Tamplin”, quoting The Motor Cycle of 11 December 1919. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  29. English Wikipedia, Tamplin; used as a lead. It cites Culshaw and Horrobin (1974) and Baldwin (1994). en.wikipedia.org
  30. German Wikipedia, Peter & Moritz, Kleinauto- und Motorenwerke Koch & Co. and Autohaus Staiger; used as leads. They cite Linz and Schrader (2008). de.wikipedia.org
  31. German Wikipedia, Slaby-Beringer; used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  32. Josep Astudillo, “David (1913–⁠1959)”, Autopasion18, in Spanish. www.autopasion18.com
  33. David, S.A., “Historia del Edificio David y sus Autos”, the company’s history, in Spanish. www.davidsa.com
  34. Norwegian Wikipedia, Bjering; used as a lead. no.wikipedia.org
  35. French Wikipedia, Marcel Violet; used as a lead. It cites L’Aéro (1913) and Georgano. fr.wikipedia.org
  36. English Wikipedia, Austin 7; used as a lead. It cites Wyatt, The Austin 1905–⁠1952 (1981). en.wikipedia.org
  37. Grace’s Guide, “Austin: Seven”. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  38. Lane Motor Museum, “Austin 7 ‘Fabric Saloon’ – 1929”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  39. English Wikipedia, Citroën Type C; used as a lead. It cites Reynolds, André Citroën (1996), and Laurent, Citroën 5HP (2006). en.wikipedia.org
  40. Grace’s Guide, “Scott Autocar Co”, citing Baldwin (1994), and English Wikipedia, Scott Sociable. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  41. French Wikipedia, Léon Bollée; used as a lead. fr.wikipedia.org
  42. Peugeot, “A century of models: 1905 Bébé Type 69”, peugeot.com, read in an archived copy of 2011. web.archive.org
  43. English Wikipedia, Le Zèbre, used as a lead, and Eric Favre, “Le Zèbre invente l’auto populaire !”, Gazoline, 2003. www.gazoline.net
  44. German Wikipedia, Cyklon Maschinenfabrik, used as a lead, and Stahls Automotive Foundation, “1904 Cyklon Cyklonette Trike”. www.stahlsauto.com
  45. Grace’s Guide, “AC Cars: Sociable” and “AC Cars”. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  46. English Wikipedia, McIntyre Automobile, the Imp section; used as a lead. It cites Kimes and Clark (1996) and Georgano (2001). en.wikipedia.org
  47. German Wikipedia, Mauser (Waffenhersteller), section Fahrzeuge, and Einspurwagen; used as leads. de.wikipedia.org
  48. Lane Motor Museum, “Leyat Helico – 1919”, collection page, and French Wikipedia, Marcel Leyat, used as a lead. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  49. Hagerty UK, “Austin Seven: power to the people, 100 years on”. www.hagerty.co.uk
  50. Lane Motor Museum, “Citroën 5CV Trèfle – 1924”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  51. German Wikipedia, Morgan Threewheeler; used as a lead. It cites Ries in Motor Klassik 12/1988. de.wikipedia.org

Electric microcars: batteries since 1919

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Green 1921 Slaby-Beringer electric single-seater IA-7421 in a museum, photographed in October 2015. Photo: 1971markus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. An orange and black Renault Twizy in Portugal Street, Westminster, London, England, in March 2015. Photo: Ardfern, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A yellow CitiCar SV-48 in bright sunshine beside a stone building in 2014. Photo: Eric Kilby, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  4. Black 1920 Slaby-Beringer electric single-seater in the Deutsches Museum Verkehrszentrum, Munich, Germany. Photo: Mattes, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A Peugeot VLV in yellow La Poste livery at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in April 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Paul Arzens’s two cars side by side at Mulhouse in 2016: La Baleine of 1938 and the Œuf électrique of 1942. Photo: Arnaud 25, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A Peugeot VLV with its bonnet raised over the battery bay at Rétromobile, Paris, in February 2009. Photo: bibi95, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. An Elcar with its door open, showing the bench seat and the batteries under the floor, in a 1977 US government photograph. Photo: Martin Brown, NASA (US National Archives), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A red Enfield 8000 outside 10 Downing Street in the 1970s. Photo: Enfield Automotive archive, Constantine Adraktas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A yellow Scottish Aviation Scamp pre-production car, DTD 141E, on blocks beneath aircraft at the National Museum of Flight, East Fortune, in 2008. Photo: DeFacto, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A long line of Zagato Zele electric cars outside the Zagato factory at Rho, near Milan, Italy, the Zagato Z on the building. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A white Zagato Zele lettered Elcar on its nose, with a man standing beside it, in 1974. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A light blue CitiCar beside a Tesla Model X in San Francisco in 2016. Photo: Steve Jurvetson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. Pedal-powered Twike I prototype in Lufthansa livery on the shore at Vancouver, Canada, the city skyline behind, at the time of Expo 86. Photo: TWIKE GmbH, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A REVA G-Wiz plugged into a street charging post between Covent Garden and the Strand, London, in April 2008. Photo: Alan Trotter, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A Microlino prototype (#1), lettered Tazzari EV, in profile with its front door open near Zürich, Switzerland, in October 2016. Photo: Nicolás Boullosa, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  17. A Renault Twizy parked at Sion below the Col du Sanetsch, Switzerland, in August 2019. Photo: crash71100, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. Wooden-bodied Slaby-Beringer two-seater of 1924 with green wings and a canvas hood at the Audi museum mobile, Ingolstadt, Germany, in August 2014. Photo: Glen Bowman, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  19. A cream Peugeot VLV with its hood raised at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, in April 2016. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A Porquerolles at Autoworld in Brussels in 2011, seen from above with its two seats and control stick. Photo: Thomas Quine, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A Teilhol Citadine with its top-hinged nose door raised, at the Musée auto-moto-vélo in Châtellerault in 2022. Photo: Jean-Marie Vugnon (2), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. Red Gurgel Itaipu E150 electric car from the front quarter, parked in a street in Brazil. Photo: Marcelo Bezerra Cavalcanti, edited by Mr.choppers, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A 1980 Comuta-Car, with its battery-box bumpers, at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan, in 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. An orange Elcar, the US-market Zele, from the front three-quarter in the 1977 US government test photographs. Photo: Martin Brown, NASA (US National Archives), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. Members of the C5 Alive owners’ group riding a line of Sinclair C5s at Brooklands in 2014. Photo: Prioryman, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. An orange-and-black closed-top CityEl on a frosty drive in Denmark in December 2007. Photo: Allan Høiberg, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  27. Kewet and Buddy electric cars parked outside shops in central Oslo, Norway, in April 2012. Photo: Bengt Oberger, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A blue 2000 Ford TH!NK City (A266) at the Hebden Bridge Vintage Weekend, England, in August 2022. Photo: DieselFordMondeo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A red Hotzenblitz at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, Germany, in September 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A Toyota COMS B·COM Delivery in 7-Eleven livery parked in Tokyo, Japan, in October 2013. Photo: Daniel Davis, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  31. A blue GEM recharging from a wall socket on the Duke University campus, Durham, North Carolina, in September 2008. Photo: Ildar Sagdejev (Specious), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A Citroën Ami driving in Paris traffic, France, in August 2023, with an RATP bus behind. Photo: Charles, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A green second-generation Wuling Hongguang Mini EV of the Almaty municipal parking service on Nazarbayev Avenue, Almaty, Kazakhstan, in April 2025. Photo: Nikolai Bulykin, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A red and white Microlino at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2018. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A red and black 2001 Smart City-Coupé passion (450) ‘Softouch’ in Leamington Spa, England, in January 2020. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A red 2013 Renault Twizy 80 on grass in December 2021. Photo: PabloLinoCalleBoulicaud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A grey 2021 Citroën Ami with orange wheel inserts in Valbonne, France, in October 2021. Photo: John K, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A cream Peugeot VLV at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, in June 2012. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A blue 1975 CitiCar head-on at the Automobile Driving Museum, El Segundo, California, with its museum placard. Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A blue 2006 Aixam A751 Super Luxe at Preston, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A Sinclair C5 on grass at the Nottingham Motor Show in 2026. Photo: Aethonatic, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A yellow closed-top CityEl parked on a cobbled pavement against a grey house wall in January 2022. Photo: crash71100, CC0 1.0, via Flickr.
  43. An orange 2000 Corbin Sparrow ‘Jelly Bean’ from the front three-quarter at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A cream 2007 REVA G-Wiz parked in a London street in February 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. The Gordon Murray T.25 prototype with its canopy tilted forward at the RAC Future Car Challenge, Madeira Drive, Brighton, in 2011. Photo: Dominic Alves, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A white Wuling Hongguang Mini EV parked in Sanming, Fujian, China, in August 2022. Photo: JamesYoung8167, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A matt-green Microlino in a courtyard in May 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. Black 1919 Slaby-Beringer electric single-seater with the SB badge on its battery box, photographed in April 2019. Photo: Steve Knight, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  49. Paul Arzens’s 1942 Œuf électrique from the front quarter in the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, in 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. The Scottish Aviation Scamp pre-production car LHT 149E at the Grampian Transport Museum, Alford, Aberdeenshire, in 2026. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A yellow 1975 Enfield 8000 on a stand at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2023. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. Red Gurgel Itaipu E150 electric car from behind, with its GURGEL plate and E‑150/II badge, in a street in Brazil. Photo: Marcelo Bezerra Cavalcanti, edited by Mr.choppers, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. An orange 1974 Zagato Zele 2000 at the Classic Motor Show at the NEC, Birmingham, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A red and grey Erad Junior, a model of 1988 or later, at the Association Lorraine des Amateurs d’Automobiles in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. A red 1994 VAZ-1111 Oka, wet with rain, in 2020. Photo: gleb, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. A green 2010 Pure Mobility Buddy at Classic Remise, Düsseldorf, Germany. Photo: Detectandpreserve, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. A red Twike 3 Active parked under a tree on a country lane in May 2007. Photo: Franko30, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. A red and white GEM e4 four-seater used for village tours, photographed in July 2006. Photo: Weatherman1126, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. A blue Ford TH!NK City (A266) on display at the Museum Autovision, Altlußheim, Germany, in October 2008. Photo: Claus Ableiter, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  60. A green and white second-generation Toyota COMS parked by a building in Japan in February 2015. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. A yellow Commuter Cars Tango T600 at the California Automobile Museum, Sacramento, United States, in April 2022. Photo: DestinationFearFan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. A red Tazzari Zero with a black roof parked in a street in Rome, Italy, in July 2013. Photo: 罗布泊, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  63. A dark blue Ligier JS50 with a white roof at the Warsaw Motor Show in 2016. Photo: Jakub “Flyz1” Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. A green Toyota i-Road being driven in Grenoble, France, in September 2014. Photo: Maskrosen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  65. A red ElectraMeccanica Solo at an electric-vehicle show in June 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  66. An orange and black production Arcimoto FUV rental car on the waterfront at Key West, Florida, United States, in June 2021. Photo: Sharon Hahn Darlin, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  67. A cyan Toyota C+pod G from the front three-quarter in an exhibition hall in Japan in April 2024. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  68. A black and grey Mobilize Duo at a kerb in a town street in France in January 2026. Photo: Alexandre Prevot, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  69. A turquoise 1953 Ardex in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  70. A 1972 Porquerolles at the Musée auto-moto-vélo in Châtellerault in 2013. Photo: Jean-Marie Vugnon (2), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  71. A yellow Teilhol Citadine from the front, parked in a Paris courtyard in 2004. Photo: John Lloyd (Hugo90), CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  72. A gold JDM Abaca in profile in a French street in 2008. Photo: Kamel15, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  73. The unrestored 1941 Pierre Faure PFA, not an Autélec, from the front quarter, with its porthole lamps and Pierre Faure Électrique plate. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  74. AMC Amitron electric city-car prototype of 1967 in American Motors’ publicity photograph, a model leaning on its roof. Photo: American Motors Corporation, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  75. A black and white Goupil G4 drop-side at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, Germany, in September 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  76. The Nissan Pivo concept of 2005, with its round doors open, at the Tokyo Motor Show, Japan, in November 2005. Photo: machu., CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  77. A white 2013 Mia electric parked in a village street in Lunteren, Netherlands, in February 2014. Photo: Niels, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  78. A Toyota e-com two-seat electric city car of 1997 at Toyota MegaWeb, Tokyo, Japan, in September 2007. Photo: 韋駄天狗, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  79. A white 2018 Levdeo (Leiding) D30 low-speed electric car, front three-quarter, in Luoyang, Henan, China, in August 2018. Photo: Kevauto, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  80. An early 2006 ZAP Xebra sedan in Ocean Blue parked outside an office building. Photo: stu_spivack, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  81. An open Puli in sponsor livery at the Hungarian Museum of Transport in Budapest in 2014. Photo: DALIBRI, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  82. A yellow 1958 Coronet three-wheeler with its hood folded in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  83. A red open Tomcar in the ALAAC collection in Lorraine in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Slaby-Beringer, read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  2. SB-Automobil-Gesellschaft, Charlottenburg, brochure Der elektrische SB-Einsitzer Modell 1922 (System Slaby-Beringer), read in full. archive.org
  3. French Wikipedia, Peugeot VLV, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites J.-M. Normand in Le Monde, 15 August 2023. fr.wikipedia.org
  4. German Wikipedia, Peugeot VLV, read in full with its infobox. Used as a lead; it cites Schmarbeck, Alle Peugeot Automobile 1890–⁠1990 (1990). de.wikipedia.org
  5. Philippe Schwoerer, article on the Peugeot VLV, with a drive in a restored car, Automobile Propre, 2016, read in full. www.automobile-propre.com
  6. Lane Motor Museum, “Peugeot VLV, 1942”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  7. RM Sotheby’s, catalogue of RM Auctions’ sale of the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, 2013, lot 287, “1942 Peugeot VLV”. rmsothebys.com
  8. Musée des Arts et Métiers, “L’œuf électrique de Paul Arzens”, collection text. www.arts-et-metiers.net
  9. l’Automobile Ancienne, “L’Oeuf Electrique de Paul Arzens (1942)”, 9 November 2015. lautomobileancienne.com
  10. l’Automobile Ancienne, “Autélec (1940-1943)”, 6 November 2015. lautomobileancienne.com
  11. l’Automobile Ancienne, “Les voitures électriques sous l’occupation”, 3 November 2015. lautomobileancienne.com
  12. German Wikipedia, Électro-Renard; it cites Linz and Schrader, and Georgano. de.wikipedia.org
  13. German Wikipedia, Electra King, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites John Gunnell’s Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946–⁠1975 (2002). de.wikipedia.org
  14. English Wikipedia, Scottish Aviation Scamp, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Design no. 211 (1966), W. G. Watson’s unpublished history of the project, and the MIRA evaluation (1967) and endurance (1968) reports. en.wikipedia.org
  15. Science Museum Group, “Ford Comuta Electric Car, 1967”, object 1971-476/1. collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk
  16. Mac’s Motor City Garage, “Electric Pioneer: The 1967 Ford Comuta”, 2018; it draws on Ford’s engineering literature. macsmotorcitygarage.com
  17. English Wikipedia, Enfield 8000, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Autocar of 21 February 1976 and the documentary A Tale of Two Isles (2014). en.wikipedia.org
  18. Lancaster Insurance, “The pioneer electric car – the Enfield 8000”, 28 September 2022. www.lancasterinsurance.co.uk
  19. Warren Whitmore, “Secret Isle of Wight: The Enfield 8000”, Island Echo, 24 July 2022. www.islandecho.co.uk
  20. Italian Wikipedia, Zagato Zele, read in full; it cites La Stampa of 8 November 1972 and 30 October 1974. it.wikipedia.org
  21. English Wikipedia, Zagato Zele, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  22. N. B. Sargent, E. A. Maslowski, R. Slavik and R. F. Soltis, Baseline Tests of the Zagato Elcar Electric Passenger Vehicle, NASA TM-73764, Lewis Research Center, October 1977. archive.org
  23. Lane Motor Museum, “Elcar 1975”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  24. English Wikipedia, Citicar, read in full. Used as a lead; it draws on owners’ and service manuals and the CitiCar Roster. en.wikipedia.org
  25. “Bob Beaumont, at 79; creator of CitiCar, 1970s electric vehicle”, Boston Globe (New York Times News Service), 30 October 2011. www.bostonglobe.com
  26. Lancaster Insurance, “Staying Positive: The CitiCar walked so Tesla could run”, 14 April 2023. www.lancasterinsurance.co.uk
  27. F. J. Stenger, J. M. Bozek and R. F. Soltis, Results of Baseline Tests of the EVA Metro Sedan, Citi-Car, Jet Industries Electra-Van, CDA Town Car, and Otis P‑500 Van, NASA TM X‑73638, Lewis Research Center, October 1976. ntrs.nasa.gov
  28. automobile-propre.com, “Teilhol et sa gamme de véhicules électriques commercialisés entre 1974 et 1986”, based on period documents and press. www.automobile-propre.com
  29. Lane Motor Museum, “Teilhol Citadine – 1974”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  30. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1969 La Voiture Electronique Porquerolles”, tour page, read via the Internet Archive (2015). www.microcarmuseum.com
  31. automobile-propre.com, “Quand L’Automobile essaye une Jarret Porquerolles, en 1972”, a retelling of the road test in L’Automobile, August 1972. www.automobile-propre.com
  32. Fabiano Pereira, “Clássicos: Grandes Brasileiros: Gurgel Itaipu”, Quatro Rodas, April 2007, archived copy. web.archive.org
  33. Autoesporte, “Gurgel Itaipu foi o primeiro carro elétrico nacional, mas morreu por problemas que existem até hoje”, 2 April 2021, updated 18 April 2024. autoesporte.globo.com
  34. English Wikipedia, Gurgel Itaipu, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Quatro Rodas (April 2007). en.wikipedia.org
  35. English Wikipedia, Automobiles ERAD, citing Les Échos and a SECMA history page. en.wikipedia.org
  36. German Wikipedia, Automobiles Erad, citing Linz and Schrader, Georgano and René Bellu’s Automobilia. de.wikipedia.org
  37. English Wikipedia, Sinclair C5, read in full. Used as a lead; it is referenced to Rodney Dale’s history, The Times, The Guardian, the Financial Times, the AA and Which?. en.wikipedia.org
  38. The Electrically Assisted Pedal Cycles Regulations 1983, SI 1983/1168, as made. www.legislation.gov.uk
  39. German Wikipedia, CityEL, read in full with its references. de.wikipedia.org
  40. heise autos, “Läuft länger: CityEL jetzt mit Lithium-Akku”, 12 September 2008. www.heise.de
  41. German Wikipedia, Twike, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  42. English Wikipedia, Twike, read in full with its references. en.wikipedia.org
  43. Twike Klub, “Wie entstand das TWIKE”, the owners’ club’s history of the Twike I to III. www.twikeklub.ch
  44. English Wikipedia, Buddy (electric car), read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  45. AVEM, “eBuddy – La petite voiture électrique Norvégienne à EVS 27”, 24 November 2013. www.avem.fr
  46. English Wikipedia, Think City, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  47. English Wikipedia, Think Global, read in part. en.wikipedia.org
  48. German Wikipedia, Think City. de.wikipedia.org
  49. English Wikipedia, REVAi, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  50. Tom Foot, “Green bubble cars safety fears”, West End Extra, 11 May 2007. www.thecnj.com
  51. German Wikipedia, Hotzenblitz, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  52. English Wikipedia, Toyota COMS. en.wikipedia.org
  53. 「1人乗りEV『コムス』はコスト低減で60万円以下に、セブンイレブンが宅配に採用」 (The one-seat EV COMS comes in under ¥600,000 through cost cutting; Seven-Eleven adopts it for deliveries), MONOist (ITmedia), 3 July 2012. monoist.itmedia.co.jp
  54. English Wikipedia, Global Electric Motorcars; its references include Polaris and the Federal Register. en.wikipedia.org
  55. English Wikipedia, Renault Twizy, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  56. “Bye-bye Twizy”, electrive, 17 July 2023. www.electrive.com
  57. “Renault Twizy Produktionsende 2023”, auto motor und sport, July 2023. www.auto-motor-und-sport.de
  58. English Wikipedia, Citroën Ami (electric vehicle), read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  59. French Wikipedia, Citroën Ami (2020), read in full. Used as a lead. fr.wikipedia.org
  60. Fred Lambert, report of the Ami’s launch, Electrek, 28 February 2020. electrek.co
  61. “Citroën auf dem Autosalon Paris: Viel Neues – und ein heimlicher Bestseller”, autohaus.de, 16 October 2024. www.autohaus.de
  62. English Wikipedia, Wuling Hongguang Mini EV, with its reference list. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  63. GM Authority, “New Wuling EV the Hong Guang launched in China” (July 2020) and “Wuling Hong Guang EV outsells Tesla Model 3 in China in August” (September 2020), seen as search results only. gmauthority.com
  64. Stephen Edelstein, “China to regulate, rein in low-speed electric cars used in rural areas”, Green Car Reports (on Yahoo Autos), 7 November 2016, citing Bloomberg. autos.yahoo.com
  65. Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and five other ministries, 关于加强低速电动车管理的通知 (Notice on strengthening the management of low-speed electric vehicles), 2 November 2018. www.ndrc.gov.cn
  66. English Wikipedia, Microlino, read in full, with its infobox and references. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  67. German Wikipedia, Microlino, read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  68. “No go for little Karo(lino) aka Microlino”, electrive, 28 September 2019. electrive.com
  69. French Wikipedia, Mobilize Duo. Used as a lead. fr.wikipedia.org
  70. Inovev, “Renault is halting production of the Mobilize Duo and Bento”, 8 January 2026. www.inovev.com
  71. Toyota Motor Corporation, release on the limited launch of the C+pod, 25 December 2020. global.toyota
  72. Lane Motor Museum, “Jarret La Voiture Electronique – 1969”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  73. Jonny Smith, “Enfield 8000: A History Lesson”, Flux Capacitor website, an owner’s history with original technical data. www.flux-capacitor.co.uk
  74. Small Cars Club, “B&Z Electra King”. smallcarsclub.com
  75. Jason Torchinsky, “B&Z Electra King: The Jalopnik Classic Review”, Jalopnik, 13 July 2012. jalopnik.com
  76. ElBil Norge AS, “The new electric car from Norway”, the maker’s English page, archived copy of 3 August 2007. web.archive.org
  77. German Wikipedia, Pierre Faure; it cites Linz and Schrader, and Georgano. de.wikipedia.org
  78. English Wikipedia, Toyota C+pod, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org

