The story
History
Herbert Austin made his name at Wolseley before founding his own company at Longbridge, Birmingham, and before the First World War his cars were mostly large and of high quality.source 1source 2 (The single-cylinder Austin 7 hp of 1909–11, built for him by Swift of Coventry, is no relation.source 2source 3) In the war the works made everything from aeroplanes to artillery shells.source 1 Peace went badly. Austin staked the company on one model, the Austin 20. It failed, and in 1921 the company went into receivership.source 1source 2 The same year, a new Horsepower Tax began to favour cars with a small RAC rating.source 2
Austin had been thinking since 1920 of a small car for young families, people who could otherwise afford only a motorcycle and sidecar or a cyclecar. What he wanted was a big car in miniature.source 1source 2source 3
Drawn in the billiard room
His board and his creditors were against it, so Austin carried on privately. He hired Stanley Edge, an 18-year-old draughtsman from Longbridge, and the two worked on it from 1921 into 1922 in the billiard room of Lickey Grange, Austin’s house; Hagerty says Edge spent eight months there.source 2source 4source 5 Edge said later that he had talked Austin into a tiny four-cylinder engine instead of a twin, and that he designed the gearbox and the clutch. The styling was largely Austin’s.source 2 Both are among the designers. The Seven is often said to owe something to the Peugeot Quadrilette, but it has never been shown.source 2source 3
Austin put a great deal of his own money in and patented many of the features in his own name. In return he took a royalty of two guineas (£2 2s) on every Seven sold.source 2source 4 Three prototypes were built in a special area of the Longbridge factory.source 2
A big car in miniature
The Seven was announced in July 1922.source 2source 4source 5 Hagerty gives its price at launch as £165, and £167 for 1923.source 5 What it offered for the money was a proper car, scaled down. The frame was shaped like the letter A, with the engine held between the channels at the narrow front, a single transverse spring for the front axle and quarter-elliptic springs cantilevered out behind.source 2 The engine was a water-cooled four with side valves, cooled without a water pump, and it drove the rear wheels through a three-speed gearbox and a short torque tube.source 1source 2 The car had brakes on all four wheels from the start, oddly arranged: the pedal worked the rear brakes and the hand lever the front, until 1930.source 2 It was 2,794 mm (110 in) long, by Austin’s own handbook of 1925, on a wheelbase of 1,905 mm (75 in).source 2source 3 The open four-seat tourer took two adults and two children, and was called the “Chummy”.source 2
The first engine was 696 cc. In March 1923 its bore was widened from 54 to 56 mm (2.125 to 2.2 in), which made 747 cc and raised the RAC rating from 7.2 to 10.5 hp, and an electric starter followed in November 1923, or in 1924 by Grace’s Guide.source 2source 4 Series production really began in 1923. Wyatt, in his history of the firm, counts 1,936 cars that year, and from there the numbers climbed: 4,700 in 1924, 14,000 in 1926, 26,447 in 1929.source 3
The Seven finished off the British cyclecar trade within a few years, and it turned Austin’s fortunes round.source 2source 4 In France the Citroën 5HP did the same, and the cyclecar boom ended between them.source 2 It has been called the British Model T.source 2source 3
Racing from the start
The Seven was racing within months of its launch. Arthur Waite, Austin’s son-in-law, had his first successes at Brooklands in March 1923, and on 29 April, in the cyclecar Grand Prix at Monza, he won the 750 cc class at 89.88 km/h (55.85 mph).source 2source 6 Not everything went so well. At the 1923 Grand Prix de Boulogne all three Sevens retired, two with failed big ends, part of a run of failures from lubrication that could not cope with racing.source 2source 6 At Le Mans on 23 September, in the 750 cc race, Waite was third and Roddis fourth.source 6
E. C. Gordon England took six class records at Brooklands in 1923, and on 13 October, in the JCC 200 Miles, he finished second behind Ramon Bueno’s Salmson in the 1,100 cc class, in a Seven with a two-seat body weighing 9 kg (20 lb). He took five more class records during the race.source 2source 6 By 1925 he held 19 class records for 750 cc cars.source 2 In January 1924 Austin put replicas on sale, the Sports and the Brooklands Super Sports; each Super Sports came with a Brooklands certificate for 129 km/h (80 mph).source 2
The class wins kept coming. Zubiaga won the 750 cc race at Miramas on 27 June 1926, and Francis Samuelson was sixth overall at Boulogne that August.source 7 In 1928 Waite won the 100 Miles Road Race at Phillip Island, later counted as the 1928 Australian Grand Prix, and at the 1929 Tourist Trophy at Ards Archie Frazer-Nash was third and S. V. Holbrook fourth, which is how the sports model came to be called the Ulster.source 2
In the 1930s the works cars ran with superchargers and chased records. Malcolm Campbell took a class mile at Daytona at 151.3 km/h (94.03 mph) in 1931, and Leon Cushman went past 100 mph at Brooklands the same year. Gwenda Stewart set records from 5 km to 10 miles at Montlhéry at about 175 km/h (109 mph), and Pat Driscoll lapped the Brooklands outer circuit at 180.1 km/h (111.92 mph) at Easter 1934. In 1936 came Murray Jamieson’s twin-cam single-seaters, and at Shelsley Walsh a side-valve Seven driven by Baumer beat all three of them. Charles Dodson won the 1938 Empire Trophy at Donington in a twin-cam, and Kay Petre set the ladies’ record at Shelsley Walsh in a works Austin.source 8 In 1947, with the twin-cams standing idle, Bill Boddy pleaded for them in print:
We earnestly beseech the Austin Motor Co. Ltd., to run them in this season’s races and sprints, that British prestige may receive the uplift it so badly needs.
