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American cyclecars and small-car experiments

In January 1914 one American trade paper counted some fifty firms that meant to build cyclecars: belt-driven, friction-geared, on a track of 36 inches and about $375. Within two years almost all of them had gone, undercut by cheap real cars, the Model T above all.

A long narrow orange cyclecar with two seats in tandem, wire wheels and a pennant lettered OWEGO, a placard before it.
O-We-Go tandem cyclecar of 1914 in orange, lettered OWEGO behind a chain in a museum.Photo: Aaron Headly, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

At a glance

The spec plate

American cyclecars and small-car experiments

Ten makers · United States

Built
1913–⁠1932The craze of late 1913 to 1915; the Orient Buckboard, its forerunner, from 1903, and the one Martinette in 1932
Country
United StatesDetroit above all; also Auburn, Indiana, Menominee, Michigan, Chicago, Owego, New York, and Waltham, Massachusetts
Engine
Air-cooled V-twins and small foursA 4 hp single in the Orient Buckboard; the American Austin four of 747 cc in the Martinette
Seats
1 to 4Mostly two, in tandem, semi-tandem or side by side; a single-seat Mercury and a four-seat Car-Nation tourer were listed
Wheels
4Four, the rear two usually driven by belts with no differential; the Martinette three
Price new
$375 to $520In January 1914; the Orient Buckboard also cost $375, in 1903

Not yet recordedpower and top speed.

The story

History

Britain’s weekly The Cyclecar had appeared in late 1912,1 and the cyclecar reached America from Britain and France in 1913. The American trade went at it hard. By 15 January 1914 Motor Age’s directory listed more than 50 makes, from Arrow, Auto-Tricar and Blood Bros. to Ward, Woods Mobilette and Zip, and a trade writer of the day counted “some fifty manufacturers who have announced their intention of building this type of vehicle”.23 The paper split them by engine size, into cyclecars of 71 cubic inches and under and “light cars or cyclecars” of more.2

The American recipe hardly varied: an air-cooled V-twin at the front, often a proprietary Spacke, De Luxe, Mack or Wizard; a friction disc or a two-speed planetary gearbox; long V-belts or chains to the rear wheels with no differential; and a track of 914 mm (36 in). It weighed 270–410 kg (600–900 lb), sat on a wheelbase of 2,286–2,642 mm (90–104 in) and cost $350–500, most often $375–395.23 The narrow track was defended on American terms: a car that ran in the crown of the road, or straddled a rut, need not follow the 1,422 mm (56 in) wagon ruts of the country roads.3

Detroit was the centre. Scripps-Booth’s Rocket, the Mercury, Davis, Downing, J.P.L., Malcolm-Jones, Princess and others were all there, and a Detroit Cyclecar and Motorette Club was formed at the end of 1913, with James Scripps Booth on its board.24 A Cyclecar Association of America sanctioned what was billed as the first American cyclecar reliability run, about 483 km (300 miles) from Newark to Philadelphia and Atlantic City and back, set for 5–7 September 1914.5 The Rocket and the Briggs & Stratton Flyer have their own pages; the makers below follow by date.

How it ended

The trouble was visible at the peak. As early as January 1914 a trade writer noted that the cheapest cyclecar cost barely $100 less than the cheapest real cars, and some cost more.3 By July the Princess Cyclecar Company had been dissolved and replaced by a firm making a light car, and Ford’s Model T kept getting cheaper; by 1915 the boom was over.567 The McIntyre history counts over fifty companies formed during the craze, with sales ending by 1914.7

But every American is, at heart, an aristocrat; if his neighbor owns a $3,000 automobile, he too wants a ‘real automobile’… and in the minds of many, an automobile must run on four wheels.