Frauds and never-weres: cars sold before they were made

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A San Diego Town Shopper, in its Towne or later Carter form, with two men outside the San Diego City and County Administration Building in 1948. Photo: State Library and Archives of Florida, No known copyright restrictions, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The Hiriko folding electric microcar in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain, in June 2012. Photo: Robert Hextall, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Three Corbin Sparrows, two white and one red, at an electric-vehicle event in May 2016. Photo: Canuckle, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A white 2013 Mia electric parked in a village street in Lunteren, Netherlands, in February 2014. Photo: Niels, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  5. An orange and black production Arcimoto FUV rental car on the waterfront at Key West, Florida, United States, in June 2021. Photo: Sharon Hahn Darlin, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A red 1981 HMV Freeway three-wheeler at the Western Antique Aeroplane and Automobile Museum in Hood River, Oregon, in 2025. Photo: Moki8, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A red ElectraMeccanica Solo at an electric-vehicle show in June 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Gold Corbin Sparrow from the front quarter at the Petersen Automotive Museum, Los Angeles, in October 2021, showing its two front wheels and teardrop body. Photo: Bill Abbott, CC BY 4.0, via Flickr.
  9. An orange 2000 Corbin Sparrow ‘Jelly Bean’ from the front three-quarter at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A lime-green Myers Motors NmG nose-on at the Renewable Energy Roundup, Fredericksburg, Texas, in September 2006. Photo: cara fealy choate, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  11. A white Mia electric charging at a street post in Nice, France, in August 2012. Photo: Kevin.B, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. An orange 2000 Corbin Sparrow ‘Jelly Bean’ from a low front angle at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The Martin Stationette at the Lane Motor Museum in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. The Nissan Pivo concept of 2005, with its round doors open, at the Tokyo Motor Show, Japan, in November 2005. Photo: machu., CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  15. A maroon Junior 3R-197 three-wheeler at the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition in 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. The one-off green Grataloup single-seat three-wheeler with its canvas top in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Mal Pearson, “The Tale of the Dale”, The Makes That Didn’t Make It, read in full. It cites Donnelly, Hemmings Classic Car, February 2013, and Torchinsky, Jalopnik. www.makesthatdidntmakeit.com
  2. Preston Lerner, “Liz Carmichael and the Dale car con of the 1970s”, Hagerty UK, 17 February 2021, read in full. www.hagerty.co.uk
  3. English Wikipedia, Keller (automobile), read in full. Used as a lead; it rests largely on John Liefeld’s recollections. en.wikipedia.org
  4. Mal Pearson, “Towne Shopper”, The Makes That Didn’t Make It, 2022, read in full. www.makesthatdidntmakeit.com
  5. Lane Motor Museum, “Harvey Towne Shopper – 1948”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  6. Lane Motor Museum, “Davis Divan ‘Baby’ – 1947”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  7. RM Auctions, The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 549, “1947 A.L.C.A. Volpe”, read as a page summary. rmsothebys.com
  8. Damiano Landi, “Il futurismo a Piacenza, Carlo Gazzola, la Volpe e la figura enigmatica di BOT”, camet.org, read in full. www.camet.org
  9. Cars Forgotten Stories, “The ghost car”, 20 March 2020, read as a page summary. carsforgottenstories.com
  10. Toni Solans, “Hispano Volpe”, La web de los microcoches (grupo7.com), read in full; it transcribes the Hispano-Volpe brochure. grupo7.com
  11. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1947 A.L.C.A. Volpe”, tour page, archived copy, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  12. English Wikipedia, Automobiles Boitel, read in full. It cites Georgano, Autos. Encyclopédie complète (1975). en.wikipedia.org
  13. German Wikipedia, Automobiles Boitel, read in full. It cites Linz and Schrader (2008) and Georgano. de.wikipedia.org
  14. Toni Solans, La web de los microcoches (grupo7.com): the index of makers and the pages on the Barcelona makers, read in full. grupo7.com
  15. Lane Motor Museum, “Clifft Commutercycle – 1974”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  16. “The Eclectic Electric Sparrow”, The Makes That Didn’t Make It, 21 June 2020. www.makesthatdidntmakeit.com
  17. English Wikipedia, Myers EV (the history of Corbin Motors and Myers Motors), read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  18. English Wikipedia, Hiriko, the lead and the history. en.wikipedia.org
  19. English Wikipedia, HM Vehicles Free-way, revision of 29 September 2026, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Peter Frey in Motor Trend (December 1979). en.wikipedia.org
  20. The Makes That Didn’t Make It, “HMV FreeWay”, read in full. www.makesthatdidntmakeit.com
  21. English Wikipedia, Mia electric, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  22. French Wikipedia, Mia electric, read in full. fr.wikipedia.org
  23. English Wikipedia, Arcimoto. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  24. “Arcimoto halts production due to finance issues”, electrive, 20 January 2023. www.electrive.com
  25. English Wikipedia, ElectraMeccanica Solo. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  26. “Xos will merge with ElectraMeccanica”, electrive, 16 January 2024. www.electrive.com

Invalid carriages: the state’s cars for disabled drivers

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A green SMZ S‑3D at the Whitsun meet of the Technik-Museum Pütnitz, Germany, in 2018. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. An ice-blue AC Model 70 with its sliding door open to show the single seat, at a show in 2018. Photo: Kieran White from Manchester, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A cream Duo at the Ostmobil meeting in Magdeburg, 2012. Photo: Torsten Maue, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A weathered ice-blue AC Invacar parked at a London kerb in May 1993, still in everyday use. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. An Argson De Luxe motorised invalid tricycle, XPD 805, with its folding hood, in the Museum of Transport, Greater Manchester, in 2014. Photo: Mike Peel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A cream Thundersley Invacar, GVW 564H, with its sliding door open, in the Streetlife Museum, Hull. Photo: Steve Knight, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. An early open invalid carriage, 715 TLG, with its fabric hood and side screen, at the East Anglia Transport Museum in 2010. Photo: Sludge G, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Wee Bluey, the mint-green 1971 AC Model 70, GPG 721K, on its plinth in the Riverside Museum, Glasgow, in 2023. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A white SMZ S‑3D at the entrance to the Khadzhokh gorge park, Adygea, in 2017. Photo: Kormuh, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A pale blue SMZ S‑3D parked on a Leningrad street in 1976. Photo: Michael Neubert, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A Velorex with a roof rack parked in a Prague street in December 1972. Photo: Robert Schediwy, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A Duo parked behind a Trabant outside a shoe shop in Berlin-Karlshorst, July 1991. Photo: Joachim F. Thurn / Bundesarchiv, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A red Meister K5 Kabine, the closed version, in St. Ingbert. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. The 1950 Fend Flitzer 101 at the ErfinderZeiten Auto- und Uhrenmuseum, Schramberg in 2015, seen low from the front three-quarter. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A turquoise 1963 AC Acedes Mk 14 invalid carriage, ALB 761A, at the NEC Classic Motor Show in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A pale blue S‑3A with figures of the trio from Operation Y in the Vadim Zadorozhny Technical Museum, 2014. Photo: Alexxx1979, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. An SMZ S‑1L three-wheeler, a green S‑3A and a turquoise S‑3D in a row of Serpukhov invalid carriages in the UMMC Museum, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, in 2017. Photo: Msgevans00, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A yellow SMZ S‑3D crossing a square in Tiraspol, Transnistria, in 2006. Photo: Guttorm Flatabø, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A Velorex 350 three-wheeler beside a Velorex 435-0 four-wheeler at Tuhaň in 2020. Photo: Jiří Erben, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The open cabin and bench seat of a blue Duo at Pütnitz, 2018. Photo: Matti Blume, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A yellow Oka with factory hand controls for drivers with leg disabilities, 2010. Photo: Schlurcher, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. Orange Meister moped cabin car with a roof rack at the Nostalgiewelt Eggenburg, Austria, in April 2016. Photo: Karl Gruber, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A maroon AC Petite, 604 JHK, from the front quarter at the National Microcar Rally in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. The 1956 Gordon, JDY 95, from the front quarter in a museum. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. An Elswick Envoy with its doors open, showing the wheelchair space behind, in 2018. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  26. A 1977 AC Electric Invacar, RPF 19R, in the Lakeland Motor Museum in 2014. Photo: Lynn Rainard, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  27. A yellow 1956 Bond Minicar Mark C De Luxe Tourer, JTK 277, at Keynsham in 2011. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A pale blue 1976 AC Model 70, NPN 924P, on the grass at a show in 2010. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A brown Velorex 16/350 with its black hood up, parked by a lawn in the Netherlands in 2011. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A red S‑3A with its hood up at the Auto-moto exotica show in Donetsk, 2018. Photo: Andrey Butko, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A 1950 Fend Flitzer 101 coupé on display in a museum in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. The 1954 AC Petite Mk I, 604 JHK, from behind at the National Microcar Rally in 2019, showing its engine-lid louvres and Petite script. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. The 1956 Gordon from the other front quarter, showing its green flank. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. An orange Duo with its hood up in a Leipzig street, 2011. Photo: Appaloosa, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. An orange SMZ S‑3D at the Auto-moto exotica show on Lenin Square, Donetsk, in 2018. Photo: Andrey Butko, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. The Minissima shown outdoors at the London to Brighton Mini Run in 2007. Photo: foshie, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A red 1994 VAZ-1111 Oka, wet with rain, in 2020. Photo: gleb, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A green 1954 Kroboth Allwetterroller with its hood up, in a museum in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A light green 1954 Felber Autoroller with rally number 33 at an outdoor meeting. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. An early 2006 ZAP Xebra sedan in Ocean Blue parked outside an office building. Photo: stu_spivack, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. BBC News Ouch, “Gone for a decade: The invalid carriage”, 29 June 2013. www.bbc.co.uk
  2. Road Traffic Act 1930 (20 & 21 Geo. 5 c. 43), section 2(1), as enacted. www.legislation.gov.uk
  3. National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, “AC 70 Carriage”, collection page. nationalmotormuseum.org.uk
  4. English Wikipedia, Invalid carriage; used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  5. The Invalid Carriage Register, “Invacar Ltd”, read in an archived copy of 2010. web.archive.org
  6. Hull Museums, “Invacar Motorcar”, Streetlife Museum, KINCM:1976.80.1. hullmuseums.co.uk
  7. Elvis Payne, 3wheelers.com, “Invacar”, read in an archived copy of 2001–⁠02, and “The End of the Invacars – Now Banned from British Roads”, April 2003. web.archive.org
  8. English Wikipedia, Invacar, and German Wikipedia, Invacar; used as leads. They cite The New York Times (2009), the BBC (2013) and Georgano. en.wikipedia.org
  9. Bond Owners’ Club, “Mark C – October 1952 to May 1956”, read in an archived copy of 2012. web.archive.org
  10. German Wikipedia, Vernon Industries; used as a lead. It cites Linz and Schrader. de.wikipedia.org
  11. Peter Frost, “AC Petite”, Alternative Autos, read in an archived copy of 2001. web.archive.org
  12. Martin Love, “AC Invacar Model 70: ‘Terrifying but exhilarating’”, The Observer, 29 April 2018. www.theguardian.com
  13. The Invalid Carriage Register, home page. invalidcarriageregister.org
  14. Motability Foundation, “History and heritage”. motabilityfoundation.org.uk
  15. James Reeve, “A short history of the Motability scheme”, motaclarity.co.uk, and English Wikipedia, Motability, both read only as search excerpts. www.motaclarity.co.uk
  16. Kathleen Hawkins, “The hearing aid chair fit for a king”, BBC News Ouch, 7 November 2014. www.bbc.co.uk
  17. Sergei Kanunnikov, “Мотоколяски СССР: полная история” (“The motor carriages of the USSR: the full history”), Za Rulyom, 11 November 2022, in Russian. www.zr.ru
  18. Russian Wikipedia, СМЗ С-1Л/С-3Л and СМЗ С-3А; used as leads. They cite Kanunnikov (2007). ru.wikipedia.org
  19. Sergei Arbuzov, “Боевое крещение «Моргуновки»” (“The baptism of fire of the Morgunovka”), drom.ru, 23 May 2020, from the NAMI test report of 1957, in Russian. www.drom.ru
  20. Sergei Kanunnikov, “Примитивная, но передовая” (“Primitive but advanced”), Za Rulyom, 8 August 2023, in Russian. www.zr.ru
  21. Russian Wikipedia, СМЗ С-3Д, used as a lead, and Aleksandr Potapov, “Родная «инвалидка»” (“Our own invalid car”), Avto Mail.ru, in Russian. ru.wikipedia.org
  22. Sergei Kanunnikov, the history of the Oka VAZ-1111, Za Rulyom, 13 June 2020, and “Малолитражная, малотиражная и невозрожденная”, kolesa.ru, both in Russian. www.zr.ru
  23. Velorex tým, “Historie vozítek VELOREX”, in Czech, read in an archived copy of 2018. www.velorextym.cz
  24. Czech Wikipedia, Velorex, German Wikipedia, Velorex, and English Wikipedia, Velorex; used as leads. They cite Fajman (2010) and Zeichner (1999). cs.wikipedia.org
  25. German Wikipedia, Duo (Krankenfahrzeug), read in full; used as a lead. It cites Kraftfahrzeugtechnik of 1954, 1956 and 1961. de.wikipedia.org
  26. ostmotorrad.de, “Simson – Duo” and “Duo Modellübersicht 4 – 4/2”, read in archived copies of 2016. www.ostmotorrad.de
  27. German Wikipedia, Fahrzeugbau Ing. Hans Meister; used as a lead. It cites Georgano and Fritz, Die Knatterkugel (2013). de.wikipedia.org
  28. Stadtarchiv Rosenheim, “Fritz Fend und sein ‘Flitzer’”, from Rosenheim 2000. Eine Stadt im 20. Jahrhundert (2000). www.stadtarchiv.de
  29. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1950 Fend Flitzer 101”, tour page, read in an archived copy, and English Wikipedia, Fritz Fend. www.microcarmuseum.com
  30. English Wikipedia, Minissima, used as a lead, and the Science Museum Group, “Elswick Envoy Road Car”, object 2007-39. collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk

Kei cars: Japan’s 360 cc light cars and their rules

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The pale blue-grey Fuji Cabin 5A at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1958 Subaru 360 from the left front three-quarter in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A red 1971 Honda N360 at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A Mazda R360 Coupe passing a festival float in Minatogawa Park, Kobe, in about 1963. Photo: 松岡明芳, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. The surviving 1950s Auto Sandal FS with its folding hood, displayed in Japan in 2010. Photo: Muyo, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A development team with the Suzulight prototypes on a mountain road test in 1954. Photo: Suzuki Motor Corporation, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A pale green 1957 Midget DKA on display beside a cut-out delivery-man figure in 2025. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A second-generation Subaru Sambar pick-up being loaded outside a greengrocer’s in Tokyo, Japan, in 1971. Photo: wilford peloquin, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. An orange 1970 Mitsubishi Minica 70 GSS, the twin-carburettor sports model, in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A white 1971 Daihatsu Fellow Max saloon with quad headlamps on display in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A red 1979 Suzuki Alto at Suzuki Plaza, the Suzuki History Museum in Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A white Takeoka Abbey 50 cc minicar at Takeoka Auto Craft in Toyama in 2013. Photo: bm.iphone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A blue-grey early Mazda Carol 360 (1962–⁠66) from the front three-quarter at a meeting in 2024. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A pale green 1964 Mitsubishi Minica with whitewall tyres on a show stand in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A yellow Honda T360 pickup in Toshiba advertising livery at a classic meeting in Japan in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A silver-green 1969 Suzuki Fronte 360 Super Deluxe at an indoor show in 2015. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A 1973 Suzuki Fronte Coupé GXCF in Continental Maroon at Suzuki Plaza, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. An orange Honda Z GT on the grass at Gifu Family Park in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A silver 1973 Honda Life Twin Super Deluxe at the 35th Toyota Automobile Museum Classic Car Festival in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A red 1993 Autozam AZ-1 with both doors up at a show in England in August 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A white 1993 Suzuki Cappuccino (EA11R) at a show in England in October 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A 1981 Suzuki CV-1 in the Louwman Museum, from the front quarter. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. The white Flying Feather in its row of cars at the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, in 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. The 1958 Subaru 360 at the Toyota Automobile Museum in 2012, seen almost from the front. Photo: Iwao, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. The Honda Collection Hall’s red N360 from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s Fuji Cabin 5A from the left front three-quarter in 2025. Photo: Coolalabright, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. The 1955 Suzulight SS saloon in the Suzuki History Museum, Hamamatsu, in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A 1957 Daihatsu Midget DKA at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2018. Photo: Rikita, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A maroon Mazda R360 Coupe at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, Germany, in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A red Mazda Carol 360 at a classic car meeting in Japan in 2019. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A very early 1967 Suzuki Fronte 360 Deluxe, with the thicker first-year mouldings, at Suzuki Plaza, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A brown 1971 Honda Z almost head-on at a meeting in 2012. Photo: Ypy31, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A 1973 Suzuki Fronte Coupé GXCF from the rear quarter, showing the louvres over its rear engine. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A red Suzuki Alto 0.8 in Antwerp, Belgium, in 2015. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A grey 1955 Flying Feather with its hood up at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2008. Photo: Mytho88, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. An orange and white 1962 Mazda K360 in the Mazda Classic museum, Augsburg, Germany, in 2017. Photo: Bergfalke2, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A pale green first-generation Daihatsu Hijet light van at the Daihatsu 60th-anniversary display, Osaka Auto Messe, Japan, in February 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A red 1962 Cony Guppy at a classic car meeting in Hisaya Odori Park, Nagoya, in 2022. Photo: KKPCW（Kyu3）, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. An olive 1970 Subaru K55 Sambar truck at the Showa Era Lifestyle Museum, Kitanagoya, Japan, in March 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A pale green first-generation Mitsubishi Minica Deluxe at a meeting in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. The Honda Collection Hall’s 1963 T360 at Twin Ring Motegi in 2010. Photo: baku13, CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. The white Fellow Super Deluxe from the front at Daihatsu Humobility World in 2025. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A white 1970 Subaru R‑2 from the front at a meeting in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A cream Daihatsu Fellow Max Custom two-door in a car park in 2014. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. An olive Honda Vamos from the left front quarter at the Honda Collection Hall, Twin Ring Motegi, in 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A yellow 1970 Suzuki Jimny LJ10 from the front quarter at a show in 2025, with its horizontal grille slots. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A yellow 1971 Honda Life saloon in the Honda Collection Hall in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A black single-seat Daihatsu Midget II Pick, imported to the United States, with its spare wheel on the nose, in October 2011. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  49. A dark-blue Suzuki Twin in a car park in Japan in April 2014. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A red 1992 Autozam AZ-1 (PG6SA) on display at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, Japan, in September 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. The Suzuki museum’s Carry FB from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Zenkeijikyo (Japan Light Motor Vehicle and Motorcycle Association), written evidence for the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications study group on motor taxation, 19 August 2025, with its table of kei regulations from 1949 to 1998, in Japanese. www.soumu.go.jp
  2. Japanese Wikipedia, 軽自動車 (kei car), the history section; used as a lead. ja.wikipedia.org
  3. Japanese Wikipedia, 日本オートサンダル自動車 (Nippon Auto Sandal Jidōsha); used as a lead. ja.wikipedia.org
  4. Japanese Wikipedia, スバル・360 (Subaru 360), read in full; it cites Katsuragi, てんとう虫が走った日 (1987), and Fuji Heavy Industries’ thirty-year history (1984). ja.wikipedia.org
  5. Japanese Wikipedia, 住江製作所・フライングフェザー (Suminoe Flying Feather), and the Japan Automotive Hall of Fame’s citation for the car as a Historic Car of 2025. ja.wikipedia.org
  6. Japanese Wikipedia, 富士自動車・フジキャビン (Fuji Cabin), and the Toyota Automobile Museum’s collection record 85, “Fujicabin Model 5A”. ja.wikipedia.org
  7. Suzuki Motor Corporation, Suzuki Digital Library, “Suzulight”, in Japanese. www.suzuki.co.jp
  8. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 330 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology, “Suzulight SS”, in Japanese. www.jsae.or.jp
  9. Japanese Wikipedia, スズキ・スズライト (Suzuki Suzulight); used as a lead. ja.wikipedia.org
  10. Subaru Corporation, Subaru Museum, “Subaru 360 Story” and its chronology, in Japanese. members.subaru.jp
  11. Toyota Automobile Museum, collection record 109, “Subaru 360 Model K111”. toyota-automobile-museum.jp
  12. Japanese Wikipedia, ダイハツ・ミゼット (Daihatsu Midget), and English Wikipedia, Daihatsu Midget, which cites Kießler (1992); used as leads. ja.wikipedia.org
  13. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 330 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology, “Mazda R360 Coupe”, in Japanese. www.jsae.or.jp
  14. Japanese Wikipedia, マツダ・R360クーペ (Mazda R360 Coupe); used as a lead. ja.wikipedia.org
  15. Kuruma News, an article on five of Mazda’s great cars, in Japanese. kuruma-news.jp
  16. Japanese Wikipedia, マツダ・キャロル (Mazda Carol), the first generation, and the Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan’s landmark entry “Mazda Carol 360”. ja.wikipedia.org
  17. Honda, “Introducing N360 / 1967”, Honda heritage pages, with Soichiro Honda’s words from the Honda company newsletters in Honda’s translation. global.honda
  18. Japanese Wikipedia, ホンダ・N360 (Honda N360), and ユーザーユニオン事件 (the Users’ Union affair); used as leads. ja.wikipedia.org
  19. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 330 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology, “Honda N360”, in Japanese. www.jsae.or.jp
  20. Suzuki Motor Corporation, Suzuki Digital Library, “Fronte”, in Japanese. www.suzuki.co.jp
  21. Japanese Wikipedia, スズキ・フロンテ (Suzuki Fronte), and English Wikipedia, Suzuki Fronte; used as leads. ja.wikipedia.org
  22. Japanese Wikipedia, ダイハツ・フェロー (Daihatsu Fellow), the second generation, used as a lead, and “Fellow MAX SS”, Motor Fan, in Japanese. motor-fan.jp
  23. Japanese Wikipedia, 三菱・ミニカ (Mitsubishi Minica), and Mitsubishi Motors, “Car History”. ja.wikipedia.org
  24. Japanese Wikipedia, ホンダ・ライフ (Honda Life), the first generation, and English Wikipedia, Honda Life; used as leads. ja.wikipedia.org
  25. Suzuki Motor Corporation, Suzuki Digital Library, “Alto”, in Japanese. www.suzuki.co.jp
  26. Japanese Wikipedia, スズキ・アルト (Suzuki Alto), the first and second generations; used as a lead. ja.wikipedia.org
  27. Honda Motor Co., press release on the Honda Beat, 15 May 1991, in Japanese. www.honda.co.jp
  28. Japanese Wikipedia, マツダ・K360 (Mazda K360); used as a lead. ja.wikipedia.org
  29. Japanese Wikipedia, ホンダ・T360, and English Wikipedia, Honda T360; used as leads. ja.wikipedia.org
  30. Japanese Wikipedia, ミニカー (車両) (minicar, the vehicle class), and タケオカ自動車工芸 (Takeoka); used as leads. They cite the texts of the laws. ja.wikipedia.org