Closed cars and coachbuilders
Gordon England was also an aircraft builder, and he built bodies on aircraft principles, in Rexine over a wooden frame (more on the aircraft makers page). His fabric saloon, often called the Doctor’s Saloon and said to be the smallest closed car in the world, showed in 1926 that people wanted a Seven with a roof.source 1source 2 Austin’s own saloon followed in September 1926 at £165, steel-panelled by English Wikipedia’s account, though the same article’s table of body types lists the first R and RK saloons as aluminium or fabric. A fabric saloon stayed in the catalogue at £20 more until fabric went out of fashion in the early 1930s.source 1source 2
In 1927 William Lyons of the Swallow Sidecar Company bought a Seven chassis from Parkers of Bolton and had Cyril Holland build a two-tone open two-seater on it, the Austin Seven Swallow, at £175. A Swallow saloon followed in 1928. About 3,500 Swallow bodies were made until 1932, and the demand forced the firm to move from Blackpool to Coventry in 1928, a step on the road to SS and Jaguar.source 2 Compton Sons & Terry built a sports coupé body called the Arrow.source 3 In Australia, Sevens arrived as rolling chassis and were bodied locally, Holden’s Motor Body Builders the largest of the firms.source 2
The first BMW, and others
The Seven was built under licence in Germany, France and the United States, and emulated in Japan (see built under licence). In Germany, Dixi of Eisenach began building it in September 1927 as the Dixi 3/15; the first 50 were right-hand-drive cars made from Austin parts, the rest left-hand drive. From 1929 it was built as the BMW 3/15, the first BMW car, until March 1932: 9,307 Dixis and 18,976 BMWs.source 1source 2source 9 In France the Rosengart LR2 followed from 1928, the LR4 in 1931 and the Supercinq in 1935; François Lecot drove a production car 900 km a day for more than three and a half months, 100,000 km in all.source 10 In the United States the American Austin of Butler, Pennsylvania, with a body styled by de Sakhnoffsky, made about 20,000 between 1930 and 1934.source 11
Japan is a different case. The Lane museum and English Wikipedia say Nissan based the first Datsuns, the Type 10 and the Datsun Type 11 of 1931–32, on the Seven, although not under licence; other authors call them licensed copies, and the question is disputed. Their engine was a 495 cc DAT, sized for Japan’s licence-free class of 1930, up to 500 cc, not the Seven’s 747 cc. Herbert Austin is said to have imported a Datsun in 1935, examined it and decided not to complain.source 1source 2source 12 Nissan’s agreement to build Austins came later, in 1952, and is a separate story.source 2
Ruby, and the end
The Seven kept changing. Coil ignition came in 1928 and coupled brakes in 1930. Late in 1931 the chassis was lengthened by 152 mm (6 in), with a wider track at the back, and a four-speed gearbox followed in 1932, with synchromesh on third and top in 1933 and on second in 1934.source 2 The definitive 1930s Seven, the Ruby saloon, came in 1934, with a cabriolet, the Pearl, the Opal two-seater and the Nippy sports car; in 1936 the engine got a three-bearing crankshaft, and the Ruby became the New Ruby.source 2source 3 Output peaked at 27,280 in 1935.source 3
Then it fell away: 8,500 in 1938, 1,000 in 1939, and production stopped.source 3 The Big 7 and the Austin 8 took its place.source 2 The engine lived on, at first in a derivative and then in a copy that Reliant built for its three-wheelers until about 1962–63.source 2source 3 Austin brought back the name twice, for the A30 in 1951 and for the Mini, sold at first as the Austin Seven, in 1959.source 2
The 750 Motor Club
Even before production stopped, the Seven had found its next life. In February 1939 Bill Boddy proposed in Motor Sport a club for owners of Austin Sevens and other 8 hp cars, and 19 replies came within a week.source 13source 14
The obvious cure seems to be to found the Seven-Fifty Club exclusively for Austin Seven owners, and run sensible trials for these fascinating babies.
The 750 Motor Club held its first rally at Virginia Water on 16 April 1939, with 28 cars, all but four of them Sevens.source 13 After the war the Seven’s chassis, cheap and plentiful, became the standard base for amateur specials. In 1949 the club’s chairman, Holland “Holly” Birkett, wrote the 750 Formula for Seven-based sports specials, with limits on tuning to keep the costs down. The first race, at Silverstone in June 1950, drew 16 cars and was won by Charles Bulmer in Tom Lush’s Ulster, and the formula is called the oldest for sports-prototypes in the world.source 13source 15 Colin Chapman’s first Lotus was built on a Seven, and Bruce McLaren’s first racing car was a Seven Ulster, in 1952. Eric Broadley of Lola, Derek Bennett of Chevron, Jem Marsh of Marcos, Gordon Murray and Adrian Reynard all came through the same world.source 2source 5source 13source 15 By 1956 the club had more than 2,000 members.source 13



























































































































































































