John S. Harwhite, trade article on the cyclecar, about 1914, reprinted in Horseless Carriage Gazette, 1957.3

Orient Buckboard, 1903–⁠07

Ten years before the craze, the Waltham Manufacturing Company of Waltham, Massachusetts, had sold a car that was little more than a wooden platform with a 4 hp air-cooled single at the back, weighing 159 kg (350 lb) and costing $375.89 An Orient Buckboard raced on the tracks in 1903.9

The ORIENT Buckboard Price $375 THE CHEAPEST AUTOMOBILE IN THE WORLD

Waltham Manufacturing Co., advertisement, The Automobile Magazine, December 1903.8

Imp, 1913–⁠14

The Imp came from W. H. McIntyre of Auburn, Indiana, a maker of high-wheelers, and was designed by William B. Stout, later of Scripps-Booth, Packard and the Stout Scarab.2710 It was a tandem two-seater at $375, with an air-cooled motorcycle-type twin across the frame, friction drive and “extremely long” V-belts. It had no axles at all: paired transverse springs, front and rear, carried the stub axles on their ends. One ran from Chicago to Milwaukee by the notoriously bad Waukegan road with the Mack engine designer Perry Mack aboard. By January 1914 some fifty had been delivered to agents, and the firm planned about 10,000 for the year from a three-storey factory.2 In May 1914 the Imp was to be made larger.11

Auburn, Ind., will be known as the first American city from which cyclecars were actually delivered since the new movement began. The first cyclecar actually offered for sale in America is the Imp.

Motor Age, 15 January 1914.2
Two men in shirt sleeves sit one behind the other in a long, low, narrow car with wire wheels and cycle mudguards.
Plate I · 1913 The Imp cyclecar of W. H. McIntyre, Auburn, Indiana, with two men aboard in tandem, as printed in Automobile Topics in 1913.Photo: Automobile Topics (W. H. McIntyre Company), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Woods Mobilette, by 1914

Francis A. Woods’s company in Chicago billed its car as “America’s First Cycle-car”, and in January 1914 Motor Age did call it one of the oldest on the market.32 It had an air-cooled four of its own, friction drive and then a shaft to a live axle, a wheelbase of 2,413 mm (95 in) and a track of only 762 mm (30 in), “one of the narrowest on the market”. The tandem cost $385.2 The prospectus offered a pressed-steel body whose rear seat could be swapped for a delivery box, and sold manufacturing rights state by state.3

Line drawing of a long, low open four-seat tourer with its top folded, seen from the side.
Plate II · 1914 Advertising drawing of the 1914 Woods Mobilette Model No. 3, billed as “America’s First Cycle-Car”.Photo: Woods Mobilette Company, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Dudly, 1913–⁠15

The Dudly Tool Company of Menominee, Michigan, had its car on the road for some weeks by December 1913: an ash underslung frame on cross springs, a De Luxe air-cooled V-twin, planetary gears and a belt, with deliveries to agents from about 15 January 1914.4 One report gives it semi-tandem seats; the directory, side-by-side seats, a 2,286 mm (90 in) wheelbase and a price of $375.42 The period items call it simply the Dudly; the name Dudly Bug has not been found in them.

A small dark open car with wire wheels, round headlamps and a tall fabric hood, seen from the front quarter.
Plate III Dudly cyclecar of 1913, built in Menominee, Michigan, with its hood up, in a period view.Photo: Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Mercury, 1913–⁠14

The Mercury Cyclecar Company of Detroit offered three bodies, a single-seater, a tandem and a delivery van, all at $375, with friction drive and V-belts. Its 1914 brochure gave a De Luxe twin of 1,157 cc and 13 bhp, and an ash frame armoured with sheet metal and built as one with the body.3 Incorporated for $50,000, it planned a first lot of 100 cars and 1,000 for the season, and in January 1914 it was one of only two Detroit cyclecars, with the Rocket, that Motor Age found actually on the road.2

Those who think the cyclecar is a vehicle for city streets alone are going to get the surprise of their lives some day… for we have found we can go anywhere we have ever tried to go, and on as rough roads as any car.

A Mercury Cyclecar Co. spokesman, to Motor Age, January 1914.2

Car-Nation, 1913–⁠14

The American Voiturette Company of Detroit built a light car more than a cyclecar: a water-cooled four, a three-speed sliding gearbox and shaft drive on a 2,642 mm (104 in) wheelbase and a 1,219 mm (48 in) track, with left-hand drive. Tandem, side-by-side and four-seat bodies were listed at $495–520, and the first 100 were being built at the Keeton factory.2

Side view of a small black open tourer with a spare wire wheel on its flank, standing in a quiet street.
Plate IV · 1914–⁠17 Car-Nation tourer in side profile before a stone doorway in Washington, D.C., photographed by Harris & Ewing between 1914 and 1917.Photo: Harris & Ewing, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Little Detroit, 1913–⁠14