Licence-free cars: the French voiture sans permis

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A yellow and maroon 1953 Mochet CM-125 Luxe in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A white 1972 Mini Comtesse at the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne in 2025, its engine cowl sitting over the single front wheel. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A grey 2021 Citroën Ami with orange wheel inserts in Valbonne, France, in October 2021. Photo: John K, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A man and a woman in a two-seat pedal Vélocar, lettered Le Vélocar, in 1928. Photo: Spaarnestad Photo, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A red Avolette, an open fibreglass car, at an outdoor club meeting in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. An unrestored P. Vallée Chantecler in a store, its paint patched and worn. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A cream Lawil City, sold in France as the Willam City, on display in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Two Mini Comtesses side by side at the Reims museum in 2010, one with its folding gullwing door open. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. The narrow front axle of a SEAB Flipper I in 2015, with the engine mounted on it, the whole unit pivoting to reverse. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. The Lane Motor Museum’s 1980 Ligier JS4 from the left front in 2024, with G. Rendu lettering on its door. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A black Ligier JS50 of the 2017 restyle parked in a street in 2025. Photo: Corvettec6r, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A row of Mini Comtesses and other microcars at the Jesada Technik Museum, Nakhon Chai Si, Thailand, in 2017. Photo: km30192002, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A cream and black 1981 JDM 49 SL head-on in a museum. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A long line of Zagato Zele electric cars outside the Zagato factory at Rho, near Milan, Italy, the Zagato Z on the building. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A red Chatenet CH26 with grey bonnet stripes and a black roof, parked in a street in 2013. Photo: free photos & art, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. The Citroën Ami One Concept seen head-on at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2019. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. The pale blue 1956 Mochet CM-125Y Berline with cream wheels in the Lane Motor Museum. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A pale green 1959 Solyto with an open cab frame on museum display in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A turquoise Arola 20, one of the last four-wheeled Arolas of the early 1980s, on a Dutch pavement in 2010. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A 1979 Willam Sulky, the French-market Casalini Sulky, at the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne in 2010. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A Bellier Véloto with soft top and roll-up doors at the Musée Maurice Dufresne, Azay-le-Rideau, in 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A beige and brown 1978 SEAB Flipper I in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. An orange Auto Mirage Mirage 3 from the front left in 2018, its mirage 3 decal on the scuttle. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A blue 2006 Aixam A751 Super Luxe at Preston, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. Red three-wheeled Casalini Sulky parked against a wall in an Italian street in May 2005. Photo: Christian Späth, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A red Minicat in a museum line-up in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A cream Super Comtesse on show at the Festival of the Unexceptional in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A cream Tomcar, a licence-free car built in the Oise in the early 1980s, on display in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A red 2013 Renault Twizy 80 on grass in December 2021. Photo: PabloLinoCalleBoulicaud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A Citroën Ami of Barcelona City Council in Barcelona, Spain, in June 2024. Photo: Herodotptlomeu, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. The blue 1948 Mochet voiturette head-on at the Musée Maurice Dufresne in 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A polished aluminium 1956 Voisin C31 Biscooter with its black hood up at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2020. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A white Mini Comtesse with its MC emblem at Rétromobile in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A blue Arola parked ahead of a white Canta microcar in an Amsterdam street in 2007. Photo: Ildar Sagdejev (Specious), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A 1980 Ligier JS4 in Ligier team colours in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A red Aixam 400 used as a moped-car in Veresegyház, Hungary, in 2019. Photo: Globetrotter19, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A matt-green Microlino in a courtyard in May 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A red Solyto canvas-backed van (fourgonnette bâchée) in Carantic livery at Rétromobile, Paris, in 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. An unrestored P. Vallée Chantecler in profile in 2010, showing its open body and pointed tail. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A green Lawil City at the UMMC Museum of Automotive Technology, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia, in 2023. Photo: Vyacheslav Bukharov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A maroon Casalini Sulky, its side strip reading “casalini Piacenza-Italy”, parked among bicycles in The Hague in 2012. Photo: FaceMePLS from The Hague, The Netherlands, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A sky-blue Bellier Véloto in profile at the Musée Maurice Dufresne, Azay-le-Rideau, France, in 2017, showing its bicycle-type wheels and the rear engine cover behind the cab. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. An orange 1974 Zagato Zele 2000 at the Classic Motor Show at the NEC, Birmingham, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A red and grey Erad Junior, a model of 1988 or later, at the Association Lorraine des Amateurs d’Automobiles in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A beige SEAB Flipper I in a museum in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A grey Chatenet Barooder on display in 2007. Photo: Lucarelli, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A red Microcar MC1 Dynamic in a UK street in 2010. Photo: Mick from Northamptonshire, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A dark blue Ligier JS50 with a white roof at the Warsaw Motor Show in 2016. Photo: Jakub “Flyz1” Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A black and grey Mobilize Duo at a kerb in a town street in France in January 2026. Photo: Alexandre Prevot, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A red Amica 1000 S1 automatic, a later four-wheeled Amica, in the Netherlands in 2012. Photo: free photos & art, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A gold JDM Abaca in profile in a French street in 2008. Photo: Kamel15, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. An orange All Cars Charly Golf three-wheeler, built at Pianoro near Bologna, seen in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. An Auto Mirage Mirage 3 head-on in 2018, with its single bonnet-mounted headlamp and mirage 3 decal. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A white 2013 Mia electric parked in a village street in Lunteren, Netherlands, in February 2014. Photo: Niels, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  55. A red Fram-King-Fulda at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. A red open Tomcar in the ALAAC collection in Lorraine in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. AMLGC17, “Évolution administrative des BMA”, a motorcycle club’s compilation of period texts, including the Code de la route of 20 August 1939, art. 48, as printed in Colonel Vohl, Code de la route et police de la circulation (1941). amlgc17.fr
  2. Assemblée nationale, written question no. 7321 (Jean Rigal), Journal officiel, 26 December 1988, and the minister’s answer of 1989. questions.assemblee-nationale.fr
  3. Council Directive 92/61/EEC of 30 June 1992, OJ L 225, 10 August 1992, art. 1(3). www.legislation.gov.uk
  4. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, tour pages on the Vélocar Type H à moteur and the Mochet Type K, CM, CM-125 Luxe and CM-125Y Berline. www.microcarmuseum.com
  5. Archives de la ville de Puteaux, “Les usines Mochet”, 14 August 2024. www.archives.puteaux.fr
  6. RM Auctions, The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, February 2013, lot 602, “1956 Mochet CM-125Y Camionette”, catalogue text. rmsothebys.com
  7. Georges Mochet, Charles Mochet et le Vélocar, January 2001, compiled by Alexandre Pépin, on velorizontal.com. web.archive.org
  8. RM Auctions, The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, 2013, lot 604, “1956 Avolette Record Deluxe”, catalogue text. rmsothebys.com
  9. RM Auctions, The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, 2013, lot 284, “1956 Paul Vallée”, catalogue text. rmsothebys.com
  10. German Wikipedia, P. Vallée; it cites Linz and Schrader, and Georgano. de.wikipedia.org
  11. Légifrance, Code de la route (former), arts R124 to R124-2, version of 1985–⁠88. www.legifrance.gouv.fr
  12. Légifrance, titles of texts in the Journal officiel, among them the arrêtés of 6 September 1957 (licences de circulation), 29 October 1962 and 8 December 1975 (moped speed limits) and 29 May 1986 (voiturettes); titles only, the texts being scans. www.legifrance.gouv.fr
  13. German Wikipedia, Lawil, citing Linz and Schrader, Die Internationale Automobil-Enzyklopädie (2008). de.wikipedia.org
  14. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1977 Willam Sulky”, tour page, read via the Internet Archive. www.microcarmuseum.com
  15. Eric Favre, article on New-Map, Solyto and KVS, Gazoline, web version archived in 2006. web.archive.org
  16. Légifrance, Code de la route (former), art. R169-1, version in force from 1 January 1985 to 1 May 1995. www.legifrance.gouv.fr
  17. Assemblée nationale, written question no. 4661 (François Léotard), Journal officiel, 31 October 1988, p. 3091, with the answer. questions.assemblee-nationale.fr
  18. English Wikipedia, Ligier JS4, text and infobox. en.wikipedia.org
  19. Légifrance, Code de la route (former), art. R188, versions of 1980–⁠95 and 1995–⁠2001. www.legifrance.gouv.fr
  20. Lane Motor Museum, “ACOMA Mini Comtesse – 1972”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  21. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1977 Arola”, tour page, read via the Internet Archive (2015). www.microcarmuseum.com
  22. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1971 Cicostar”, tour page, read via the Internet Archive. www.microcarmuseum.com
  23. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, tour pages “1975 Mini Comtesse”, “Comtesse Super Mini” and “1979 Mini Comtesse Break”, read via the Internet Archive (2015). www.microcarmuseum.com
  24. German Wikipedia, Mini Comtesse, citing Linz and Schrader (2008) and Georgano (2001). de.wikipedia.org
  25. English Wikipedia, Automobiles ERAD, citing Les Échos. en.wikipedia.org
  26. German Wikipedia, Automobiles Erad, citing Linz and Schrader, Georgano and René Bellu’s Automobilia. de.wikipedia.org
  27. Lane Motor Museum, “SEAB Flipper I 1978”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  28. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1976 Veloto”, tour page, read via the Internet Archive. www.microcarmuseum.com
  29. Lane Motor Museum, “Ligier JS4 – 1980”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  30. Lane Motor Museum, “Microcar RJ 49E – 1985”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  31. French Wikipedia, Aixam, citing among others an interview with Philippe Colançon in Les Échos. fr.wikipedia.org
  32. Légifrance, Journal officiel: décret n° 80-14 of 9 January 1980, title only. www.legifrance.gouv.fr
  33. Sénat, written question no. 05977 (Albert Voilquin), Journal officiel (Sénat), 10 August 1989, answer of 21 December 1989. www.senat.fr
  34. Aixam Mega, Dossier de presse 2010, the maker’s press kit, read via the Internet Archive (2011). www.aixam.com
  35. Légifrance, arrêté of 30 October 1991 on the registration of cyclomoteurs carrossés with more than two wheels. www.legifrance.gouv.fr
  36. English Wikipedia, Casalini, citing Mobil & Motor, 23 November 1981. en.wikipedia.org
  37. Italian Wikipedia, Casalini (azienda), read on 7 October 2026; used as a lead. it.wikipedia.org
  38. Italian Wikipedia, Microcar, read on 7 October 2026; used as a lead. it.wikipedia.org
  39. Spanish Wikipedia, Cuadriciclo a motor, read on 7 October 2026; used as a lead. es.wikipedia.org
  40. Légifrance, décret n° 95-398 of 12 April 1995 (Journal officiel, 15 April 1995). www.legifrance.gouv.fr
  41. Légifrance, décret n° 96-601 of 4 July 1996 on the driving of mopeds and quadricycles (Journal officiel, 5 July 1996). www.legifrance.gouv.fr
  42. Assemblée nationale, written question no. 25927 (Maurice Leroy), Journal officiel, 1 March 1999, answer of 2 August 1999. questions.assemblee-nationale.fr
  43. Assemblée nationale, written question no. 32894 (Isabelle Le Callennec), answer of February 2014. questions.assemblee-nationale.fr
  44. Directive 2002/24/EC of 18 March 2002, OJ L 124, 9 May 2002, art. 1(3). www.legislation.gov.uk
  45. Assemblée nationale, written question no. 8876 (Christian Ménard), 30 October 2007, answer of 26 February 2008. questions.assemblee-nationale.fr
  46. Assemblée nationale, written question no. 64839 (Bernard Carayon), 24 November 2009, answer of 2 March 2010. questions.assemblee-nationale.fr
  47. Assemblée nationale, written question no. 108210 (Philippe Folliot), with the minister’s answer (13th legislature). questions.assemblee-nationale.fr
  48. Regulation (EU) No 168/2013, Annex I. www.legislation.gov.uk
  49. Regulation (EU) No 168/2013, art. 82. www.legislation.gov.uk
  50. German Wikipedia, Renault Twizy; used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  51. French Wikipedia, Automobiles Chatenet. fr.wikipedia.org
  52. Christophe Bourgeois, “Les voitures sans permis disent merci à l’Ami”, Journal de l’Automobile, 26 June 2024. journalauto.com
  53. French Wikipedia, Citroën Ami (2020); used as a lead. fr.wikipedia.org
  54. English Wikipedia, Citroën Ami (electric vehicle); used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  55. Florian Chopin, “Citroën Ami (2020) : à bord de la citadine électrique à 6 000 €”, L’argus, 27 February 2020. www.largus.fr
  56. Cleanrider, “Ventes de voitures électriques sans permis 2024 : l’insolente domination de la Citroën AMI”, read as a search summary. www.cleanrider.com

Micro vans: the microcar at work

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Grey Tempo A 400 box van parked in the Kollwitzkiez, Berlin, in July 2017. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A yellow Deutsche Bundespost Goggomobil TL Transporter with its sliding door open, Heusenstamm, 2011. Photo: Urmelbeauftragter, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A pale green 1957 Midget DKA on display beside a cut-out delivery-man figure in 2025. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A Piaggio Ape A of 1948, a Vespa front end with a box-sided load bed behind, in a side view from Piaggio’s technical report of that year. Photo: Piaggio (1948), Archivio di Stato di Pescara, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A Framo TV 300 delivery three-wheeler, the firm’s product before the Stromer, at the ZeitWerkStadt museum, Frankenberg, in August 2023. Photo: Stefan Kühn, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A blue Tula Muravei used as a kvass and souvenir stall on the embankment in Kolomna, Russia, in September 2026. Photo: Artyom Svetlov, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A white 1966 Solyto Break Camping, with a child mannequin at the wheel, in a museum in 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A light-blue Supervan parked below Holy Trinity Church, Horwich, in 1983. Photo: Glenluwin, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A red 1970 Reliant Supervan III in Royal Mail livery, DUU 630J, at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, in 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A city letter carrier in a three-wheeled Cushman mailster in the United States in 1955. Photo: Smithsonian National Postal Museum, No known copyright restrictions, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A line of Post Office mailsters dressed as Santa’s reindeer in a Christmas parade in Maryland in 1954. Photo: Smithsonian National Postal Museum, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. Mazda K360 three-wheeler in the middle distance of a shopping street in Ishinomaki, Miyagi, Japan, in the early 1960s, a Daihatsu Hijet in front. Photo: Yasuhiko Ito, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. A second-generation Subaru Sambar pick-up being loaded outside a greengrocer’s in Tokyo, Japan, in 1971. Photo: wilford peloquin, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A JCDecaux Goupil G3 service van at work on the Boulevard Richard-Lenoir, Paris, France, in June 2012. Photo: Coyau, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. Blue-grey Tempo A 400 three-wheeled pick-up at Jonsdorf, Saxony, in August 2015. Photo: Rainerhaufe, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A 1957 Ape Calessino with its canvas roof and wood-trimmed passenger seat. Photo: Guzzista76, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A grey Innocenti Lambro 175 delivery van at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, England, in November 2015. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A red Tula Muravei cargo scooter from the left, showing its scooter body and steel load box, in Russia in August 2010. Photo: Игоревич, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A grey 1960 Solyto steel-backed van (fourgonnette tôlée), worn and unrestored, on display in 2016. Photo: Spielvogel, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A 1965 Reliant 5 cwt van, YRD 569C, in Trotters replica livery at a show in Newbury, Berkshire, in 2009. Photo: allen watkin, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A 1962 Bond Ranger van and a 1965 Mark G Estate, one with its tailgate open, at the NEC Classic Motor Show in 2025. Photo: Andrea Boano, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. An orange 1967 Midget converted into a Bemo share-taxi, the Indonesian public-transport version, photographed in 2016. Photo: Thank You (25 Millions ) views, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. An orange and white 1962 Mazda K360 in the Mazda Classic museum, Augsburg, Germany, in 2017. Photo: Bergfalke2, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. Every generation of the Daihatsu Hijet lined up at the Daihatsu 60th-anniversary display, Osaka Auto Messe, Japan, in February 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A pale blue first-generation Subaru Sambar light van at the Motorcar Museum of Japan, Komatsu, Japan, in October 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. The Honda Collection Hall’s 1963 T360 at Twin Ring Motegi in 2010. Photo: baku13, CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. An Alkè ATX 280E with an insulated box body in the Netherlands in August 2011. Photo: Joost J. Bakker, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A Goupil G3 tipper loaded with garden waste on the seafront at Weymouth, England, in July 2020. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A Mobilize Bento with an orange cargo box at IAA Transportation, Hanover, Germany, in September 2024. Photo: MarcelX42, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A 1957 Ape C flatbed, the first Ape with an enclosed cab, in the Museo Piaggio, Pontedera. Photo: Guzzista76, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A restored red Westcoaster Mailster at the Petersen Automotive Museum, Los Angeles, in August 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A yellow 1956 Bond Minicar Mark C De Luxe Tourer, JTK 277, at Keynsham in 2011. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A turquoise Reliant Regal 3/30, EPO 499H, with spot lamps at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Grimsthorpe Castle, in 2022. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A red 2013 Renault Twizy 80 on grass in December 2021. Photo: PabloLinoCalleBoulicaud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A grey 2021 Citroën Ami with orange wheel inserts in Valbonne, France, in October 2021. Photo: John K, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. Black Goliath Pionier coupé with a red stripe at the Borgward meeting in Andernach in September 2007. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A yellow and maroon 1953 Mochet CM-125 Luxe in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A 1957 Daihatsu Midget DKA at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2018. Photo: Rikita, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A 1962 Trojan 200, the Heinkel built under licence in Britain, at Leamington in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. The 1971 Supervan III used as the Trotters’ van in Only Fools and Horses, at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, in 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A blue 2006 Aixam A751 Super Luxe at Preston, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A 1910 AC Sociable, AC 1910, on the Sunbeam Motor Cycle Club Pioneer Run from Epsom to Brighton, England, in March 2011. Photo: Rob, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. Green Tempo A 400 three-wheeled pick-up at the Freilichtmuseum Roscheider Hof, Konz. Photo: Rainer Blazejewicz (Freilichtmuseum Roscheider Hof), CC0 1.0, via rlp.museum-digital.de.
  44. A green 1935 Mazda-Go Type TCS at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, in September 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A green Framo Stromer FP 200 roadster at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, in September 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A dark green Ape 50 pick-up in an Italian piazza, 2010. Photo: Andrew Childs, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  47. A pale grey 1960 Lambretta Li 175 Series 2 van at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, England, in November 2017. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A red Crosley Farm-O-Road at the Orphan Car Show in Ypsilanti, Michigan, in 2007. Photo: John Lloyd, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A red Solyto canvas-backed van (fourgonnette bâchée) in Carantic livery at Rétromobile, Paris, in 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A grey Goggomobil TL van being driven at a meeting, 2005. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A grey 1964 Mazda K360 with rally number 57 at a classic car meeting in Japan in 2025. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. An olive Steyr-Puch Haflinger 700 AP with a cream canvas tilt, AJM 678A, at the Haflinger meeting in IJmuiden, Netherlands, in April 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. An orange TMZ 403-01 Muravei head-on with its label at the technology museum in Molėtai, Lithuania, in September 2021. Photo: Terminator216, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A pale green first-generation Daihatsu Hijet light van at the Daihatsu 60th-anniversary display, Osaka Auto Messe, Japan, in February 2022. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. A red 1969 Fiat 500 Giardiniera at a show in 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. A red 1962 Cony Guppy at a classic car meeting in Hisaya Odori Park, Nagoya, in 2022. Photo: KKPCW（Kyu3）, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. An olive 1970 Subaru K55 Sambar truck at the Showa Era Lifestyle Museum, Kitanagoya, Japan, in March 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. A dark green Honda T-series pickup, catalogued as a 1965 T360, at an outdoor meeting in Japan in 2025; the factory painted T360s May Blue and T500s Moss Green. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. An olive Honda Vamos from the left front quarter at the Honda Collection Hall, Twin Ring Motegi, in 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  60. A yellow 1970 Suzuki Jimny LJ10 from the front quarter at a show in 2025, with its horizontal grille slots. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. A yellow 1971 Honda Life saloon in the Honda Collection Hall in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. A black single-seat Daihatsu Midget II Pick, imported to the United States, with its spare wheel on the nose, in October 2011. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  63. A green and white second-generation Toyota COMS parked by a building in Japan in February 2015. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. A black and grey Mobilize Duo at a kerb in a town street in France in January 2026. Photo: Alexandre Prevot, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  65. A 1967 Attica 200 coupé at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2014. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  66. Red Coventry-Victor Midget three-wheeler of 1933 at the Arvika Fordonsmuseum, Sweden, in July 2019. Photo: Herranderssvensson, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  67. The Martin Stationette at the Lane Motor Museum in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  68. The Suzuki museum’s Carry FB from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  69. A black and white Goupil G4 drop-side at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, Germany, in September 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  70. Cream 1922 Koco two-seater at the Autostadt, Wolfsburg, Germany, in June 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  71. A maroon Junior 3R-197 three-wheeler at the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition in 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  72. A yellow 1958 Coronet three-wheeler with its hood folded in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. German Wikipedia, Vidal & Sohn Tempo-Werk, read in full with its model table; it cites Werner Oswald, Deutsche Autos 1920–⁠1945 (1996), and the Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (2008). de.wikipedia.org
  2. Tempo-dienst, “1928 – 1978: 50 Jahre Vidal + Sohn”, the firm’s history by a specialist parts firm, read through a summary. tempo-dienst.de
  3. German Wikipedia, Blitzkarren, read in full; it cites Georg Schmidt, Borgward – Carl F. W. Borgward und seine Autos (1986), pp. 35–39. de.wikipedia.org
  4. Goliath Veteranen-Club, “Typenblatt Blitzkarren” (2010), archived copy. web.archive.org
  5. German Wikipedia, Framo, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Werner Oswald’s Deutsche Autos (1996). de.wikipedia.org
  6. f-r-a-m-o.de, “Firmengeschichte”, a history of the firm. f-r-a-m-o.de
  7. English Wikipedia, Piaggio Ape, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  8. Italian Wikipedia, Piaggio Ape, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites l’Unità, la Repubblica and Piaggio press material. it.wikipedia.org
  9. Piaggio Group press office, “APE (1948–⁠2019): una storia italiana”, 21 September 2018, read via a summary. press.piaggiogroup.com
  10. Italian Wikipedia, Piaggio Ape Calessino, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites no sources for its figures. it.wikipedia.org
  11. Japanese Wikipedia, Daihatsu Midget, read in full; it cites 360cc kei-jidōsha no subete (2013) and JSAE’s 1996 interview with Ōsuga Jirō, former vice-president of Daihatsu. ja.wikipedia.org
  12. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan (JSAE), Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology, item 3-13, “Daihatsu Midget DKA”. www.jsae.or.jp
  13. theLambro.com, “History of the Lambro”. www.thelambro.com
  14. theLambro.com, “Lambretta 3 Wheeler – FA, FB, FC and FD Models”, crediting Bruno Strigini. www.thelambro.com
  15. theLambro.com, “Lambretta 150 FD-C”. www.thelambro.com
  16. Scooternova, “Has Scooters India Ltd finally finished?”, 22 January 2021. scooternova.com
  17. theLambro.com, “Lambro 550 and Lambro 450”. www.thelambro.com
  18. Russian Wikipedia, Муравей (мотороллер), read in full; it cites the catalogue Мир мотоциклов (Za Rulyom, 1999). ru.wikipedia.org
  19. A. Pototsky, «Тула будет лучшей», Za Rulyom, January 1960, read through a summary of the archive page. www.zr.ru
  20. «По письму приняты меры», Za Rulyom, June 1978, read through a summary of the archive page. www.zr.ru
  21. Overclockers.ru blog, «Тула-200 – „дедушка“ русских мотороллеров», a popular history, read through a summary. overclockers.ru
  22. Eric Favre, article on New-Map, Solyto and KVS, Gazoline, web version, archived in 2006; written with Joseph Spalek. web.archive.org
  23. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1958 Solyto”, tour page. www.microcarmuseum.com
  24. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1967 Solyto Break Camping”, tour page. www.microcarmuseum.com
  25. MUHBA (Museu d’Història de Barcelona), L’enginy de postguerra. Microcotxes de Barcelona, Llibrets de sala 11 (2012). www.bcn.cat
  26. Toni Solans, La web de los microcoches (grupo7.com), the index of makers and its maker pages. grupo7.com
  27. English Wikipedia, Styl Kar, citing Skartsis (2012). Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  28. English Wikipedia, MotorCar (trucks), citing Skartsis and Avramidis, Made in Greece (2003). Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  29. English Wikipedia, Attica (automobiles), read in full; it cites Skartsis and Avramidis (2003) and Skartsis (2012). en.wikipedia.org
  30. German Wikipedia, Bioplastic, read in full; it cites Linz and Schrader and Georgano’s Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile (2001). de.wikipedia.org
  31. Road Traffic Act 1930, section 2(1), as enacted. www.legislation.gov.uk
  32. Reliant Motor Club, “A (very) brief history of Reliant”. www.reliant.website
  33. W. B., “Reliant at Tamworth”, Motor Sport, June 1964, a factory visit. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  34. Reliant Motor Club, “Know your Supervan”. www.reliant.website
  35. German Wikipedia, Reliant Supervan, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Pither (2002), Wilson-Hall (2014) and a Staffordshire Past Track photograph. de.wikipedia.org
  36. National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, “Reliant Regal Supervan III”, collection entry. nationalmotormuseum.org.uk
  37. Bond Owners’ Club, “Mark B – April 1951 to November 1952: Vehicle Modifications by Chassis Number”, archived copy of 2012. web.archive.org
  38. Bond Owners’ Club, “Mark F – November 1958 to January 1963”, same series, archived copy of 2012. web.archive.org
  39. Heinkel Trojan Club, “Cabin Cruisers”, a model and production history from Trojan’s records, Glass’s Guide and Motor Cycle, archived 2015. web.archive.org
  40. English Wikipedia, Goggomobil, the Transporter section and specification box, which cite the GLAS Automobil Club International. en.wikipedia.org
  41. German Wikipedia, Goggomobil, the Transporter paragraph and the totals line. de.wikipedia.org
  42. RM Auctions, Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 563, “1958 Goggomobil TL-250 Transporter ‘Dubble Bubble’”. rmsothebys.com
  43. Secret Classics, “Glas Goggomobil TL-250”. www.secret-classics.com
  44. English Wikipedia, Westcoaster Mailster, read in full in a plain-text copy without its references. en.wikipedia.org
  45. Smithsonian Institution, National Postal Museum, object record “Westcoaster mailster”, 1985.0372.1, archived copy. www.si.edu
  46. Japanese Wikipedia, Mazda K360, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  47. Kia Heritage Archive, “K‑360”, read in summary. worldwide.kia.com
  48. Japanese Wikipedia, Kei truck, the history and the list of makers, read in full; its bibliography includes Katsuragi Yōji’s chronicle of small and kei trucks (Grand Prix Shuppan, 2006). ja.wikipedia.org
  49. Japanese Wikipedia, Kurogane Baby, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  50. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 日本の自動車技術330選 (330 landmarks of Japanese automotive technology), no. 3-18, Subaru Sambar K‑151 (1961). www.jsae.or.jp
  51. Japanese Wikipedia, スバル・サンバー, read for the Subaru-built years. ja.wikipedia.org
  52. webCG, news report on the end of Subaru Sambar production, 29 February 2012, read through a summary. www.webcg.net
  53. Japanese Wikipedia, ホンダ・T360, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  54. Paul Niedermeyer, “Honda’s Wild 9000 RPM Mid-Engine T360 Pickup Of 1963”, The Truth About Cars, 30 March 2010. www.thetruthaboutcars.com
  55. Honda, “Trajectory of Challenges: 1960s”, Honda’s history digest. global.honda
  56. English Wikipedia, Honda T360, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  57. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 日本の自動車技術330選, no. 3-17, ダイハツハイゼットL-35 (1960). www.jsae.or.jp
  58. Polaris Industries, “Polaris to Acquire Goupil Industrie SA”, 17 November 2011, as republished by Dirt Trax Online. www.atvmag.com
  59. English Wikipedia, Alkè, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  60. French Wikipedia, Mega (automobile), with the Aixam articles in French and German Wikipedia. fr.wikipedia.org
  61. English Wikipedia, Renault Twizy, the section on the Twizy Cargo. en.wikipedia.org
  62. English Wikipedia, Mitsubishi Minicab, the section on the Minicab MiEV. en.wikipedia.org
  63. Stellantis & You UK, “Citroen Launches MY AMI Cargo: Made For Business Users”, 14 May 2021, Citroën’s release. www.stellantisandyou.co.uk
  64. English Wikipedia, Mobilize Duo, in part. en.wikipedia.org
  65. Trade-press articles on Goupil, among them the Journal de l’Automobile, Fleet News (6 July 2023) and The Driven (9 September 2021), read only in search summaries. journalauto.com
  66. English Wikipedia, Daihatsu Midget, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Bernd-Wilfried Kießler, Daihatsu Automobile (1992). en.wikipedia.org
  67. National Archives, The Unwritten Record blog, “How to Drive the Mailster: A Time-Traveling Lesson in Postal Technology”, 6 December 2022, read through a summary. unwritten-record.blogs.archives.gov
  68. English Wikipedia, Bond Minicar, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites The Motor, Motor Cycling, Light Car and The Times. en.wikipedia.org

Microcars on screen: Del Boy, Mr Bean, Fantozzi

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Red Autobianchi Bianchina Cabriolet with whitewall tyres driven at a club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, Germany, in August 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A sky-blue 1964 Peel P50 at the Hampton Court Concours, 2023. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. An orange 2000 Corbin Sparrow ‘Jelly Bean’ from the front three-quarter at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. The 1971 Supervan III used as the Trotters’ van in Only Fools and Horses, at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, in 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A red Simca 5 shown in Meursault, Côte-d’Or, for the 50th anniversary of the film La Grande Vadrouille in September 2016. Photo: François de Dijon, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A 1969 Velorex 16/350, exhibited as the car from the comedy Vrchní, prchni!, at Automobilové klenoty in 2019. Photo: Stribrohorak, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A red SMZ S‑3A in the UMMC Museum of Automotive Technology, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, in 2024, before an Operation Y film poster. Photo: MBH, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A blue 1992 Mk2 Robin driving through central London in 2010. Photo: Dietmar Rabich, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A Supervan III in Only Fools and Horses livery, with the screen plate DHV 938D, at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, in 2023. Photo: andreboeni, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A Mk1 Robin van dressed as the Only Fools and Horses van, which was really a Supervan, at Kinsale, County Cork, in 2012. Photo: Mic, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A blue 1964 Peel P50, registered EME 583B, at the NEC in 2019. Photo: Kieran White from Manchester, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A 1972 Bond Bug 700ES on the owners’ club stand at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2017. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The Renault Twizy by Cathy & David Guetta at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2013. Photo: Clément Bucco-Lechat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. Gold Corbin Sparrow from the front quarter at the Petersen Automotive Museum, Los Angeles, in October 2021, showing its two front wheels and teardrop body. Photo: Bill Abbott, CC BY 4.0, via Flickr.
  15. The bright green 1959 Dart with its information board in 2013. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. A four-wheeled Comtesse with a card naming the film Les Petits Ruisseaux and its release date, 23 June 2010. Photo: Sémhur, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A red 1957 Isetta with its door open at the Cleveland Auto Show, 2022. Photo: Erik Drost, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A green Honda Vamos in the Honda Collection Hall at Twin Ring Motegi in 2007. Photo: 韋駄天狗, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A white 1970 Subaru R‑2 from the front at a meeting in 2013. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. Cream Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim in October 2009. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A pale green 1957 Midget DKA on display beside a cut-out delivery-man figure in 2025. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A yellow 500 F with alloy wheels in a Tokyo car park in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. White Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet of 1925 before the German Pavilion on the Expo grounds, Hanover, in September 2013. Photo: Hmg210, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A cream and black 1936 Fiat 500 A at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, in May 2026. Photo: Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A turquoise Reliant Regal 3/30, EPO 499H, with spot lamps at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Grimsthorpe Castle, in 2022. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A grey 1955 bubble-window Isetta 250 at the Isetta Club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A turquoise 1960 KR200 with whitewall tyres at an Australian show in 2014. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 N with fixed side windows from the front in Bristol in 2017, its show card on the windscreen. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1958 Subaru 360 from the left front three-quarter in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A red 1963 Peel P50 at the London Concours, 2025. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A 1972 Bond Bug 700ES, NYC 760L, at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Grimsthorpe Castle, Lincolnshire, in 2021. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A blue July 1975 Mk1 Robin 750 at the Knebworth House Classic Motor Show in 2013. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A red 2013 Renault Twizy 80 on grass in December 2021. Photo: PabloLinoCalleBoulicaud, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A red 1932 American Austin coupé at the Old Car Festival in Greenfield Village, Dearborn, Michigan, in September 2013. Photo: F. D. Richards from Clinton, MI, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A cream 1939 Crosley convertible coupé on the Crosley Radio stand at CES, Las Vegas, in January 2012. Photo: The Conmunity – Pop Culture Geek, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A red 1952 Kleinschnittger F 125 at a meeting in 2009. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A brown Velorex 16/350 with its black hood up, parked by a lawn in the Netherlands in 2011. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A white and blue Brütsch Mopetta at a concours in Schwetzingen in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A red Bianchina Trasformabile at the Hershey car show, Pennsylvania, in 2009. Photo: JOHN LLOYD from Concrete, Washington, United States, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A 1957 Daihatsu Midget DKA at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2018. Photo: Rikita, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A pale blue Steyr-Puch 500 D with rear-hinged doors and cream wheels, in a courtyard in 2005. Photo: Ghostwriter9151, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A green and white 1958 Zündapp Janus at the Deutsches Automuseum Langenburg in 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A red S‑3A with its hood up at the Auto-moto exotica show in Donetsk, 2018. Photo: Andrey Butko, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A beige Reliant Supervan, NDR 233J, parked in a terraced street in 2009. Photo: Felix O, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. An orange Honda Z GT on the grass at Gifu Family Park in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A white Mini Comtesse with its MC emblem at Rétromobile in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A white 1973 Fiat 126 of the first series on a woodland verge in England in 2009. Photo: Tony Harrison, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. An orange 2000 Corbin Sparrow ‘Jelly Bean’ from a low front angle at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A cream 2007 REVA G-Wiz parked in a London street in February 2023. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A blue Mikrus MR-300 on the quay at Szafarnia, Gdańsk, in 2012. Photo: Artur Andrzej, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A yellow Goggomobil Dart from the front three-quarter at the German Auto Fest, Earlwood, New South Wales, in 2015. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. An olive Steyr-Puch Haflinger 700 AP with a cream canvas tilt, AJM 678A, at the Haflinger meeting in IJmuiden, Netherlands, in April 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A red Tula Muravei cargo scooter from the left, showing its scooter body and steel load box, in Russia in August 2010. Photo: Игоревич, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A silver 1970 Subaru R‑2 with the original grille-less face, photographed in 2007. Photo: A15ff11300g, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. An olive Honda Vamos from the left front quarter at the Honda Collection Hall, Twin Ring Motegi, in 2009. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. The Minissima shown outdoors at the London to Brighton Mini Run in 2007. Photo: foshie, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. A green 2010 Pure Mobility Buddy at Classic Remise, Düsseldorf, Germany. Photo: Detectandpreserve, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. A red and white GEM e4 four-seater used for village tours, photographed in July 2006. Photo: Weatherman1126, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. A black and yellow Bajaj Qute used as an auto-rickshaw at JVPD bus station, Andheri, Mumbai, India, in September 2020. Photo: Srikanth Ramakrishnan/BESTpedia, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  60. The surviving 1950s Auto Sandal FS with its folding hood, displayed in Japan in 2010. Photo: Muyo, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. A red 1992 Autozam AZ-1 (PG6SA) on display at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, Japan, in September 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. A light green 1954 Felber Autoroller with rally number 33 at an outdoor meeting. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  63. AMC Amitron electric city-car prototype of 1967 in American Motors’ publicity photograph, a model leaning on its roof. Photo: American Motors Corporation, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. The Nissan Pivo concept of 2005, with its round doors open, at the Tokyo Motor Show, Japan, in November 2005. Photo: machu., CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.

Sources

  1. IMCDb, the Internet Movie Cars Database, vehicle lists for Brazil, Demolition Man, Austin Powers in Goldmember, Family Matters, Only Fools and Horses, Mr. Bean, How to Steal a Million and Operatsiya “Y”, read in Wayback Machine copies of 2024–⁠26. www.imcdb.org
  2. National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, “Reliant Regal Supervan III”, collection entry. nationalmotormuseum.org.uk
  3. English Wikipedia, Mr. Bean (Mr. Bean episode), read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  4. English Wikipedia, Reliant Regal, the section on popular culture. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  5. German Wikipedia, Reliant Supervan, revision of 26 September 2026. Used as a lead; it cites Pither, Reliant Regal and Robin (2002), and Wilson-Hall, Reliant Three-Wheelers (2014). de.wikipedia.org
  6. RM Auctions (now RM Sotheby’s), Auburn Fall 2014, lot 7013, 1933 American Austin, catalogue text. rmsothebys.com
  7. RM Sotheby’s, Hilton Head 2016, lot 124, 1930 American Austin, catalogue text. rmsothebys.com
  8. Crosley Automobile Club, “Crosleys in the Movies & TV Shows”, read in part. www.crosleyautoclub.com
  9. Prewarcar (French edition), “Économie et élégance: les femmes glamour ont aimé la Scootacar Rytecraft”, with readers’ contributions. www.prewarcar.fr
  10. Italian Wikipedia, Fiat 500 “Topolino”. Used as a lead. it.wikipedia.org
  11. French Wikipedia, Simca 5. Used as a lead; it cites René Bellu, Toutes les Simca. fr.wikipedia.org
  12. German Wikipedia, Hanomag 2/10 PS, read in full; it cites the Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung of 15 January 2024 and Görg, 80 Jahre Hanomag Kommißbrot (2005). de.wikipedia.org
  13. German Wikipedia, Autobianchi Bianchina, read in full; it cites IMCDb for the films. de.wikipedia.org
  14. Italian Wikipedia, Autobianchi Bianchina, read in full; it cites La Repubblica of 30 October 2013. it.wikipedia.org
  15. English Wikipedia, Autobianchi Bianchina, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  16. BMW Group PressClub, “50 Years of BMW Isetta”, press release of 25 February 2005. www.press.bmwgroup.com
  17. Japanese Wikipedia, スバル・360 (Subaru 360), read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  18. Russian Wikipedia, Операция «Ы» и другие приключения Шурика: cast, premiere and audiences. Used as a lead. ru.wikipedia.org
  19. Sergei Kanunnikov, “Motokolyaski SSSR: polnaya istoriya”, Za Rulyom, 11 November 2022. www.zr.ru
  20. Sergei Arbuzov, “Boevoe kreshchenie ‘Morgunovki’”, drom.ru, 23 May 2020. www.drom.ru
  21. Aleksandr Potapov, “Rodnaya ‘invalidka’: istoriya sovetskoi motokolyaski SMZ S‑3D”, Avto Mail.ru. auto.mail.ru
  22. Polish Wikipedia, Mikrus MR-300. Used as a lead. pl.wikipedia.org
  23. Czech Wikipedia, Velorex, read in full. cs.wikipedia.org
  24. Polish Wikipedia, Fiat 126, read in full. pl.wikipedia.org
  25. German Wikipedia, Steyr-Puch 500, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites IMCDb for Tatort. de.wikipedia.org
  26. German Wikipedia, Messerschmitt Kabinenroller, read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  27. Reliant Motor Club, “Know your Supervan”, read in full. www.reliant.website
  28. Chortle, “Original Del Boy van up for auction”, 23 January 2021. www.chortle.co.uk
  29. Shropshire Star, “Reliant Regal from Only Fools and Horses sells for nearly £20,000”, 19 June 2023. shropshirestar.com
  30. English Wikipedia, Reliant Robin, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites BBC programme pages. en.wikipedia.org
  31. German Wikipedia, Reliant Robin, read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  32. Reliant Motor Club, “BBC Top Gear – and the infamous rolling Reliant Robin episode”, read in full. www.reliant.website
  33. Jeremy Clarkson, “The Clarkson review: Reliant Robin”, The Sunday Times Driving, 11 January 2016, read in large part in an archived copy. www.driving.co.uk
  34. English Wikipedia, Peel P50, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  35. BBC Top Gear website, “Jeremy drives the Peel P50 (series 10, episode 3)”, archived 20 May 2013. web.archive.org
  36. Pogdesign TV calendar, Top Gear season 10, episode 3: air date and contents. www.pogdesign.co.uk
  37. Peel Engineering Ltd (the revival maker), “About”. www.peelengineering.com
  38. English Wikipedia, REVAi, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  39. English Wikipedia, Crosley Motors. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  40. English Wikipedia, Bond Bug, revision of 23 August 2026, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites the official Star Wars databank. en.wikipedia.org
  41. Lancaster Insurance, “The Bond Bug: May the Force/Farce Be With You”, 24 November 2016. www.lancasterinsurance.co.uk
  42. Lancaster Insurance, “The Bond Bug: A Celebration”, 25 September 2024. www.lancasterinsurance.co.uk
  43. Small Cars Club, “General Motors Lean Machine”. smallcarsclub.com
  44. English Wikipedia, Myers Motors NmG, read 7 October 2026. en.wikipedia.org
  45. French Wikipedia, Renault Zoom, read in full. fr.wikipedia.org
  46. French Wikipedia, Renault Twizy. Used as a lead. fr.wikipedia.org
  47. English Wikipedia, Renault Twizy. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  48. German Wikipedia, Renault Twizy. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  49. English Wikipedia, Buddy (electric car), read in full; it cites IMCDb. en.wikipedia.org
  50. English Wikipedia, Bajaj Qute. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  51. German Wikipedia, Fiat Nuova 500, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  52. English Wikipedia, Fiat 500, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  53. German Wikipedia, Zündapp Janus. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  54. English Wikipedia, Zündapp Janus. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  55. English Wikipedia, Fiat 500 “Topolino”. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  56. Japanese Wikipedia, ホンダ・バモス (Honda Vamos), the first-generation section. ja.wikipedia.org
  57. Japanese Wikipedia, ホンダ・Z (Honda Z), read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  58. Japanese Wikipedia, スズキ・キャラ (Suzuki Cara), read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  59. English Wikipedia, Subaru R‑2, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  60. Japanese Wikipedia, ダイハツ・ミゼット (Daihatsu Midget), read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  61. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology, item 3-13, “Daihatsu Midget DKA”. www.jsae.or.jp
  62. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 550, “1958 Goggomobil Dart”. rmsothebys.com
  63. English Wikipedia, Goggomobil, the Dart section; used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  64. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1955 Kleinschnittger F‑125”, tour page, archived. www.microcarmuseum.com
  65. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 585, 1955 Kleinschnittger F‑125. rmsothebys.com
  66. French Wikipedia, Les Petits Ruisseaux, read 7 October 2026. fr.wikipedia.org
  67. French Wikipedia, Mini Comtesse. fr.wikipedia.org
  68. English Wikipedia, ACOMA; its references include IMCDb. en.wikipedia.org
  69. English Wikipedia, Isetta, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  70. English Wikipedia, Steve Urkel. en.wikipedia.org
  71. German Wikipedia, Fahrzeugbau Ing. Hans Meister. Used as a lead; it cites Georgano and Alexander Diego Fritz, Die Knatterkugel (2013). de.wikipedia.org
  72. English Wikipedia, Steyr-Puch Haflinger, read in a plain-text copy without its references. en.wikipedia.org
  73. Russian Wikipedia, Муравей (мотороллер), read in a plain-text copy. ru.wikipedia.org