The Detroit Cyclecar Company’s Little Detroit was listed among the small cars: a water-cooled four of about 12 hp, a selective gearbox, a live axle and wooden wheels, with side-by-side seats, for $375.2 Its directors sat on the board of the Detroit club.4

A line drawing in profile of a low two-seat speedster with a long bonnet, a raked steering column and quilted seats.
Plate V · 1914 Little Detroit Speedster of 1914, a 12 hp two-seater from Detroit, in a period line drawing.Photo: Unknown artist, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

O-We-Go, 1914

From Owego, New York, came the O-We-Go, a tandem-seat cyclecar at $385.6 Nothing more about it has been found, though a 1914 O-We-Go appears in a museum in one of the photographs on this page.

Hawk

No Hawk appears in the January 1914 directory, and none has been found in the other sources read. It may have been the Hawkins Cyclecar Company, formerly Acme, of Xenia, Ohio, but that is only a possibility.12

Martin Martinette, 1932

A last experiment came long after the craze, from the aircraft maker James V. Martin. His Martinette, shown at the National Automobile Show in New York in 1932 beside his four-wheeled Martin, was a streamlined three-wheeler with a wooden frame, an aluminium body and one door, at the front. An American Austin four of 747 cc and 30 hp sat at the back, with four speeds; the suspension was independent, by rubber cord, and it would do 97 km/h (60 mph). One was built. Martin later tried to revive it and designed the three-wheeled Stationette, but neither found backing.13

Pictures

More photographs, old and new

The car 17

  • Close view of a brass radiator flanked by two large brass headlamps, black mudguards and white-walled wire wheels. Opens a larger view

    1 Brass radiator and headlamps of the 1913 Car-Nation Tourer at the Tallahassee Automobile Museum, Florida, in September 2007.

  • A small black open car with red wire wheels, brass lamps and a red button seat, a framed portrait propped at its front wheel. Opens a larger view

    2 1906 Orient Buckboard with Orient script on its bonnet, at an indoor exhibition in 2011.

  • A varnished wooden buckboard car with a green buttoned bench seat and a bowler hat on it, spectators standing around. Opens a larger view

    3 1904 Orient Buckboard USU 507 at the Regent Street Motor Show, London, on 31 October 2015.

  • Black-and-white photograph of a narrow black tourer with a pale folding top and a show card on its windscreen, on grass. Opens a larger view

    4 Woods Mobilette tourer with its hood up at an outdoor car show, with 1950s cars parked behind.

  • A light wooden open car with red wire wheels and a tall steering column, visitors and other cars behind it. Opens a larger view

    5 1908 Waltham-Orient Buckboard in natural wood and red, in a museum, photographed in August 2012.

12 more picturesFewer pictures
  • The rounded white and red tail of a three-wheeler with a number plate, a wood-bodied car beside it. Opens a larger view

    6 Tapered tail of the 1932 Martin Martinette at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009.

  • A tall red and cream three-wheeler with round headlamps and a single door, behind a barrier rope with placards. Opens a larger view

    7 1932 Martin Martinette from the front quarter at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009.

  • A green brass-era open car with yellow wheels and a black folding top driving along a country road, a driver at the wheel. Opens a larger view

    8 A green Car-Nation two-seater with its hood raised, on the road in March 2007.

  • A black open tourer with brass radiator, brass lamps and white tyres behind a yellow rope, an information stand beside it. Opens a larger view

    9 1913 Car-Nation Tourer in the Tallahassee Automobile Museum, Florida, in September 2007.

  • A tall rounded red and white three-wheeler with a single front door and a 1932 New York number plate. Opens a larger view

    10 1932 Martin Martinette three-wheeled prototype in the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in July 2024.

  • A bare wooden platform car on four white-tyred wire wheels, with a bench seat and a small engine at the back. Opens a larger view

    11 1902 Orient Buckboard in the Tellus Science Museum, Cartersville, Georgia.

  • A black narrow-track open tourer with its top up, brass-trimmed early cars parked alongside on a concrete floor. Opens a larger view

    12 1914 Woods Mobilette Model 3 tourer among early cars in a museum, photographed in February 2015.