Museums and meets: where to see microcars today

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. The blue Mopetta UXO 117 at the PS.Speicher, Einbeck, in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A red Peel P50 with a Peel Trident behind it at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: Philip (flip) Kromer from Austin, TX, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A Bond Bug 700E, AFV 515L, at the Bubble Car Museum, Langrick, Lincolnshire, in 2013. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A cream and white Zündapp Janus 250 at the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia. Photo: The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A turquoise Jurisch Motoplan at the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia. Photo: Willem Alink, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Red Sima-Violet two-seat cyclecar of 1924 with white wings at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Re-creation of the Leyat Hélica built in 2005–⁠09 from Leyat’s 1919 plans, at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in July 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The pale blue-grey Fuji Cabin 5A at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. The grey Flying Feather seen head-on at the Toyota Automobile Museum in 2013. Photo: Kzaral, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. Paul Arzens’s 1942 Œuf électrique from the front quarter in the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, in 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A 1904 Cyklon Cyklonette showing its engine on the front wheel at the Deutsches Museum Verkehrszentrum, Munich, Germany, in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A CityEl body suspended above its chassis in the ‘Ellert – elektriske drømme’ exhibition at Museum Østjylland, Randers, in July 2025. Photo: Toxophilus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The Bambino 200 in the Louwman Museum’s microcar line-up in 2024. Photo: Erremm, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A red 1957 Victoria Spatz with tartan seats at the XII Trobada Internacional de Microcotxes in Manresa, June 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A green MT three-wheeled convertible wearing the plate of the Trobada Internacional de Microcotxes, Manresa, June 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. Grey Goliath Pionier fastback of 1934 at the PS.Speicher, Einbeck, in May 2024. Photo: MPW57, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A Mopetta replica, orange and white, in the Fränkische Kleinwagensammlung at Stopfenheim in 2013. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. The Bugatti Type 68B roadster in the Schlumpf collection, Mulhouse, in 1989. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The 1921 Leyat Hélica sport that Gustave Courau gave to the Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris, on its glass floor in November 2017. Photo: Lomita, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The red Peel P50 at the Manx Transport Museum in Peel, the town where it was built. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A pale blue Mazda R360 Coupe in the Petersen Automotive Museum display in 2018. Photo: Shelby Asistio, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A red early Mini-El in Randers Kommunale Værker livery at the Danmarks Tekniske Museum, Helsingør, in October 2016. Photo: Leif Jørgensen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A yellow 1913 Bédélia BD2 at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in May 2022. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. The 1921 Leyat Hélica sport head-on at the Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris, in December 2013. Photo: Pierre Poschadel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A red King Midget Model III with a white top, parked in Leavenworth, Washington, in 2009. Photo: joaquin uy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A yellow 1956 Bond Minicar Mark C De Luxe Tourer, JTK 277, at Keynsham in 2011. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A 1953 Iso Isetta at the Bonhams sale in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A grey 1955 bubble-window Isetta 250 at the Isetta Club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A turquoise 1960 KR200 with whitewall tyres at an Australian show in 2014. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A green 1958 Vespa 400 with whitewall tyres on German plates in 2018. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A pale yellow 1959 FMR Tg500 with its Plexiglas canopy at Sherborne Castle, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  32. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1958 Subaru 360 from the left front three-quarter in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A red 1963 Peel P50 at the London Concours, 2025. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. The Honda Collection Hall’s red N360 from the front right in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A cream 1939 Crosley convertible coupé on the Crosley Radio stand at CES, Las Vegas, in January 2012. Photo: The Conmunity – Pop Culture Geek, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A cream Peugeot VLV at the Musée de l’Aventure Peugeot, Sochaux, in June 2012. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A yellow and maroon 1953 Mochet CM-125 Luxe in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A red Rovin D2 with a cream hood at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2018. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A polished aluminium 1956 Voisin C31 Biscooter with its black hood up at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2020. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A red 1952 Kleinschnittger F 125 at a meeting in 2009. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. An open Biscúter at a car show in Aguadulce, Almería, in 2019. Photo: Schumi4ever, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A green 1956 Inter 175 A Berline at RM Sotheby’s Paris sale, Les Invalides, in 2017. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s Fuji Cabin 5A from the left front three-quarter in 2025. Photo: Coolalabright, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A blue 1957 Heinkel Kabine at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. The 1955 Suzulight SS saloon in the Suzuki History Museum, Hamamatsu, in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A white 1956 Velam Isetta at the Bonhams sale during the Greenwich Concours, Connecticut, in 2023. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A red 1958 Berkeley SE328 at a rally, 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A 1957 Daihatsu Midget DKA at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2018. Photo: Rikita, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A red 1959 Scootacar at the Classic Gala in Schwetzingen in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A green and white 1958 Zündapp Janus at the Deutsches Automuseum Langenburg in 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A pale blue 1958 Friskysport at a classic-vehicle meeting in Mering, Bavaria, 2009. Photo: MartinHansV, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A maroon Mazda R360 Coupe at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, Germany, in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A 1962 Trojan 200, the Heinkel built under licence in Britain, at Leamington in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A red Mazda Carol 360 at a classic car meeting in Japan in 2019. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. The 1971 Supervan III used as the Trotters’ van in Only Fools and Horses, at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, in 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. A pale-blue 1965 Peel Trident, DAJ 551C, on a plinth at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. A very early 1967 Suzuki Fronte 360 Deluxe, with the thicker first-year mouldings, at Suzuki Plaza, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. The Lane Motor Museum’s 1980 Ligier JS4 from the left front in 2024, with G. Rendu lettering on its door. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. A yellow closed-top CityEl parked on a cobbled pavement against a grey house wall in January 2022. Photo: crash71100, CC0 1.0, via Flickr.
  60. The cream Bugatti Type 68B roadster prototype at an exhibition in Kassel in 2013. Photo: Thomas Vogt from Paderborn, Deutschland, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. The Œuf électrique head-on in Mulhouse in 2011, registered 885-W75. Photo: Helena from the Netherlands, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. A pale green 1953 Champion 400 H, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  63. A red Crosley Farm-O-Road at the Orphan Car Show in Ypsilanti, Michigan, in 2007. Photo: John Lloyd, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. The 1954 Allard Clipper 906 CMT at the NEC Classic Motor Show in 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  65. A grey 1955 Flying Feather with its hood up at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2008. Photo: Mytho88, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  66. A 1958 Opperman Unicar T in light blue, in the Williams Microcars collection in 2024. Photo: Guards951, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  67. An unrestored P. Vallée Chantecler in a store, its paint patched and worn. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  68. A white PTV 250 with doors and a black hood, on display in a museum in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  69. A pale green Spatz carrying the sparrow-and-script Spatz badge, on show at the IAA in Frankfurt in 2019. Photo: Johannes Maximilian, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  70. A blue 1959 BMW 600 at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  71. A yellow Deutsche Bundespost Goggomobil TL Transporter with its sliding door open, Heusenstamm, 2011. Photo: Urmelbeauftragter, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  72. A white and blue Nobel 200 on grass at a show in 2023. Photo: Geni, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  73. A yellow Goggomobil Dart from the front three-quarter at the German Auto Fest, Earlwood, New South Wales, in 2015. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  74. A red 1969 Fiat 500 Giardiniera at a show in 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  75. A red 1962 Cony Guppy at a classic car meeting in Hisaya Odori Park, Nagoya, in 2022. Photo: KKPCW（Kyu3）, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  76. A red 1968 Bond 875 saloon, OTN 209F, with its round headlamps and dummy grille. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  77. A red Avolette, an open fibreglass car, at an outdoor club meeting in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  78. A 1972 Porquerolles at the Musée auto-moto-vélo in Châtellerault in 2013. Photo: Jean-Marie Vugnon (2), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  79. Grey 1913 Violet-Bogey Type A torpedo from the front quarter at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in March 2026. Photo: Andy Dingley, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  80. A green 1954 Kroboth Allwetterroller with its hood up, in a museum in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  81. The one-off green Grataloup single-seat three-wheeler with its canvas top in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Report on RM Auctions’ sale of the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia, 15–16 February 2013, supercars.net, read in full; it reproduces RM’s press release, whose original could not be read. www.supercars.net
  2. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “Museum Information” and “A Brief History”, page dated 15 October 2020, read in the Wayback Machine’s copy of 6 June 2026. www.microcarmuseum.com
  3. RM Auctions, The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia, 2013, lot 603, “1958 F.M.R. Tg 500 ‘Tiger’”. rmsothebys.com
  4. postwarclassic.de, “Farewell to the Hammond Microcar Museum”, read in full. www.postwarclassic.de
  5. RM Auctions, Weiner museum sale, February 2013, lot 613, “1958 Goggomobil TL-400 Transporter ‘PEZ’”. www.rmsothebys.com
  6. RM Auctions, Weiner museum sale, February 2013, lot 297, “1959 Goggomobil TL-400 Transporter Pickup ‘Coca-Cola’”. rmsothebys.com
  7. RM Auctions, Weiner museum sale, February 2013, lot 563, “1958 Goggomobil TL-250 Transporter ‘Dubble Bubble’”. rmsothebys.com
  8. RM Auctions, Weiner museum sale, February 2013, lot 269, “1963 Goggomobil TL-250 Transporter ‘Krispy Kreme’”. rmsothebys.com
  9. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1955 Kleinschnittger F‑125”, tour page, archived, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  10. RM Auctions, Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 585, 1955 Kleinschnittger F‑125. rmsothebys.com
  11. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1952 Lloyd LS 300”, tour page, archived, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  12. German Wikipedia, Lloyd 400, read in full; it cites Oswald, Deutsche Autos 1945–⁠1990, vol. 4 (2001), pp. 446–447. de.wikipedia.org
  13. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, “1964 Peel P50”, chassis D535. rmsothebys.com
  14. RM Sotheby’s, Amelia Island, 12 March 2016, lot 198, “1964 Peel P50”, chassis D535. rmsothebys.com
  15. Lane Motor Museum, “About”, read 7 October 2026. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  16. Lane Motor Museum, “Leyat Helico – 1919”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  17. Les Amis de l’Hélica, “L’Hélica de Jeff Lane”, archived copy of 2017, read in full. web.archive.org
  18. Lane Motor Museum, “Sima-Violet Cyclecar – 1924”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  19. Lane Motor Museum, “Mochet Le Velocar – 1926”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  20. Lane Motor Museum, “Harvey Towne Shopper – 1948”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  21. Lane Motor Museum, “Willam City A3 – 1969”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  22. Lane Motor Museum, “Clifft Commutercycle – 1974”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  23. Lane Motor Museum, collection database, read 7 October 2026. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  24. The Bubblecar Museum, home page, read 7 October 2026. www.bubblecarmuseum.co.uk
  25. German Wikipedia, Brütsch Mopetta, read in full. Used as a lead; it relies on Rosellen, Deutsche Kleinwagen nach 1945 (1991). de.wikipedia.org
  26. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 560, “1958 Brütsch Mopetta”. rmsothebys.com
  27. PS.SPEICHER, “Sammlung Kleinwagen”, read 7 October 2026. www.ps-speicher.de
  28. Toyota Automobile Museum, home page, read 7 October 2026. toyota-automobile-museum.jp
  29. Toyota Automobile Museum, collection database, records 76 (Flying Feather), 85 (Fujicabin Model 5A), 138 (Honda N360) and 264 (Cony Guppy Sports AF8), read in full. toyota-automobile-museum.jp
  30. Messerschmitt Owners’ Club (UK), model pages and “Messerschmitt 200 Super: a world record breaker!” (Messerschmitt Foundation of Great Britain, May 1994). messerschmitt.co.uk
  31. Deutsches Museum, Verkehrszentrum, read 7 October 2026. www.deutsches-museum.de
  32. German Wikipedia, Cyklon Maschinenfabrik, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites the Deutsches Museum’s Archiv-Info (2009). de.wikipedia.org
  33. Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, home page, read 7 October 2026. www.citedelautomobile.com
  34. German Wikipedia, Bugatti Type 68, read in full. It cites Schmarbeck and Wolbold, Typenkompass Bugatti (2009). de.wikipedia.org
  35. Mick Walsh, “Bugatti Type 68: the missing link”, Classic & Sports Car, 28 August 2019, read in full. www.classicandsportscar.com
  36. Musée des Arts et Métiers, “L’œuf électrique de Paul Arzens”, collection text, read in full. www.arts-et-metiers.net
  37. French Wikipedia, L’Œuf électrique, read in full. fr.wikipedia.org
  38. French Wikipedia, Marcel Leyat, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites helica.info, Courau and Genty. fr.wikipedia.org
  39. Les Amis de l’Hélica, “L’Hélica de Gustave Courau”, archived copy of 2017, read in full. web.archive.org
  40. Louwman Museum, “Bédélia BD2 MG”, collection page, read in full. www.louwmanmuseum.nl
  41. National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, “Reliant Regal Supervan III”, collection entry, read in full. nationalmotormuseum.org.uk
  42. Science Museum Group, “Bond Minicar with 122 c.c. engine, 1950”, object 1955-288, read in summary. collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk
  43. Bond Owners’ Club (Paul Grogan and James Mander), “Mark A – January 1949 to April 1951: Vehicle Modifications by Chassis Number”, archived copy of 2012, read in full. web.archive.org
  44. BBC Isle of Man, “The small car with the big reputation”, 2007–⁠08, read in full. www.bbc.co.uk
  45. German Wikipedia, BMW Isetta, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites sales brochures, Motor Klassik and Der Spiegel 46/1955. de.wikipedia.org
  46. German Wikipedia, CityEL, read in full with its references. de.wikipedia.org
  47. Museum Østjylland, exhibition notice “Udstilling: Ellert – elektriske drømme”, on detsker.dk, read in summary. www.detsker.dk
  48. Mal Pearson, “The Tale of the Dale”, The Makes That Didn’t Make It, read 7 October 2026. www.makesthatdidntmakeit.com
  49. English Wikipedia, Honda N360, its lead read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  50. Bond Owners’ Club, “Production Statistics”, archived 25 December 2018, read in full. web.archive.org
  51. Scootacar Register, home page (2009), read in full. scootacar.org.uk
  52. The Invalid Carriage Register, “Invacar Ltd”, archived copy of 2010, read in full. web.archive.org
  53. The Invalid Carriage Register, current website, read in full. invalidcarriageregister.org
  54. The Makes That Didn’t Make It, “King Midget”, read in full. www.makesthatdidntmakeit.com
  55. English Wikipedia, King Midget, revision of 12 August 2026, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  56. The International King Midget Car Club, home page, read. www.kingmidgetcarclub.org
  57. Crosley Automobile Club, “Details on FarmOroad”, read in full. crosleyautoclub.com
  58. Jim Allen, “1950 Crosley Farm-O-Road – Backward Glances”, FourWheeler, 27 February 2015, read in full. www.motortrend.com
  59. Clàssic Motor Club del Bages, Manresa, the club’s website, with its post of 25 May 2026, read 7 October 2026. www.classicmotorclub.org
  60. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1959 F.G.L. (Alicante)”, archived copy, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  61. Isle of Man Today, “Video shows world’s smallest cars return to the Isle of Man for this weekend’s rally”, 2 August 2024. iomtoday.co.im
  62. Classic & Sports Car, Rétromobile 2019 preview and report; the relevant paragraphs read. www.classicandsportscar.com
  63. The Frisky Register, home page. www.meadowsfrisky.co.uk

Racing and rallying: small cars in competition

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Arthur Waite in his Austin Seven, No. 3, at Monza, Italy, for the cyclecar Grand Prix, where he won the 750 cc class, in April 1923. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Three cyclecars, Nos. 16, 17 and 18, at the start of the Cyclecar Grand Prix at Amiens, France, on 13 July 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. Pastori and Casiraghi’s Iso Isetta, no. 2102, cornering in the 1954 Mille Miglia. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Pouliez’s Violet-Bogey and Canouel’s Sphinx-Globe No. 36 side by side before the grandstands in the Cyclecar Grand Prix at Amiens, France, on 13 July 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Robert Benoist with Salmson No. 9 before the crowd at the Cyclecar Grand Prix, Le Mans, France, in September 1923. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Archibald Frazer-Nash and his passenger in GN No. 2 at Brooklands, Weybridge, England, in October 1921. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. British Morgan three-wheeler racing before the flag-hung grandstands in the Cyclecar Grand Prix at Amiens, France, on 13 July 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Bourbeau’s Bédélia racer, No. 31, with disc wheels in the paddock at the cyclecar race at Le Mans, France, in August 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. De Zubiaga in his Austin Seven racer at the weighing for the voiturette Grand Prix at Miramas, France, in June 1926. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. Racing Otomo, number 31, built for the Japan Motor Race on the Susaki reclaimed ground, Tokyo, December 1925. Photo: Hakuyōsha, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. Sima-Violet racing cyclecar number 53 on the Montlhéry track during the 1925 cyclecar Grand Prix, July 1925, with two motorcycles ahead. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. Mario Cipolla and L. Brioschi’s Iso Isetta, no. 2100, on a hairpin in the 1954 Mille Miglia. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. Polski Fiat 126p cars racing at Tor Poznań, Poland, on 15 June 1980. Photo: Stiopa, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. The Ronteix cyclecars of Ronteix and Jolibois racing in the Cyclecar Grand Prix at Amiens, France, on 13 July 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. Bas driving a Peugeot Bébé BP1 up the Mont Ventoux hill climb near Bédoin, France, in August 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. Douglas Hawkes’s GN, number 2, raising dust on the Circuit de la Sarthe in the voiturette race at Le Mans, France, in August 1920. Photo: Agence Meurisse, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. André Lombard’s Salmson racing cyclecar before the grandstands at the Cyclecar Grand Prix, Le Mans, France, in September 1921. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. Fratissier’s Amilcar racing past the grandstand on the Circuit des Loges, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, in the Bol d’Or of May 1923. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The Salmson team of Benoist (102), Casse (101) and Desvaux (100) lined up at the Bol d’Or, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, in May 1923. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. Marcel Dhôme’s 500 cc Darmont-Morgan climbing past village houses at the Gaillon hill-climb, Normandy, France, in September 1927. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. 500 cc cyclecars of Darmont, Dhôme and Violet, numbered 57 to 59, on the line for the French cyclecar Grand Prix at Montlhéry, October 1924. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. E. C. Gordon England in his Austin Seven racer, No. 69, at the French 750 cc cyclecar championship at Montlhéry, France, in October 1924. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. Francis Boyd-Carpenter in the supercharged Austin Seven racer, No. 30, at the JCC 200 Mile race, Brooklands, in October 1927. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. Entry No. 16, a Fiat 500, on the coast road at Calafuria near Livorno in the 1938 Mille Miglia. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A red 1949 Crosley Hotshot at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in July 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A red 1958 Berkeley SE328 at a rally, 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A 1965 Fiat Abarth 595 in rally livery, number 224, at the Bonhams Paris sale in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A yellow 1913 Bédélia BD2 at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in May 2022. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. Green 1935 Morgan Super Sports AKD 455 at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, England, in April 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A blue 1927 Austin Seven Chummy tourer with its hood up at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, West Sussex, in July 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. White Hanomag 2/10 PS Cabriolet of 1925 before the German Pavilion on the Expo grounds, Hanover, in September 2013. Photo: Hmg210, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A cream and black 1936 Fiat 500 A at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, in May 2026. Photo: Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A yellow 1956 Bond Minicar Mark C De Luxe Tourer, JTK 277, at Keynsham in 2011. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A 1953 Iso Isetta at the Bonhams sale in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A grey 1955 bubble-window Isetta 250 at the Isetta Club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A pale blue Goggomobil saloon at a meeting in Wingst, 2019. Photo: © Ra Boe / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 N with fixed side windows from the front in Bristol in 2017, its show card on the windscreen. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A green 1958 Vespa 400 with whitewall tyres on German plates in 2018. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A pale yellow 1959 FMR Tg500 with its Plexiglas canopy at Sherborne Castle, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  40. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1958 Subaru 360 from the left front three-quarter in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A blue July 1975 Mk1 Robin 750 at the Knebworth House Classic Motor Show in 2013. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A dark blue 1914 Peugeot Bébé BP1 with brass lamps at the Museu do Caramulo, Portugal, in June 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. Cream 1921 GN cyclecar from the front quarter in a museum, showing its air-cooled V-twin, photographed in April 2011. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. Blue BMW 3/15 DA-2 saloon on display at the Sakai City Historic Car Collection, Japan, in October 2013. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A cream 1939 Crosley convertible coupé on the Crosley Radio stand at CES, Las Vegas, in January 2012. Photo: The Conmunity – Pop Culture Geek, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A red Rovin D2 with a cream hood at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2018. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A red 1952 Kleinschnittger F 125 at a meeting in 2009. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. The 1955 Suzulight SS saloon in the Suzuki History Museum, Hamamatsu, in 2014. Photo: Rainmaker47, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. An orange 1957 Berkeley 328 in the vintage-car museum at Geraldine, New Zealand. Photo: Mr Thinktank (cropped by Mr.choppers), CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A pale blue Steyr-Puch 500 D with rear-hinged doors and cream wheels, in a courtyard in 2005. Photo: Ghostwriter9151, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A green and white 1958 Zündapp Janus at the Deutsches Automuseum Langenburg in 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A pale blue 1958 Friskysport at a classic-vehicle meeting in Mering, Bavaria, 2009. Photo: MartinHansV, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A red Mazda Carol 360 at a classic car meeting in Japan in 2019. Photo: Tokumeigakarinoaoshima, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A white Fiat Abarth 595 with a red stripe at Brands Hatch in 2021. Photo: 35mmMan, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. A very early 1967 Suzuki Fronte 360 Deluxe, with the thicker first-year mouldings, at Suzuki Plaza, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. A white 1973 Fiat 126 of the first series on a woodland verge in England in 2009. Photo: Tony Harrison, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. A blue 2006 Aixam A751 Super Luxe at Preston, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. The Gordon Murray T.25 prototype with its canopy tilted forward at the RAC Future Car Challenge, Madeira Drive, Brighton, in 2011. Photo: Dominic Alves, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. A blue 1898 Léon Bollée tricar with red-spoked wheels at the Musée automobile de Vendée, France, in September 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  60. A 1910 AC Sociable, AC 1910, on the Sunbeam Motor Cycle Club Pioneer Run from Epsom to Brighton, England, in March 2011. Photo: Rob, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. A red 1920 Temperino 8/10 HP with its script radiator cowl at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, Italy, in July 2009. Photo: tomislav medak, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. Red David cyclecar No. 17 on show in Barcelona, Spain, before the Barcelona–Sitges rally in March 2012. Photo: Jordi Payà, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  63. Blue 1927 Darmont Spécial DS No. 31 at Autoworld, Brussels, in February 2014. Photo: Sandra Fauconnier, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. Blue Amilcar CC roadster of 1921–⁠22 from the front quarter at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim, Germany, in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  65. The Otomo reproduction built in 1997–⁠99 from the offside front at the National Museum of Nature and Science, Ueno, Tokyo, in September 2013. Photo: Morio, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  66. Red Sima-Violet two-seat cyclecar of 1924 with white wings at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  67. Maroon Aero 10 HP roadster of 1930 at the Veletržní palác, Prague, in May 2008. Photo: Tony Hisgett, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  68. A maroon and cream 1936 Ohta OC phaeton at the Classic Car Festival in Kiryū, Gunma, in November 2014. Photo: NEXT-EXIT, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  69. A blue 1959 BMW 600 at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  70. A blue Mikrus MR-300 on the quay at Szafarnia, Gdańsk, in 2012. Photo: Artur Andrzej, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  71. A yellow Goggomobil Dart from the front three-quarter at the German Auto Fest, Earlwood, New South Wales, in 2015. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  72. A cream 1960 Mitsubishi 500 in the Mitsubishi Auto Gallery, Okazaki, in 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  73. The Zeta Runabout and the green Zeta Sports side by side in the National Motor Museum, Birdwood, in 2008. Photo: Peripitus, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  74. A yellow 1975 Enfield 8000 on a stand at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2023. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  75. A red 1981 HMV Freeway three-wheeler at the Western Antique Aeroplane and Automobile Museum in Hood River, Oregon, in 2025. Photo: Moki8, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  76. A red Twike 3 Active parked under a tree on a country lane in May 2007. Photo: Franko30, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  77. A dark blue Ligier JS50 with a white roof at the Warsaw Motor Show in 2016. Photo: Jakub “Flyz1” Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  78. A red 1992 Autozam AZ-1 (PG6SA) on display at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, Japan, in September 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  79. A green 1913 Humber Humberette V-twin cyclecar with a buttoned black seat at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  80. O-We-Go tandem cyclecar of 1914 in orange, lettered OWEGO behind a chain in a museum. Photo: Aaron Headly, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  81. Grey 1913 Violet-Bogey Type A torpedo from the front quarter at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, France, in March 2026. Photo: Andy Dingley, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  82. A grey 1925 Bjering with its hood up at the Norsk Teknisk Museum, Oslo, Norway, in November 2014. Photo: Bjoertvedt, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. The Cyclecar, 16 July 1913, pp. 193–198, the Cyclecar Grand Prix reports and official classification, read from Grace’s Guide’s scan. graces-guide-s3-live.s3.amazonaws.com
  2. Kenneth Neve, “An account of the 1913 Cyclecar Grand Prix”, Motor Sport, January 1943. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  3. W. Boddy, “The vintage years of the Morgan 3-wheeler”, Motor Sport, June, July and August 1965, compiled from H. F. S. Morgan’s cuttings books. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  4. teamdan.com race-results archive, the pages for 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923 and 1926, archived copies. www.teamdan.com
  5. AMCN, “Centenary celebrations: 100 years of Bol d’Or”. amcn.com.au
  6. W.B. (Bill Boddy), “The Development of the Racing Austin Seven”, Motor Sport, April 1947. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  7. “Grass roots”, Motor Sport, September 1989, on the 750 Motor Club. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  8. racingsportscars.com, results of the Mille Miglia of 2 May 1954 and 1 May 1955, the Isetta entries. www.racingsportscars.com
  9. “Mille Miglia Musings”, Motor Sport, June 1954, the Isetta passage. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  10. L’Automobile (Automobile Club d’Italia), article on the Iso Isetta, read in summary. www.lautomobile.aci.it
  11. Günther Molter, “12 Stunden von Hockenheim”, auto motor und sport 12/1958 (7 June 1958), with results, read in full. archive.org
  12. “Matters of Moment”, Motor Sport, September 1958, on the Liège–Brescia–Liège rally. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  13. racingsportscars.com, results of the Sebring 6 Hours, 31 December 1950. www.racingsportscars.com
  14. Crosley Automobile Club, “Forgotten History: The First Sebring Race on 12/31/1950”, from accounts by Barry Seel and Louis Rugani. www.crosleyautoclub.com
  15. Japanese Wikipedia, Subaru 360, read in full; it cites Katsuragi Yōji, Tentōmushi ga hashitta hi (1987 and 1995). ja.wikipedia.org
  16. Subaru Museum, the Subaru 360 story, with the 1964 Grand Prix. members.subaru.jp
  17. “B.A.R.C. Members’ Goodwood Meeting (June 14th)”, Motor Sport, July 1958, p. 24. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  18. English Wikipedia, Berkeley Cars, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  19. Italian Wikipedia, Fiat Nuova 500 Abarth. it.wikipedia.org
  20. Italian Wikipedia, Fiat Nuova 500 Giannini. it.wikipedia.org
  21. English Wikipedia, Andros Trophy, list of champions. en.wikipedia.org
  22. Aixam Mega, Dossier de presse 2010, the maker’s press kit, read via the Internet Archive. www.aixam.com
  23. The Drive, “That Mini Six-Wheeled Porsche Is the Star of the World’s Most Delightful Endurance Race”, 23 August 2023. www.thedrive.com
  24. The Frisky Register, “The Year of 1958”. meadowsfrisky.co.uk
  25. English Wikipedia, Léon Bollée Automobiles, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Rendall, The Chequered Flag (1997), and The Times. en.wikipedia.org
  26. Peugeot, “A century of models: 1913 Bébé Type BP 1”, peugeot.com, archived 2011. web.archive.org
  27. Dennis Simanaitis, “What a sweet little Bébé”, Simanaitis Says, 12 August 2018. simanaitissays.com
  28. English Wikipedia, Austin 7, read in full; it cites Wyatt, The Austin 1905–⁠1952 (1981). en.wikipedia.org
  29. Leif Snellman and Hans Etzrodt, “Nürburgring Eröffnungsrennen” (1927), The Golden Era of Grand Prix Racing. www.goldenera.fi
  30. German Wikipedia, Hanomag 2/10 PS, read in full; it cites Horst-Dieter Görg (2005). de.wikipedia.org
  31. Japan Automotive Hall of Fame, “Junya Toyokawa”, inductee page in English. jahfa.jp
  32. Japanese Wikipedia, オートモ号 (Ōtomo-gō), read in large part; it cites Motor magazine (1925–⁠27). ja.wikipedia.org
  33. French Wikipedia, Simca 5, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites René Bellu, Toutes les Simca, and the Le Mans museum. fr.wikipedia.org
  34. English Wikipedia, Mitsubishi 500, its motor-sport section, which cites Mitsubishi’s archived “A Glorious Heritage” page. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  35. Polish Wikipedia, Fiat 126, read in full; it cites Zdzisław Podbielski, Polski Fiat 126p, czyli Maluch (2011). pl.wikipedia.org
  36. FIVA, “Heroes of motoring history: Sobieslaw Zasada”. fiva.org
  37. English Wikipedia, Puch 500, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  38. Autocar, “Ligier claims slowest ever lap of the Nurburgring”, January 2026. www.autocar.co.uk
  39. radical-mag.com, “Fiat Abarth 500/595/695” (German; versions of 2018, 2019 and 8 January 2025), read in summary. radical-mag.com
  40. English Wikipedia, 750 Motor Club, introduction read. en.wikipedia.org
  41. German Wikipedia, Aero 10, read in full; it cites aero-ig.de. de.wikipedia.org
  42. German Wikipedia, Kleinschnittger F 125, read in full; it cites Rosellen, Deutsche Kleinwagen (1991), pp. 152–171. de.wikipedia.org
  43. “Dach überm Kopf”, Der Spiegel 4/1989, a feature on Paul Kleinschnittger. www.spiegel.de
  44. Jean Goyard, “La Vespa 400 — la petite auto de Fourchambault”, Automobilia no. 34, February 1999, pp. 44–49. new.vespa400.com
  45. French Wikipedia, Vespa 400, read in full. fr.wikipedia.org
  46. French Wikipedia, Aixam, citing among others an interview with Philippe Colançon in Les Échos. fr.wikipedia.org

Records and feats: microcar class records and journeys

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A red 1964 Peel P50, FMP 62B, at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, showing its single door. Photo: Brian Snelson from Hockley, Essex, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. The 1957 Velam record car, its aluminium cigar body by Jean Bianchi, at Rétromobile in Paris in 2024. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  3. The 1935 Rytecraft Scootacar BUC 515, driven round the world in 1965, at Brooklands Museum, Weybridge, in 2015. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A car in the livery of the Messerschmitt KR200 Super record car, lettered MESSERSCHMITT 200 Super, from the front quarter at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen, Germany, in September 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. E. C. Gordon England in his Austin Seven racer, No. 69, at the French 750 cc cyclecar championship at Montlhéry, France, in October 1924. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. Young woman riding a Mochet Vélocar recumbent bicycle, the ‘vélocar à pédalage horizontal’, in a Paris street in 1933. Photo: Central News, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. A 1963 Peel P50 from the front three-quarter at the RRR museum in Eggenburg, Austria, in 2013. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. The cream and red 1957 Brütsch Mopetta at the ErfinderZeiten Auto- und Uhrenmuseum, Schramberg in 2015. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. The five Mazda-Gos of the 1936 Kagoshima–Tokyo promotional run lined up before a torii gate in Japan. Photo: Tōyō Kōgyō (photographer unknown), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. The board on the 1935 Rytecraft Scootacar BUC 515 recording its 1965 drive round the world, at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, in June 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. Marcel Dhôme’s supercharged 750 cc Darmont, winner of its cyclecar class, at Montlhéry, France, in October 1932. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. The 1957 Velam record car at Rétromobile in Paris in 2018. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. 1920 Briggs & Stratton Flyer with its motor wheel trailing at the rear, in the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. Smith Flyer buckboard, by A. O. Smith, with its motor wheel at the rear, driven in a park in the United States, 1916. Photo: The World’s Work (1916), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. Prime Minister Katō Takaaki aboard an Otomo tourer, plate 16, in Japan in November 1924, the month the Otomo went on sale. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. Evil Tweety, a land-speed-record Honda Z600 Coupe, on the salt at Bonneville in 2009. Photo: Bob DuHamel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. Green 1935 Morgan Super Sports AKD 455 at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, England, in April 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. The 1921 Leyat Hélica sport that Gustave Courau gave to the Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris, on its glass floor in November 2017. Photo: Lomita, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A blue 1927 Austin Seven Chummy tourer with its hood up at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, West Sussex, in July 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A yellow 1956 Bond Minicar Mark C De Luxe Tourer, JTK 277, at Keynsham in 2011. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A pale blue Goggomobil saloon at a meeting in Wingst, 2019. Photo: © Ra Boe / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A turquoise 1960 KR200 with whitewall tyres at an Australian show in 2014. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 N with fixed side windows from the front in Bristol in 2017, its show card on the windscreen. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A green 1958 Vespa 400 with whitewall tyres on German plates in 2018. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1958 Subaru 360 from the left front three-quarter in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A red 1963 Peel P50 at the London Concours, 2025. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A 1972 Bond Bug 700ES, NYC 760L, at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Grimsthorpe Castle, Lincolnshire, in 2021. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A blue July 1975 Mk1 Robin 750 at the Knebworth House Classic Motor Show in 2013. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. Cream 1921 GN cyclecar from the front quarter in a museum, showing its air-cooled V-twin, photographed in April 2011. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A white Briggs & Stratton Flyer of about 1920 in the AACA Museum, Hershey, Pennsylvania, in December 2010. Photo: Klaus Nahr, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A black Mochet two-seat Vélocar with a tan canopy at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. The 1935 Rytecraft Scootacar BUC 515 on display at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, in June 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A pale blue 1976 AC Model 70, NPN 924P, on the grass at a show in 2010. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A 1953 Fuldamobil N‑2 with its hammered-aluminium body, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. An open Biscúter at a car show in Aguadulce, Almería, in 2019. Photo: Schumi4ever, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A white 1956 Velam Isetta at the Bonhams sale during the Greenwich Concours, Connecticut, in 2023. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A white and blue Brütsch Mopetta at a concours in Schwetzingen in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A pale blue 1958 Friskysport at a classic-vehicle meeting in Mering, Bavaria, 2009. Photo: MartinHansV, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A white Fiat Abarth 595 with a red stripe at Brands Hatch in 2021. Photo: 35mmMan, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A very early 1967 Suzuki Fronte 360 Deluxe, with the thicker first-year mouldings, at Suzuki Plaza, Hamamatsu, in 2024. Photo: Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. An orange Honda Z GT on the grass at Gifu Family Park in 2024. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A Sinclair C5 on grass at the Nottingham Motor Show in 2026. Photo: Aethonatic, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. 1913 Scripps-Booth JB Rocket in the Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan, in September 2024. Photo: Warren LeMay, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  44. Blue 1927 Darmont Spécial DS No. 31 at Autoworld, Brussels, in February 2014. Photo: Sandra Fauconnier, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. Yellow Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo of 1922 at the Bonny-sur-Loire wine fair, Loiret, in July 2019. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. The Otomo reproduction built in 1997–⁠99 from the offside front at the National Museum of Nature and Science, Ueno, Tokyo, in September 2013. Photo: Morio, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A blue 1928 Rosengart LR2 saloon in the Rosengart-Museum at Bedburg, Germany, in 2021. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A green 1935 Mazda-Go Type TCS at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, in September 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A first-series Lloyd LP 300 saloon with the narrow bonnet, beside the Rhine in Germany in 2007. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A blue 1959 BMW 600 at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A yellow 1975 Enfield 8000 on a stand at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2023. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A red and grey Erad Junior, a model of 1988 or later, at the Association Lorraine des Amateurs d’Automobiles in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. A red Twike 3 Active parked under a tree on a country lane in May 2007. Photo: Franko30, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A dark blue Ligier JS50 with a white roof at the Warsaw Motor Show in 2016. Photo: Jakub “Flyz1” Maciejewski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. A turquoise 1953 Ardex in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. A red 1992 Autozam AZ-1 (PG6SA) on display at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, Japan, in September 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. O-We-Go tandem cyclecar of 1914 in orange, lettered OWEGO behind a chain in a museum. Photo: Aaron Headly, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. The Martin Stationette at the Lane Motor Museum in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. A yellow 1958 Coronet three-wheeler with its hood folded in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Günther Molter, “Rekorde der Kleinsten”, auto motor und sport 19/1955, p. 25, with the KR200 record table and the note on Lloyd’s records. archive.org
  2. Messerschmitt Owners’ Club (UK), “Messerschmitt 200 Super: a world record breaker!” (Messerschmitt Foundation of Great Britain, May 1994), and the club’s model pages. messerschmitt.co.uk
  3. German Wikipedia, Messerschmitt Kabinenroller, read in full. Used as a lead; its references include Rosellen, Deutsche Kleinwagen (1991). de.wikipedia.org
  4. Italian Wikipedia, Fiat Nuova 500 Abarth, read in full. it.wikipedia.org
  5. carrozzieri-italiani.com, page on the Abarth 500 Pininfarina record car. www.carrozzieri-italiani.com
  6. “VELAM: The French Isetta with a couple of sporting twists”, rarefrenchsportscars.wordpress.com, PDF study, author not named, read in full. rarefrenchsportscars.wordpress.com
  7. English Wikipedia, Reyonnah, read in full; it cites Automobilia, Toutes les voitures françaises 1953, not seen. en.wikipedia.org
  8. RM Auctions, The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, Madison, Georgia, 2013, lot 594, “1951 Reyonnah”, catalogue text. rmsothebys.com
  9. French Wikipedia, Marcel Leyat, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites helica.info, Courau and Genty. fr.wikipedia.org
  10. Les Amis de l’Hélica, helica.info, home page and “Les différents modèles”, archived copies of 2017. web.archive.org
  11. W. Boddy, “The vintage years of the Morgan 3-wheeler”, Motor Sport, June, July and August 1965, compiled from H. F. S. Morgan’s cuttings books. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  12. W. Boddy, “The Trikes Return”, Motor Sport, September 1996, and “The Battle of the Small Cars – 60 minutes flat out”, Motor Sport, March 1996. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  13. W.B. (Bill Boddy), “The Development of the Racing Austin Seven”, Motor Sport, April 1947. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  14. English Wikipedia, Austin 7, read in full; it cites Wyatt, The Austin 1905–⁠1952 (1981). en.wikipedia.org
  15. Georges Mochet, Charles Mochet et le Vélocar, January 2001, compiled by Alexandre Pépin, on velorizontal.com. web.archive.org
  16. Arnfried Schmitz, La Mochet Story et record de l’heure (1989; French translation, 2005, with notes from Roger Faure and Marc Tauss), France-HPV. web.archive.org
  17. English Wikipedia, Peel P50, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Guinness World Records 2010 and Motor Cycle of 23 May 1963. en.wikipedia.org
  18. German Wikipedia, Brütsch Mopetta, read in full. Used as a lead; it relies on Rosellen, Deutsche Kleinwagen nach 1945 (1991), pp. 176–197. de.wikipedia.org
  19. English Wikipedia, Smith Flyer, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites the Guinness Book of Records (1992). en.wikipedia.org
  20. The Makes That Didn’t Make It, “Let’s Get Small, Really Small: the Arbet”, June 2026. www.makesthatdidntmakeit.com
  21. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1953 Ardex”, tour page. www.microcarmuseum.com
  22. German Wikipedia, Automobiles Erad, citing Linz and Schrader, Georgano and René Bellu’s Automobilia. de.wikipedia.org
  23. German Wikipedia, Lloyd 400, read in full; it cites Oswald, Deutsche Autos 1945–⁠1990, vol. 4 (2001). de.wikipedia.org
  24. Japanese Wikipedia, オートモ号 (Ōtomo-gō), read in large part; it cites Motor magazine (1925–⁠27). ja.wikipedia.org
  25. Japanese Wikipedia, 豊川順彌 (Toyokawa Junya), read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  26. English Wikipedia, Citroën Type C, read in full; it cites Reynolds (1996) and Laurent, Citroën 5HP (2006). en.wikipedia.org
  27. Inside Mazda (Mazda Motors UK), “Mazda at 100: love of the epic drive”, 6 May 2020. www.insidemazda.co.uk
  28. English Wikipedia, Fuldamobil, read in full; used as a lead, citing Das Auto, auto motor und sport and club and museum sites. en.wikipedia.org
  29. auto-historia.com.ar, “Bambi la microcupé de Fuldamobil”, archived 2016. web.archive.org
  30. Spanish Wikipedia, Fuldamobil Bambi, read in full; it cites Clarín and Argentine enthusiasts’ sites. es.wikipedia.org
  31. English Wikipedia, Meadows Frisky, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites The Autocar of 27 December 1956. en.wikipedia.org
  32. Jean Goyard, “La Vespa 400 — la petite auto de Fourchambault”, Automobilia no. 34, February 1999, pp. 44–49, quoting the FFSA’s official report no. 301 of 23 September 1958. new.vespa400.com
  33. English Wikipedia, Rytecraft, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Sedgwick and Gillies, A–Z of Cars of the 1930s (1989). en.wikipedia.org
  34. Prewarcar (French edition), “Économie et élégance: les femmes glamour ont aimé la Scootacar Rytecraft”. www.prewarcar.fr
  35. Online Bicycle Museum, “1939 Rytecraft Scootatruck”. onlinebicyclemuseum.co.uk
  36. Japanese Wikipedia, スズキ・フロンテ, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  37. English Wikipedia, Suzuki Fronte, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  38. webCG, “No. 285: the Alto Turbo RS has a history: tracing Suzuki’s high-performance kei cars (part 1)” (in Japanese). www.webcg.net
  39. Hull Museums, “Invacar Motorcar”, Streetlife Museum, KINCM:1976.80.1. hullmuseums.co.uk
  40. English Wikipedia, Sinclair C5, read in full. Used as a lead; it quotes the 1987 Guinness Book of Records. en.wikipedia.org
  41. English Wikipedia, Reliant Robin, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites BBC News reports of 2025–⁠26. en.wikipedia.org
  42. English Wikipedia, Honda Z, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  43. English Wikipedia, Honda Beat, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  44. Japanese Wikipedia, ホンダ・ビート (自動車), read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  45. German Wikipedia, Twike, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  46. Autocar, “Ligier claims slowest ever lap of the Nurburgring”, January 2026. www.autocar.co.uk
  47. “‘Red Bug’ Electric Roadster”, Motor Age, 12 May 1927. archive.org
  48. H. F. S. Morgan, “How the Morgan began”, The Light Car, December 1949, reproduced on morgan3w.de, archived copy of 2012. web.archive.org

The designers: the people who shaped the microcar

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. Léon Bollée and Madame Bollée seated on their Léon Bollée tricar, about 1896–⁠1898. Photo: Max de Nansouty, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. Robert Bourbeau steering his Bédélia from the rear seat, a passenger in front, at the Circuit de Paris, France, in March 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. The first Microlino prototype at its debut on the Micro stand at the Geneva Motor Show, Switzerland, in March 2016. Photo: Norbert Aepli, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. A maroon 1923 Austin Seven Chummy in the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, in June 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Marcel Violet and his mechanic in a Violet-Bogey cyclecar in 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. British Morgan three-wheeler racing before the flag-hung grandstands in the Cyclecar Grand Prix at Amiens, France, on 13 July 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Leyat Hélica with its tractor propeller in a guard ring at the front and a driver in the tandem cockpit, from La Science et la Vie, about 1920. Photo: La Science et la Vie (1920), via Cnum, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Paul Arzens’s two cars side by side at Mulhouse in 2016: La Baleine of 1938 and the Œuf électrique of 1942. Photo: Arnaud 25, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A new Leyat Hélica propeller car with two men aboard beneath the Eiffel Tower, Champ de Mars, Paris, in July 1921. Photo: Agence Meurisse, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. A Bond Minicar on its stand at the Utrecht Jaarbeurs trade fair in September 1950, introduced to the Dutch as an English three-wheeler. Photo: Anefo, Nationaal Archief, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. The 1950 Fend Flitzer 101 at the ErfinderZeiten Auto- und Uhrenmuseum, Schramberg in 2015, seen low from the front three-quarter. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. A Brütsch Zwerg single-seater at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen in 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. The ‘DART by Bill Buckle’ signature decal on a blue Goggomobil Dart 400 in Denmark in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. A cream 1936 Fiat 500 A with red wheels at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. A grey Fiat 500 D at the Lane Motor Museum in Nashville in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. The flat-twin engine under the load floor of a Fiat 500 Giardiniera, opened up during a road test in Wales on 1 February 1961. Photo: Geoff Charles (National Library of Wales), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1958 Subaru 360 from the left front three-quarter in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. A 1970 Bond Bug, SLG 270H, from the front at Hebden Bridge in 2013. Photo: SG2012, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. The blue electric Gordon Murray T.27 prototype at the RAC Future Car Challenge, Brighton, in 2011. Photo: Dominic Alves, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. The Gordon Murray T.25 prototype with its canopy tilted forward at the RAC Future Car Challenge, Madeira Drive, Brighton, in 2011. Photo: Dominic Alves, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. Léon Bollée at the tiller of his single-seat racing voiturette, in a colour print from Les Sports Modernes, 1898. Photo: Les Sports Modernes (1898), Public domain, via Flickr.
  22. Robert Bourbeau in a low Bédélia racer, No. 113, with disc wheels during the Paris–Nice cyclecar trial, France, in 1921. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A crowd round a new Messerschmitt KR175 in a Den Haag street on 12 April 1954. Photo: van Duinen / Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. Mario Cipolla and L. Brioschi’s Iso Isetta, no. 2100, on a hairpin in the 1954 Mille Miglia. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s grey Flying Feather from the right front three-quarter in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A red 1964 Peel P50, FMP 62B, at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, showing its single door. Photo: Brian Snelson from Hockley, Essex, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A yellow 1913 Bédélia BD2 at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in May 2022. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. Green 1935 Morgan Super Sports AKD 455 at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, England, in April 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. The 1921 Leyat Hélica sport that Gustave Courau gave to the Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris, on its glass floor in November 2017. Photo: Lomita, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A blue 1927 Austin Seven Chummy tourer with its hood up at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, West Sussex, in July 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A cream and black 1936 Fiat 500 A at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, in May 2026. Photo: Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A yellow 1956 Bond Minicar Mark C De Luxe Tourer, JTK 277, at Keynsham in 2011. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A 1953 Iso Isetta at the Bonhams sale in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A grey 1955 bubble-window Isetta 250 at the Isetta Club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A pale blue Goggomobil saloon at a meeting in Wingst, 2019. Photo: © Ra Boe / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A turquoise 1960 KR200 with whitewall tyres at an Australian show in 2014. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 N with fixed side windows from the front in Bristol in 2017, its show card on the windscreen. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A pale yellow 1959 FMR Tg500 with its Plexiglas canopy at Sherborne Castle, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  39. The 1958 Subaru 360 at the Toyota Automobile Museum in 2012, seen almost from the front. Photo: Iwao, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A red 1963 Peel P50 at the London Concours, 2025. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A 1972 Bond Bug 700ES, NYC 760L, at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Grimsthorpe Castle, Lincolnshire, in 2021. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A red and black 2001 Smart City-Coupé passion (450) ‘Softouch’ in Leamington Spa, England, in January 2020. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A dark blue 1914 Peugeot Bébé BP1 with brass lamps at the Museu do Caramulo, Portugal, in June 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A black Mochet two-seat Vélocar with a tan canopy at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. Blue BMW 3/15 DA-2 saloon on display at the Sakai City Historic Car Collection, Japan, in October 2013. Photo: Hunini, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A red 1932 American Austin coupé at the Old Car Festival in Greenfield Village, Dearborn, Michigan, in September 2013. Photo: F. D. Richards from Clinton, MI, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. A yellow and maroon 1953 Mochet CM-125 Luxe in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A polished aluminium 1956 Voisin C31 Biscooter with its black hood up at Retro Classics, Stuttgart, in 2020. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A 1953 Fuldamobil N‑2 with its hammered-aluminium body, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A red 1952 Kleinschnittger F 125 at a meeting in 2009. Photo: BlueBreezeWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. An open Biscúter at a car show in Aguadulce, Almería, in 2019. Photo: Schumi4ever, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A turquoise and white Messerschmitt KR175 at the Oldtimer show in Moscow in 2013. Photo: Svetlov Artem, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  53. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s Fuji Cabin 5A from the left front three-quarter in 2025. Photo: Coolalabright, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A red 1958 Berkeley SE328 at a rally, 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. A white and blue Brütsch Mopetta at a concours in Schwetzingen in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. A pale blue Steyr-Puch 500 D with rear-hinged doors and cream wheels, in a courtyard in 2005. Photo: Ghostwriter9151, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. A pale blue 1958 Friskysport at a classic-vehicle meeting in Mering, Bavaria, 2009. Photo: MartinHansV, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. A pale-blue 1965 Peel Trident, DAJ 551C, on a plinth at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. A yellow CitiCar SV-48 in bright sunshine beside a stone building in 2014. Photo: Eric Kilby, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  60. A Sinclair C5 on grass at the Nottingham Motor Show in 2026. Photo: Aethonatic, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. A yellow Tata Nano from the front three-quarter in a street in Bengaluru, India, in March 2011. Photo: Krokodyl, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. A black Gordon Murray T.25 head-on under its Future Car Challenge 2010 winners’ sticker, at Brighton in 2011. Photo: Dominic Alves, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  63. A matt-green Microlino in a courtyard in May 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. A blue 1898 Léon Bollée tricar with red-spoked wheels at the Musée automobile de Vendée, France, in September 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  65. A red 1909 Le Zèbre Type A from the front three-quarter at the Franschhoek Motor Museum, South Africa, in October 2016. Photo: naeem mayet, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  66. Blue 1927 Darmont Spécial DS No. 31 at Autoworld, Brussels, in February 2014. Photo: Sandra Fauconnier, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  67. Blue Amilcar CC roadster of 1921–⁠22 from the front quarter at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim, Germany, in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  68. Yellow Citroën 5HP two-seat Torpédo of 1922 at the Bonny-sur-Loire wine fair, Loiret, in July 2019. Photo: Cjp24, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  69. Red Sima-Violet two-seat cyclecar of 1924 with white wings at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  70. A blue 1928 Rosengart LR2 saloon in the Rosengart-Museum at Bedburg, Germany, in 2021. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  71. The cream Bugatti Type 68B roadster prototype at an exhibition in Kassel in 2013. Photo: Thomas Vogt from Paderborn, Deutschland, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  72. Paul Arzens’s 1942 Œuf électrique from the front quarter in the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, in 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  73. A 1950 Fend Flitzer 101 coupé on display in a museum in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  74. The Brütsch 1200 sports cabriolet in the Automuseum Engstingen in 2019. Photo: Lindemann97, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  75. A grey 1955 Flying Feather with its hood up at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2008. Photo: Mytho88, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  76. A 1958 Opperman Unicar T in light blue, in the Williams Microcars collection in 2024. Photo: Guards951, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  77. A pale green Spatz carrying the sparrow-and-script Spatz badge, on show at the IAA in Frankfurt in 2019. Photo: Johannes Maximilian, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  78. A yellow Goggomobil Dart from the front three-quarter at the German Auto Fest, Earlwood, New South Wales, in 2015. Photo: Jeremy, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  79. An olive Steyr-Puch Haflinger 700 AP with a cream canvas tilt, AJM 678A, at the Haflinger meeting in IJmuiden, Netherlands, in April 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  80. A red 1969 Fiat 500 Giardiniera at a show in 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  81. An olive 1970 Subaru K55 Sambar truck at the Showa Era Lifestyle Museum, Kitanagoya, Japan, in March 2023. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  82. A green Lawil City at the UMMC Museum of Automotive Technology, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia, in 2023. Photo: Vyacheslav Bukharov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  83. A red Avolette, an open fibreglass car, at an outdoor club meeting in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Austin 7, read in full. It cites Wyatt, The Austin 1905–⁠1952 (1981), and Mills, Original Austin Seven (1996). en.wikipedia.org
  2. Lane Motor Museum, “Austin 7 ‘Fabric Saloon’ – 1929”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  3. Grace’s Guide, “Austin: Seven”. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  4. Hagerty UK, “Austin Seven: power to the people, 100 years on”. www.hagerty.co.uk
  5. Italian Wikipedia, Ermenegildo Preti, read in full; it cites Franco Bugada in VFR Aviation no. 18 (2016). it.wikipedia.org
  6. German Wikipedia, Fritz Fend, read in full; it cites the Große Bayerische Biographische Enzyklopädie (2012). de.wikipedia.org
  7. English Wikipedia, Bond Minicar, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites The Motor, Light Car, Wotherspoon (1993) and Jones (2008). en.wikipedia.org
  8. Japanese Wikipedia, Momose Shinroku, read in full. ja.wikipedia.org
  9. H. F. S. Morgan, “How the Morgan began”, The Light Car, December 1949, reproduced on morgan3w.de, archived copy of 2012, read in full. web.archive.org
  10. English Wikipedia, Fuldamobil, read in full; used as a lead, citing Das Auto and auto motor und sport. en.wikipedia.org
  11. English Wikipedia, Peel Engineering Company, read in full. It draws on Barry Edwards, P50: Peel Engineering’s Extraordinary Legacy (2014). en.wikipedia.org
  12. German Wikipedia, Brütsch (Automobilhersteller), read in full. It cites Rosellen, Deutsche Kleinwagen (1991). de.wikipedia.org
  13. JustCars, “Vale Bill Buckle”, 2023, read in summary. www.justcars.com.au
  14. German Wikipedia, Smart (Automarke), read in full. It cites brand eins and Der Spiegel. de.wikipedia.org
  15. English Wikipedia, Microlino, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  16. English Wikipedia, Gordon Murray, the Gordon Murray Design section, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  17. French Wikipedia, Léon Bollée, read in full. Used as a lead. fr.wikipedia.org
  18. English Wikipedia, Léon Bollée Automobiles, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Rendall, The Chequered Flag (1997), and The Times. en.wikipedia.org
  19. Grace’s Guide, “Leon Bollee”, read in full: text drawn from Wikipedia and Hasluck (1906). www.gracesguide.co.uk
  20. German Wikipedia, Automobiles Léon Bollée, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites The Automotor and Horseless Vehicle Journal (November 1896), La Locomotion automobile (1896–⁠97) and Georgano. de.wikipedia.org
  21. French Wikipedia, Bédélia, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Caradisiac (2018), a blog and Rétromobile. fr.wikipedia.org
  22. Louwman Museum, “Bédélia BD2 MG”, collection page, read in full. www.louwmanmuseum.nl
  23. Grace’s Guide, “Bedelia”, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  24. French Wikipedia, Marcel Violet, the relevant paragraphs read. It cites L’Aéro (1913), Georgano (1968) and Automobilia. fr.wikipedia.org
  25. German Wikipedia, Sima-Violet, read in full. It cites Linz and Schrader, and Georgano. de.wikipedia.org
  26. Lane Motor Museum, “Sima-Violet Cyclecar – 1924”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  27. W. Boddy, “The vintage years of the Morgan 3-wheeler”, Motor Sport, June, July and August 1965, compiled from H. F. S. Morgan’s cuttings books. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  28. Peugeot, “A century of models: 1913 Bébé Type BP 1”, peugeot.com, archived 2011, read in full. web.archive.org
  29. French Wikipedia, Peugeot Type BP 1, read in full. Used as a lead. fr.wikipedia.org
  30. Dennis Simanaitis, “What a sweet little Bébé”, Simanaitis Says, 12 August 2018, read in full; it quotes Hugh Conway’s Bugatti Magnum (1989). simanaitissays.com
  31. Gooding & Company, Pebble Beach, August 2008, lot 26, “1914 Peugeot Bébé Two-Seat Roadster”, read in summary. www.goodingco.com
  32. French Wikipedia, Rosengart. fr.wikipedia.org
  33. English Wikipedia, Citroën Type C, read in full. It cites Reynolds, André Citroën: The Man and the Motor Car (1996), and Laurent, Citroën 5HP (2006). en.wikipedia.org
  34. Cercle Pégase Amilcar, “Histoire”, read in full. cercle.amilcar.free.fr
  35. Osenat, sale of 10 November 2013, lot 209, a 1927 Amilcar CGS: the history of the founders. archive.org
  36. French Wikipedia, Lucien Rosengart. fr.wikipedia.org
  37. Lane Motor Museum, “Mochet Le Velocar – 1926”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  38. Georges Mochet, Charles Mochet et le Vélocar, January 2001, compiled by Alexandre Pépin, on velorizontal.com, read in large part. web.archive.org
  39. Arnfried Schmitz, La Mochet Story et record de l’heure (1989; French translation, 2005), France-HPV, read in full. web.archive.org
  40. Archives municipales de Puteaux, Les usines Mochet, 14 August 2024, read in full. www.archives.puteaux.fr
  41. French Wikipedia, Vélocar, read in full. It cites Brüning (2000) and Cordon Champ (2004). fr.wikipedia.org
  42. Lane Motor Museum, “Leyat Helico – 1919”, collection page, read in full. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  43. French Wikipedia, Marcel Leyat, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites helica.info, Courau and Genty. fr.wikipedia.org
  44. Italian Wikipedia, Fiat 500 “Topolino”, read in full. Used as a lead; its bibliography includes Dante Giacosa’s memoir (1979) and Alessandro Sannia (2008). it.wikipedia.org
  45. German Wikipedia, Simca 5, read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  46. German Wikipedia, Fiat 500 Topolino, read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  47. Italpress, “Torino celebra i primi 90 anni della Fiat 500 ‘Topolino’”, June 2026, read in full. www.italpress.com
  48. Musée des Arts et Métiers, “L’œuf électrique de Paul Arzens”, collection text, read in full. www.arts-et-metiers.net
  49. l’Automobile Ancienne, “L’Oeuf Electrique de Paul Arzens (1942)”, 9 November 2015, read in full. lautomobileancienne.com
  50. French Wikipedia, Paul Arzens, read in extract; it cites Correspondances ferroviaires no. 3 (2002). fr.wikipedia.org
  51. Mick Walsh, “Bugatti Type 68: the missing link”, Classic & Sports Car, 28 August 2019, read in full. www.classicandsportscar.com
  52. Jacob Munkhammar, “Jacob’s Bugatti Pages: Type 68” (1998), read in full. www.bugattipage.com
  53. Italian Wikipedia, Iso Isetta, read in full; its bibliography includes Flavio Campetti, Da ISO a Iso Rivolta (2004). it.wikipedia.org
  54. English Wikipedia, Isetta, read in full; its Iso section cites Norm Mort (2008). en.wikipedia.org
  55. Stadtarchiv Rosenheim, “Fritz Fend und sein ‘Flitzer’”, from Rosenheim 2000. Eine Stadt im 20. Jahrhundert (2000), read in full. www.stadtarchiv.de
  56. David Garner, “Fritz Fend: father of the Messerschmitt Kabinenroller”, Messerschmitt Owners’ Club, 14 January 2014. messerschmitt.co.uk
  57. German Wikipedia, Fend Flitzer, read in full. It draws on Rosellen, Deutsche Kleinwagen (1991). de.wikipedia.org
  58. Bill Cawthon, “Fritz Fend’s Marvelous Micro-cars”, Promotex Online, March 2004, written with the Messerschmitt Owners’ Club’s help, read in full. web.archive.org
  59. German Wikipedia, Messerschmitt Kabinenroller, read in full with its references. It cites Rosellen, Deutsche Kleinwagen (1991), and Motor Klassik 12/1988. de.wikipedia.org
  60. Messerschmitt Owners’ Club (UK), model pages. messerschmitt.co.uk
  61. Lancashire County Council, Lancashire Pioneers, “Lawrence ‘Lawrie’ Bond – The Bond Minicar”, archived copy of 2011, read in full. web.archive.org
  62. Blog Preston, “The Bond Minicar: Preston’s post-war winner”, March 2022; a weak local source. www.blogpreston.co.uk
  63. English Wikipedia, Berkeley Cars, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Wotherspoon, Lawrie Bond – the man and the marque (1993), and The Motor, 3 April 1957. en.wikipedia.org
  64. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1958 Berkeley B65”, tour page (2002), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  65. W.B. (Bill Boddy), “A Modern Cyclecar”, road test of the Unicar, Motor Sport, June 1958, read in full. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  66. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot 275, “1959 Opperman Unicar”. rmsothebys.com
  67. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, February 2013, lot 292, “1957 Voisin Biscooter C31”, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  68. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, February 2013, lot 583, “1949 Voisin Biscooter Prototype”, read in full. rmsothebys.com
  69. Albert Cubeles and Joan Roca, L’enginy de postguerra. Microcotxes de Barcelona, Museu d’Història de Barcelona (MUHBA), 2012, read in full. www.bcn.cat
  70. Toni Solans, “Biscuter”, La web de los microcoches (grupo7.com), read in full. grupo7.com
  71. German Wikipedia, Goggomobil, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Werner Oswald, Deutsche Autos, and Rosellen (1991). de.wikipedia.org
  72. “Dach überm Kopf”, Der Spiegel 4/1989, a feature on Paul Kleinschnittger after his death, read in full. www.spiegel.de
  73. German Wikipedia, Fuldamobil, read in full. It cites Schermer, Das dritte Rad (1998), and Rosellen (1991). de.wikipedia.org
  74. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1953 Fuldamobil N‑2”, tour page, archived, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  75. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1956 Fuldamobil S‑6”, tour page, archived, read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  76. “Forum der Lesermeinungen: Brütsch — Gegendarstellung”, with the sequestrator’s circular of 16 December 1954, auto motor und sport 1/1955. archive.org
  77. German Wikipedia, Brütsch Mopetta, read in full. Used as a lead; it relies on Rosellen, Deutsche Kleinwagen nach 1945 (1991). de.wikipedia.org
  78. English Wikipedia, Meadows Frisky, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites The Autocar and The Motor. en.wikipedia.org
  79. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1959 Frisky Family Three”, tour page (2002), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  80. Register of Unusual Microcars, “Frisky”, archived 2020, read in full. web.archive.org
  81. Marque News, Goggomobil feature, read in summary. marquenews.com.au
  82. Below the Radar, “Goggomobil Dart”, read in summary. www.below-the-radar.com
  83. Italian Wikipedia, Fiat Nuova 500, read in full, with the Giardiniera section. It cites Alessandro Sannia, Il grande libro delle piccole Fiat (2008), and La Civetta 7/1998. it.wikipedia.org
  84. Italian Wikipedia, Dante Giacosa, read in part. it.wikipedia.org
  85. English Wikipedia, Fiat 500, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  86. Christian Bouchat, “Fifty years since the launch of the Fiat 500 (Part II)”, automania.be, 19 June 2007, archived copy, read in full. web.archive.org
  87. Polish Wikipedia, Fiat 126, read in full. It cites Podbielski (2011) and Sowa (2008). pl.wikipedia.org
  88. Italian Wikipedia, Fiat 126, read in full. it.wikipedia.org
  89. German Wikipedia, Steyr-Puch 500, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Kraftfahrzeugtechnik 5/1958 and Ehn, Die Puch-Automobile 1900–⁠1990. de.wikipedia.org
  90. Georg Biron, “Steyr Puch 500”, an essay from the Wiener Zeitung, 10 September 2022, on austria-forum.org. austria-forum.org
  91. English Wikipedia, Steyr-Puch Haflinger, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  92. Japanese Wikipedia, Subaru 360, read in full. It cites Katsuragi Yōji, Tentōmushi ga hashitta hi (1987), and the FHI company history (1984). ja.wikipedia.org
  93. Toyota Automobile Museum, collection record 109, “Subaru 360 Model K111”, read in full. toyota-automobile-museum.jp
  94. Japanese Wikipedia, Fuji Jidōsha Fuji Cabin, read in full. It cites the Toyota Automobile Museum and Popular Science (Japanese edition), August 1955. ja.wikipedia.org
  95. Japan Automotive Hall of Fame, “2025 Historic Car: SUMINOE Flying Feather”, the selection committee’s citation, read in full. www.jahfa.jp
  96. BBC Isle of Man, “The small car with the big reputation”, 2007–⁠08, read in full. www.bbc.co.uk
  97. Grace’s Guide, “Peel Engineering Co”, read in full. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  98. Isle of Man Today, “Video shows world’s smallest cars return to the Isle of Man for this weekend’s rally”, 2 August 2024. iomtoday.co.im
  99. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1964 Peel P50”, tour page (2009), read in full. www.microcarmuseum.com
  100. Autocar, “New Peel P50: a drive in the world’s smallest car”, 2019, archived copy, read in full. web.archive.org
  101. English Wikipedia, Peel Trident, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites The Motor Cycle of 10 November 1964. en.wikipedia.org
  102. English Wikipedia, Bond Bug, revision of 23 August 2026, read in full. Used as a lead; it cites Motor of 6 June 1970 and the official Star Wars databank. en.wikipedia.org
  103. Lancaster Insurance, “The Bond Bug: A Celebration”, 25 September 2024, read in full. www.lancasterinsurance.co.uk
  104. Lancaster Insurance, “The Bond Bug: May the Force/Farce Be With You”, 24 November 2016, read in full. www.lancasterinsurance.co.uk
  105. The Bug Club, “Stats”, read in full. www.bondbugs.co.uk
  106. English Wikipedia, Citicar, revision of 18 September 2026, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  107. The Makes That Didn’t Make It, “Sebring-Vanguard”, read in full. www.makesthatdidntmakeit.com
  108. Lancaster Insurance, “Staying Positive: The CitiCar walked so Tesla could run”, 14 April 2023, read in full. www.lancasterinsurance.co.uk
  109. English Wikipedia, Sinclair C5, read in full. Used as a lead; it is referenced to Dale, Adamson and Kennedy, The Times and The Guardian. en.wikipedia.org
  110. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1985 Sinclair C5”, display panel, archived copy of about 2015. www.microcarmuseum.com
  111. Jason Torchinsky, “Before The Tata Nano There Was The Meera, India’s First Cheapest Car”, Jalopnik, 20 December 2018, read in full. jalopnik.com
  112. Asianet News Malayalam, the story of the Meera (in Malayalam, content credited to Cartoq), 3 February 2019, read in full in translation. www.asianetnews.com
  113. English Wikipedia, Tata Nano, read in full. Used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  114. Launch report, The Tribune (Chandigarh), 11 January 2008. www.tribuneindia.com
  115. English Wikipedia, Smart Fortwo, read in full. en.wikipedia.org
  116. German Wikipedia, Smart Fortwo, with its references, read in full. de.wikipedia.org
  117. Ian Robertson, “Gordon Murray’s T.27 city car revealed”, Diesel&EcoCar, 30 June 2011, read in full. dieselcar.com
  118. Zemo Partnership (Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership), “Gordon Murray Design unveils super-efficient T.25 City Car”, 28 June 2010, read in full. www.zemo.org.uk
  119. Top Gear Philippines, from TopGear.com, “McLaren F1 designer unveils world’s most efficient electric car”, 6 July 2011, read in full. www.topgear.com.ph
  120. German Wikipedia, Microlino, read in full. Used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org

Three-wheelers: two layouts and the laws behind them

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. A sky-blue 1964 Peel P50 at the Hampton Court Concours, 2023. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A two-tone red and white 1964 Reliant Regal 3/25 with its slatted nose, at a show in 2009. Photo: Chris Sampson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A cream and maroon Velorex three-wheeler at a classic-car meeting in 2015. Photo: MartinHansV, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. White Reliant Robin Mk1, JPL 76N, with a learner’s L-plate on its nose, in a car park in England around 1974. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. Rear of a white 1957 KR200, DZ-38-55, in a Dutch village, 2022. Photo: Rutger van der Maar, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  6. A 1950 Bond Minicar Mark A, HSG 96, with its bonnet raised to show the front-mounted engine at the NEC Classic Motor Show in 2023. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. An overturned Velorex in a field in Budapest’s 21st district in 1961. Photo: Fortepan / Budapest Főváros Levéltára, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. A city letter carrier in a three-wheeled Cushman mailster in the United States in 1955. Photo: Smithsonian National Postal Museum, No known copyright restrictions, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A Bond Minicar on its stand at the Utrecht Jaarbeurs trade fair in September 1950, introduced to the Dutch as an English three-wheeler. Photo: Anefo, Nationaal Archief, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. Green Raleigh Karryall three-wheeled van of 1935, with its motorcycle front end, at a show in July 2009. Photo: Mick, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. A Messerschmitt KR200 in Új utca, Hungary, in 1969. Photo: Fortepan / Lechner Nonprofit Kft., CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. Goliath Pionier coupé with its owners aboard, parked on a woodland road in Germany in the early 1930s, from a family album. Photo: Unknown photographer (collection of Sludge G), Public domain, via Flickr.
  13. A blue and white three-wheeled Isetta from behind at Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. The Attica 200 in near profile at the Grand Palais in 2014, its twin front wheels set close to the nose. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. An orange Duo 4/1 in everyday service in Weimar, East Germany, in August 1989. Photo: Sludge G, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr.
  16. Pedal-powered Twike I prototype in Lufthansa livery on the shore at Vancouver, Canada, the city skyline behind, at the time of Expo 86. Photo: TWIKE GmbH, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. Morgan three-wheeler with its two crew in goggles at the Somogy county automobile club rally in Hungary, 1930. Photo: FOTO:FORTEPAN / Vojnich Pál, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. Cream and green BSA TW33 three-wheeler of 1934, registered AXP 844, at the Duxford VE Day Air Show in May 2015. Photo: Rob Mitchell, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A yellow 1973 Mk1 Robin beside a Regal saloon at the Stondon Transport Museum, Bedfordshire, in 2007. Photo: allen watkin, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. Blue-grey Tempo A 400 three-wheeled pick-up at Jonsdorf, Saxony, in August 2015. Photo: Rainerhaufe, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A Velorex with a roof rack parked in a Prague street in December 1972. Photo: Robert Schediwy, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A white and turquoise 1967 Attica 200 coupé from behind at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in 2014, showing its tapering tail and single rear wheel. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A Duo parked behind a Trabant outside a shoe shop in Berlin-Karlshorst, July 1991. Photo: Joachim F. Thurn / Bundesarchiv, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A Piaggio Ape A of 1948, a Vespa front end with a box-sided load bed behind, in a side view from Piaggio’s technical report of that year. Photo: Piaggio (1948), Archivio di Stato di Pescara, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. A Sinclair C5 on grass in 2024, showing its nose lamp and the handlebar under the seat. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. Green 1935 Morgan Super Sports AKD 455 at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, England, in April 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A yellow 1956 Bond Minicar Mark C De Luxe Tourer, JTK 277, at Keynsham in 2011. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. A turquoise Reliant Regal 3/30, EPO 499H, with spot lamps at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Grimsthorpe Castle, in 2022. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A turquoise 1960 KR200 with whitewall tyres at an Australian show in 2014. Photo: Sicnag, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A red 1963 Peel P50 at the London Concours, 2025. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A 1972 Bond Bug 700ES, NYC 760L, at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Grimsthorpe Castle, Lincolnshire, in 2021. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. A blue July 1975 Mk1 Robin 750 at the Knebworth House Classic Motor Show in 2013. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. Black Goliath Pionier coupé with a red stripe at the Borgward meeting in Andernach in September 2007. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A pale blue 1976 AC Model 70, NPN 924P, on the grass at a show in 2010. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. A 1953 Fuldamobil N‑2 with its hammered-aluminium body, photographed in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A brown Velorex 16/350 with its black hood up, parked by a lawn in the Netherlands in 2011. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A green 1956 Inter 175 A Berline at RM Sotheby’s Paris sale, Les Invalides, in 2017. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A turquoise and white Messerschmitt KR175 at the Oldtimer show in Moscow in 2013. Photo: Svetlov Artem, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s Fuji Cabin 5A from the left front three-quarter in 2025. Photo: Coolalabright, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A blue 1957 Heinkel Kabine at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A red 1958 Berkeley SE328 at a rally, 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A white and blue Brütsch Mopetta at a concours in Schwetzingen in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A 1957 Daihatsu Midget DKA at the Toyota Automobile Museum, Nagakute, in 2018. Photo: Rikita, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A red 1959 Scootacar at the Classic Gala in Schwetzingen in 2022. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. A pale blue 1958 Friskysport at a classic-vehicle meeting in Mering, Bavaria, 2009. Photo: MartinHansV, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  46. A 1962 Trojan 200, the Heinkel built under licence in Britain, at Leamington in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  47. The 1971 Supervan III used as the Trotters’ van in Only Fools and Horses, at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, in 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  48. A pale-blue 1965 Peel Trident, DAJ 551C, on a plinth at the NEC Classic Motor Show, Birmingham, in 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  49. A white Mini Comtesse with its MC emblem at Rétromobile in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  50. A turquoise Arola 20, one of the last four-wheeled Arolas of the early 1980s, on a Dutch pavement in 2010. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  51. A Sinclair C5 on grass at the Nottingham Motor Show in 2026. Photo: Aethonatic, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  52. A yellow closed-top CityEl parked on a cobbled pavement against a grey house wall in January 2022. Photo: crash71100, CC0 1.0, via Flickr.
  53. An orange 2000 Corbin Sparrow ‘Jelly Bean’ from the front three-quarter at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, in January 2017. Photo: Alf van Beem, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  54. A blue 1898 Léon Bollée tricar with red-spoked wheels at the Musée automobile de Vendée, France, in September 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  55. A 1904 Cyklon Cyklonette showing its engine on the front wheel at the Deutsches Museum Verkehrszentrum, Munich, Germany, in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  56. A 1910 AC Sociable, AC 1910, on the Sunbeam Motor Cycle Club Pioneer Run from Epsom to Brighton, England, in March 2011. Photo: Rob, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  57. Blue 1927 Darmont Spécial DS No. 31 at Autoworld, Brussels, in February 2014. Photo: Sandra Fauconnier, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  58. Scott Sociable two-seater cabriolet of 1923 from a low front quarter at the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, in May 2018. Photo: joergens.mi, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  59. Green Tempo A 400 three-wheeled pick-up at the Freilichtmuseum Roscheider Hof, Konz. Photo: Rainer Blazejewicz (Freilichtmuseum Roscheider Hof), CC0 1.0, via rlp.museum-digital.de.
  60. A green 1935 Mazda-Go Type TCS at the Mazda Museum, Hiroshima, in September 2026. Photo: TTTNIS, CC0 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  61. A green Framo Stromer FP 200 roadster at the Classic-Gala, Schwetzingen, in September 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  62. Paul Arzens’s 1942 Œuf électrique from the front quarter in the Cité de l’Automobile, Mulhouse, in 2010. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  63. A 1950 Fend Flitzer 101 coupé on display in a museum in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  64. A dark green Ape 50 pick-up in an Italian piazza, 2010. Photo: Andrew Childs, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
  65. A pale grey 1960 Lambretta Li 175 Series 2 van at the Classic Motor Show, NEC Birmingham, England, in November 2017. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  66. A white 1955 Kapi Jip 2CV, Kapi’s jeep-style microcar, in Barcelona, 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  67. A restored red Westcoaster Mailster at the Petersen Automotive Museum, Los Angeles, in August 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  68. A Brütsch Zwerg single-seater at the Classic-Gala Schwetzingen in 2021. Photo: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  69. A cream and brown 1955 David Torpedo 2S from the front at the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition in 2013, its engine unit over the single front wheel. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  70. A red Solyto canvas-backed van (fourgonnette bâchée) in Carantic livery at Rétromobile, Paris, in 2013. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  71. A maroon AC Petite, 604 JHK, from the front quarter at the National Microcar Rally in 2019. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  72. The 1954 Allard Clipper 906 CMT at the NEC Classic Motor Show in 2017. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  73. The 1956 Gordon, JDY 95, from the front quarter in a museum. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  74. An unrestored P. Vallée Chantecler in a store, its paint patched and worn. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  75. A white and blue Nobel 200 on grass at a show in 2023. Photo: Geni, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  76. An orange and white 1962 Mazda K360 in the Mazda Classic museum, Augsburg, Germany, in 2017. Photo: Bergfalke2, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  77. A red Tula Muravei cargo scooter from the left, showing its scooter body and steel load box, in Russia in August 2010. Photo: Игоревич, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  78. An orange Duo with its hood up in a Leipzig street, 2011. Photo: Appaloosa, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  79. A red 1968 Bond 875 saloon, OTN 209F, with its round headlamps and dummy grille. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  80. A 1979 Willam Sulky, the French-market Casalini Sulky, at the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne in 2010. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  81. A red 1981 HMV Freeway three-wheeler at the Western Antique Aeroplane and Automobile Museum in Hood River, Oregon, in 2025. Photo: Moki8, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  82. A red Twike 3 Active parked under a tree on a country lane in May 2007. Photo: Franko30, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  83. A green Toyota i-Road being driven in Grenoble, France, in September 2014. Photo: Maskrosen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  84. A red ElectraMeccanica Solo at an electric-vehicle show in June 2022. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  85. An orange and black production Arcimoto FUV rental car on the waterfront at Key West, Florida, United States, in June 2021. Photo: Sharon Hahn Darlin, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  86. A red Avolette, an open fibreglass car, at an outdoor club meeting in 2009. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  87. A 1967 Attica 200 coupé at the Bonhams sale in the Grand Palais, Paris, in February 2014. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  88. A 1972 Porquerolles at the Musée auto-moto-vélo in Châtellerault in 2013. Photo: Jean-Marie Vugnon (2), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  89. A red Amica 1000 S1 automatic, a later four-wheeled Amica, in the Netherlands in 2012. Photo: free photos & art, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  90. A Teilhol Citadine with its top-hinged nose door raised, at the Musée auto-moto-vélo in Châtellerault in 2022. Photo: Jean-Marie Vugnon (2), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  91. A blue 1975 Badal three-wheeler in the Gedee Car Museum. Photo: Rainer Halama, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  92. An orange All Cars Charly Golf three-wheeler, built at Pianoro near Bologna, seen in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  93. An orange Auto Mirage Mirage 3 from the front left in 2018, its mirage 3 decal on the scuttle. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  94. A red Minicat in a museum line-up in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  95. O-We-Go tandem cyclecar of 1914 in orange, lettered OWEGO behind a chain in a museum. Photo: Aaron Headly, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  96. Red Coventry-Victor Midget three-wheeler of 1933 at the Arvika Fordonsmuseum, Sweden, in July 2019. Photo: Herranderssvensson, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  97. The Martin Stationette at the Lane Motor Museum in 2009. Photo: dave_7, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  98. A green 1954 Kroboth Allwetterroller with its hood up, in a museum in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  99. A light green 1954 Felber Autoroller with rally number 33 at an outdoor meeting. Photo: Buch-t, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  100. A grey 1925 Bjering with its hood up at the Norsk Teknisk Museum, Oslo, Norway, in November 2014. Photo: Bjoertvedt, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  101. Cream 1922 Koco two-seater at the Autostadt, Wolfsburg, Germany, in June 2012. Photo: Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  102. A maroon Junior 3R-197 three-wheeler at the Microcotxes de Barcelona exhibition in 2013. Photo: Peprovira, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  103. The one-off green Grataloup single-seat three-wheeler with its canvas top in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  104. A yellow 1958 Coronet three-wheeler with its hood folded in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  105. A cream Bambino 200 at the Louwman Museum in 2011. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  106. A red Fram-King-Fulda at Techno-Classica, Essen, in 2012. Photo: Andrew Bone, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  107. A red open Tomcar in the ALAAC collection in Lorraine in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  108. A pink Replicar Cursor at the Bubble Car Museum, Langrick, Lincolnshire, in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. Road Traffic Act 1930 (20 & 21 Geo. 5 c. 43), section 2(1), as enacted. www.legislation.gov.uk
  2. W. B., “Reliant at Tamworth”, Motor Sport, June 1964. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  3. English Wikipedia, Three-wheeler; used as a lead. It cites Robert Q. Riley, “The Dynamic Stability of Three-Wheeled Vehicles in Automotive-Type Applications”, which has not been read. en.wikipedia.org
  4. German Wikipedia, Messerschmitt Kabinenroller, read in full; it cites Rosellen, Deutsche Kleinwagen (1991). de.wikipedia.org
  5. German Wikipedia, Heinkel Kabine, read in full; it cites Oswald, Deutsche Autos 1945–⁠1990, vol. 4, and Simsa in auto motor und sport 19/1956. de.wikipedia.org
  6. Bond Owners’ Club, “Mark E”, model history by chassis number, read in an archived copy of 2012. web.archive.org
  7. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, tour pages “1957 Bond Minicar Mark D” and “1959 Bond Minicar Mark F”. microcarmuseum.com
  8. Reliant Motor Club, “A (very) brief history of Reliant”. www.reliant.website
  9. German Wikipedia, Duo (Krankenfahrzeug); used as a lead. It cites Kraftfahrzeugtechnik of 1954, 1956 and 1961. de.wikipedia.org
  10. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1964 Peel P50”, tour page, and the Register of Unusual Microcars, “Peel P50”, read in an archived copy of 2020. www.microcarmuseum.com
  11. Reliant Motor Club, “Reliant Robin History: Mk I, Mk II, Mk III and BN1/BN2 (1973–⁠2002)”. www.reliant.website
  12. Reliant Motor Club, “BBC Top Gear – and the infamous rolling Reliant Robin episode”. www.reliant.website
  13. Smithsonian Institution, National Postal Museum, object record “Westcoaster mailster”, 1985.0372.1. www.si.edu
  14. Hull Museums, “Invacar Motorcar”, Streetlife Museum, KINCM:1976.80.1. hullmuseums.co.uk
  15. Sergei Arbuzov, “Боевое крещение «Моргуновки»” (“The baptism of fire of the Morgunovka”), drom.ru, 23 May 2020, from the NAMI test report of 1957, in Russian. www.drom.ru
  16. W. Boddy, “The vintage years of the Morgan 3-wheeler”, Motor Sport, June, July and August 1965. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  17. cybermotorcycle.com, “Three-wheeler licencing”. cybermotorcycle.com
  18. Heinkel Trojan Club, “Cabin Cruisers”, a production history of the German, Irish, Argentine and British cars, read in an archived copy of 2015. web.archive.org
  19. 3-wheelers.com, “Laws”; the page refused access, and only a search engine’s excerpt of it was read. 3-wheelers.com
  20. Bond Owners’ Club, “Mark F – November 1958 to January 1963”, read in an archived copy of 2012. web.archive.org
  21. English Wikipedia, Bond Minicar; used as a lead. It cites The Times of 7 November 1962 and Wotherspoon (1993). en.wikipedia.org
  22. “Rumblings”, Motor Sport, July 1970. www.motorsportmagazine.com
  23. Lancaster Insurance, “Happy 50th birthday to the Reliant Robin”, 29 September 2023, quoting Autocar of 1 November 1973. www.lancasterinsurance.co.uk
  24. English Wikipedia, Reliant Robin; used as a lead. It cites Skartsis on the Greek licence cars. en.wikipedia.org
  25. GOV.UK, “Riding a motorcycle, moped or motor tricycle: licences issued before 19 January 2013”. www.gov.uk
  26. German Wikipedia, Vidal & Sohn Tempo-Werk; used as a lead. It cites Oswald, Deutsche Autos 1920–⁠1945 (1996). de.wikipedia.org
  27. tempo-dienst.de, “1928 – 1978: 50 Jahre Vidal + Sohn”. tempo-dienst.de
  28. German Wikipedia, Framo; used as a lead. It cites ADAC Motorwelt of 14 July 1933. de.wikipedia.org
  29. Lane Motor Museum, “Goliath Pionier – 1933” and “Goliath Atlas – 1934”, collection pages. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  30. German Wikipedia, Rollermobil; used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  31. German Wikipedia, BMW Isetta, read in full; used as a lead. de.wikipedia.org
  32. “Vor fünfzig Jahren kam der Messerschmitt-Kabinenroller auf die deutsche Straße: Menschen in Aspik”, Berliner Zeitung, 19 March 2003. www.berliner-zeitung.de
  33. Dr Paul Simsa, “Unser Test: Messerschmitt Kabinenroller KR 200”, auto motor und sport 22/1955. archive.org
  34. Günther Molter, “Rekorde der Kleinsten”, auto motor und sport 19/1955, p. 25. archive.org
  35. Reports from the Frankfurt show, auto motor und sport 22/1956. archive.org
  36. English Wikipedia, Fuldamobil; used as a lead. It cites Das Auto and auto motor und sport. en.wikipedia.org
  37. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1956 Fuldamobil S‑6”, tour page, read in an archived copy. www.microcarmuseum.com
  38. English Wikipedia, Styl Kar; used as a lead. It cites L. S. Skartsis (2012). en.wikipedia.org
  39. English Wikipedia, Attica (automobiles), Dimitriadis 505 and Alta (vehicles); used as leads. They cite Skartsis and Avramidis, Made in Greece (2003). en.wikipedia.org
  40. English Wikipedia, MotorCar (trucks); used as a lead. It cites Skartsis and Avramidis (2003). en.wikipedia.org
  41. Czech Wikipedia, Velorex, and Velorex tým, “Historie vozítek VELOREX”, read in an archived copy of 2018. cs.wikipedia.org
  42. Toyota Motor Europe newsroom, “2013 Geneva Motor Show: Toyota i-ROAD”, 4 March 2013, and German Wikipedia, Toyota i-Road. newsroom.toyota.eu
  43. English Wikipedia, Twike, and German Wikipedia, Twike; used as leads. en.wikipedia.org
  44. English Wikipedia, Piaggio Ape; used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  45. English Wikipedia, Sinclair C5; used as a lead. It cites The Times, The Guardian and the Financial Times. en.wikipedia.org

What is a microcar? Definitions, laws and limits

Credits and sourcesFewer

Pictures

  1. An 1896 Léon Bollée voiturette tricar with red upholstery at the ‘110 ans d’automobile’ sale, Grand Palais, Paris, France, in February 2011. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. A cream 1964 Fiat 500 D at a classic-car meeting in 2025. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. A red 1964 Peel P50, FMP 62B, at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, showing its single door. Photo: Brian Snelson from Hockley, Essex, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. Fiat Nuova 500s among the cars packing Piazza Colonna, Rome, in 1969, the Column of Marcus Aurelius behind. Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. A 1958 Fiat Nuova 500 in profile at the Shanghai Automobile Museum in 2023, its long fabric roof closed. Photo: JamesYoung8167, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. A 1963 Peel P50 in profile at the RRR museum in Eggenburg, Austria, in 2013, showing its single door. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. Léon Bollée and Madame Bollée seated on their Léon Bollée tricar, about 1896–⁠1898. Photo: Max de Nansouty, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. British Morgan three-wheeler racing before the flag-hung grandstands in the Cyclecar Grand Prix at Amiens, France, on 13 July 1913. Photo: Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. A Bond Minicar on its stand at the Utrecht Jaarbeurs trade fair in September 1950, introduced to the Dutch as an English three-wheeler. Photo: Anefo, Nationaal Archief, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. Fiat Nuova 500 rounding the square before the Arch of Augustus in Rimini, Italy, in 1972, a second 500 beyond. Photo: FOTO:FORTEPAN / Romák Éva, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. The Toyota Automobile Museum’s 1958 Subaru 360 from the left front three-quarter in 2022. Photo: 先従隗始, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. An 1895 Léon Bollée voiturette tricar with its placard at the retrospective exhibition on the Esplanade des Invalides, Paris, France, in November 1907. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. Bonville’s Bédélia climbing the Gaillon hill at speed, Eure, France, in October 1912. Photo: Agence Rol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. Start of the voiturette race on the Circuit de la Sarthe, Le Mans, in August 1920, with Douglas’s GN and Viscaya’s Bugatti among the crowd. Photo: Agence Meurisse, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. Wee Bluey, the mint-green 1971 AC Model 70, GPG 721K, on its plinth in the Riverside Museum, Glasgow, in 2023. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. An Austin Seven tourer on the stand of the Hague dealer Riemer at the Amsterdam motor show (AutoRAI) in 1924. Photo: Spaarnestad Photo, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. A yellow 1913 Bédélia BD2 at the Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands, in May 2022. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. Green 1935 Morgan Super Sports AKD 455 at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, England, in April 2018. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. A blue 1927 Austin Seven Chummy tourer with its hood up at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, West Sussex, in July 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  20. A cream and black 1936 Fiat 500 A at the Museo Nazionale dell’Automobile, Turin, in May 2026. Photo: Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  21. A yellow 1956 Bond Minicar Mark C De Luxe Tourer, JTK 277, at Keynsham in 2011. Photo: Mighty Antar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  22. A turquoise Reliant Regal 3/30, EPO 499H, with spot lamps at the Festival of the Unexceptional, Grimsthorpe Castle, in 2022. Photo: kitmasterbloke, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. A grey 1955 bubble-window Isetta 250 at the Isetta Club meeting in Bad Wörishofen, 2015. Photo: Lothar Spurzem, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. A 1957 Fiat Nuova 500 N with fixed side windows from the front in Bristol in 2017, its show card on the windscreen. Photo: Andrew Bone from Weymouth, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. The 1958 Subaru 360 at the Toyota Automobile Museum in 2012, seen almost from the front. Photo: Iwao, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  26. A red 1963 Peel P50 at the London Concours, 2025. Photo: MrWalkr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. A grey 2021 Citroën Ami with orange wheel inserts in Valbonne, France, in October 2021. Photo: John K, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  28. Cream 1921 GN cyclecar from the front quarter in a museum, showing its air-cooled V-twin, photographed in April 2011. Photo: AlfvanBeem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. A pale blue 1976 AC Model 70, NPN 924P, on the grass at a show in 2010. Photo: Charles01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  30. A turquoise and white Messerschmitt KR175 at the Oldtimer show in Moscow in 2013. Photo: Svetlov Artem, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  31. A white and blue Brütsch Mopetta at a concours in Schwetzingen in 2018. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  32. The 1971 Supervan III used as the Trotters’ van in Only Fools and Horses, at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, in 2011. Photo: sv1ambo, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  33. A white Mini Comtesse with its MC emblem at Rétromobile in Paris in 2012. Photo: Thesupermat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  34. A turquoise Arola 20, one of the last four-wheeled Arolas of the early 1980s, on a Dutch pavement in 2010. Photo: Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  35. The Lane Motor Museum’s 1980 Ligier JS4 from the left front in 2024, with G. Rendu lettering on its door. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  36. A blue 2006 Aixam A751 Super Luxe at Preston, Dorset, in 2019. Photo: Vauxford, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  37. A Sinclair C5 on grass at the Nottingham Motor Show in 2026. Photo: Aethonatic, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  38. A matt-green Microlino in a courtyard in May 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  39. A blue 1898 Léon Bollée tricar with red-spoked wheels at the Musée automobile de Vendée, France, in September 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  40. A 1950 Fend Flitzer 101 coupé on display in a museum in 2010. Photo: Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons.
  41. A green Lawil City at the UMMC Museum of Automotive Technology, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia, in 2023. Photo: Vyacheslav Bukharov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  42. A red and grey Erad Junior, a model of 1988 or later, at the Association Lorraine des Amateurs d’Automobiles in 2013. Photo: Alf van Beem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. A beige and brown 1978 SEAB Flipper I in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in 2024. Photo: TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  44. A red Minicat in a museum line-up in 2024. Photo: Calreyn88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

  1. English Wikipedia, Microcar; used as a lead. It cites Mike Dan, The A–Z of Popular Scooters & Microcars (Veloce, 2015), and the Vintage Microcar Club’s membership page. en.wikipedia.org
  2. English Wikipedia, Fiat 500, read in full; it cites Fiat: Tutti i modelli del Novecento and automania.be. en.wikipedia.org
  3. German Wikipedia, Fiat Nuova 500, read in full, with its technical table. de.wikipedia.org
  4. Christian Bouchat, “Fifty years since the launch of the Fiat 500 (Part II)”, automania.be, 19 June 2007, read from the archived copy. web.archive.org
  5. Zenkeijikyo (Japan Light Motor Vehicle and Motorcycle Association), hearing papers for the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, 19 August 2025, with the table of kei regulations from 1949 to 1998. www.soumu.go.jp
  6. Japanese Wikipedia, 軽自動車 (kei car), the history; used as a lead. ja.wikipedia.org
  7. French Wikipedia, Léon Bollée; used as a lead. fr.wikipedia.org
  8. The Cyclecar, 25 December 1912, “Classification of Cyclecars”, scanned by Grace’s Guide. graces-guide-s3-live.s3.amazonaws.com
  9. Grace’s Guide, “Carden Engineering Co”; it cites The Light Car and Cyclecar of 8 November 1919. www.gracesguide.co.uk
  10. Lane Motor Museum, “Austin 7 ‘Fabric Saloon’ – 1929”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  11. English Wikipedia, Austin 7; it cites Wyatt, The Austin 1905–⁠1952 (1981). en.wikipedia.org
  12. German Wikipedia, Messerschmitt Kabinenroller, read in full; it cites Rosellen, Deutsche Kleinwagen (1991). de.wikipedia.org
  13. auto motor und sport 20/1955, the Frankfurt show data table. archive.org
  14. “Für Rollermobile”, auto motor und sport 3/1956. archive.org
  15. Japanese Wikipedia, ミニカー (車両) (minicar, the vehicle class), read in full; it cites the texts of the laws. ja.wikipedia.org
  16. Council Directive 92/61/EEC of 30 June 1992, art. 1(3). www.legislation.gov.uk
  17. Directive 2002/24/EC of 18 March 2002, art. 1(3). www.legislation.gov.uk
  18. Regulation (EU) No 168/2013, Annex I and art. 82. www.legislation.gov.uk
  19. Road Traffic Act 1930 (20 & 21 Geo. 5 c. 43), s. 2(1), as enacted. www.legislation.gov.uk
  20. RM Auctions, the Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum sale, Madison, Georgia, February 2013, lot “1964 Peel P50”. rmsothebys.com
  21. Classic & Sports Car, “Classic shrine: National Bubble and Microcar Museum”. www.classicandsportscar.com
  22. Lane Motor Museum, “Microcar RJ 49E – 1985”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  23. Cercle Pégase Amilcar, “Histoire”, the club’s history of the firm and of the 1920 cyclecar tax. cercle.amilcar.free.fr
  24. Heinkel Trojan Club, “Cabin Cruisers”, archived 2015: British road tax and licence rules for three-wheelers in the 1950s. web.archive.org
  25. BMW Group PressClub, “50 years of the BMW Isetta”, press release of 25 February 2005, long version. www.press.bmwgroup.com
  26. Small Cars Club, “Airscoot”. smallcarsclub.com
  27. English Wikipedia, Peel P50, read in full; used as a lead; it cites Guinness World Records 2010 and Motor Cycle of 23 May 1963. en.wikipedia.org
  28. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1964 Peel P50”, tour page (2009). www.microcarmuseum.com
  29. English Wikipedia, Sinclair C5, read in full; used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  30. English Wikipedia, Reliant Regal; used as a lead; it cites Autocar of 2 May 1968 and 29 August 1968. en.wikipedia.org
  31. Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum, “1952 Lloyd LS 300”, tour page, archived. www.microcarmuseum.com
  32. Polish Wikipedia, Fiat 126, read on 7 October 2026; it cites Podbielski, Polski Fiat 126p, czyli Maluch (2011). pl.wikipedia.org
  33. English Wikipedia, Smart Fortwo. en.wikipedia.org
  34. French Wikipedia, Citroën Ami (2020); used as a lead. fr.wikipedia.org
  35. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology, item 1-20, “Subaru 360 K111”. www.jsae.or.jp
  36. Bond Owners’ Club (Paul Grogan and James Mander), “Mark A – January 1949 to April 1951”, archived 2012. web.archive.org
  37. AMLGC17, “Évolution administrative des BMA”, a motorcycle club’s compilation of period texts, including the Code de la route of 1939, art. 48. amlgc17.fr
  38. Paul Clément-Colin, “Acoma Comtesse, Mini et Super Comtesse : la voiturette des seventies”, CarJager, 3 January 2017. www.carjager.com
  39. German Wikipedia, Arola SARL, citing Linz and Schrader (1986). de.wikipedia.org
  40. Lane Motor Museum, “SEAB Flipper I 1978”, collection page. www.lanemotormuseum.org
  41. English Wikipedia, Citroën Ami (electric vehicle); used as a lead. en.wikipedia.org
  42. German Wikipedia, Heinkel Kabine; used as a lead; it cites Oswald, Deutsche Autos 1945–⁠1990, vol. 4. de.wikipedia.org
  43. German Wikipedia, Fend Flitzer, read in full; it draws on Rosellen (1991) and Thyssen-Bornemissza, Lexikon der vergessenen Automarken. de.wikipedia.org