  • A small black open tourer with a wicker basket on its side and a placard on a stand in front, another car behind. Opens a larger view

    13 1914 Woods Mobilette touring in the Stahls Automotive Collection, Chesterfield, Michigan, in December 2021.

  • Back view of a wooden buckboard car with an exposed single-cylinder engine, a wicker hamper and a black number plate. Opens a larger view

    14 Rear of the 1904 Orient Buckboard USU 507, with its single-cylinder engine and wicker hamper, at the Regent Street Motor Show, London, on 31 October 2015.

  • A wooden buckboard car with red wheels, yellow mudguards and a fringed parasol over its seat, roped off in a museum. Opens a larger view

    15 1903 Orient Buckboard once owned by Ralph de Palma, under a fringed canopy at the Luray Caverns Car and Carriage Museum, Virginia, in July 2015.

  • A wooden-bodied early car with a costumed mannequin at the tiller, a warning sign on its front and a placard beside it. Opens a larger view

    16 1906 Orient Buckboard with a mannequin driver in a museum, photographed in 2007.

  • A black steering wheel on a long column, a small panel of round gauges and a red patterned bench seat seen through the door. Opens a larger view

    17 Cockpit of the 1932 Martin Martinette, with its steering wheel, gauges and patterned seat, at the Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, in April 2009.

Period photographs 12

  • A green-bordered share certificate with an engraved closed car at the top, ornate lettering and a red revenue stamp. Opens a larger view

    18 Woods Mobilette Company share certificate of December 1915, engraved with a picture of a car.

  • Small racing cars on a dirt track, one in the foreground, a long wooden grandstand behind. Opens a larger view

    19 Cyclecars on the Tacoma Speedway, Washington, at the Labor Day races of 7 September 1914.

  • A small open tourer with wire wheels and a spare wheel on its side, parked at the kerb in front of an arched stone building. Opens a larger view

    20 Car-Nation tourer parked under trees in a street in Washington, D.C., photographed by Harris & Ewing between 1914 and 1917.

  • A printed advertisement: a low two-seat cyclecar with a canopy top and wire wheels beside blocks of type. Opens a larger view

    21 Advertisement of 1914 for the Dayton Model A two-passenger cyclecar of Joliet, Illinois, priced at $375 and billed as winner of the first cyclecar run in America.

  • Two people in hats sit one behind the other in a long open car with wire wheels, photographed side-on. Opens a larger view

    22 An Imp cyclecar with two passengers in tandem, from the Cyclopedia of Automobile Engineering of 1915.

7 more picturesFewer pictures
  • A goggled young man sits in a battered white racing cyclecar with wire wheels, men in caps and coats behind him. Opens a larger view

    23 A young driver in a white racing cyclecar among spectators at Tacoma, Washington, in 1914.

  • A young driver in a cap at the wheel of a small white racing car numbered 2, a wooden grandstand behind. Opens a larger view

    24 Ray Ritters in cyclecar No. 2 at the Tacoma Speedway, Washington, in September 1914.

  • A driver in white overalls and helmet in a skeletal racing cyclecar with a number 5 board behind his seat. Opens a larger view

    25 Walter Gossmann in his cyclecar Red Devil, No. 5, at the Tacoma Speedway, Washington, in September 1914.

  • A small barrel-bodied racing car lies tipped on the dirt, two young men in it, a crowd of men in caps standing behind. Opens a larger view

    26 The crashed cyclecar Seattle Bug surrounded by onlookers at the Tacoma Speedway, Washington, in September 1914.

  • Two rows of small racing cars on a cobbled street with tram lines, crowds of men in caps lining both sides. Opens a larger view

    27 Racing cyclecars lined up on A Street, Tacoma, Washington, between crowds of men in September 1914.

  • A row of small racing cars on a dirt track before a wooden grandstand full of spectators, men in coats in the foreground. Opens a larger view

    28 Cyclecars lined up for a race at the Tacoma Speedway, Washington, on 13 September 1914.

  • Halftone photograph of two people in a small open car with wire wheels on a path before bushes. Opens a larger view

    29 Woods Mobilette Model No. 5 with two occupants, from a 1915 advertisement by the International Cyclecar & Accessories Company, Chicago.

Picture credits (29)
  1. 1 Infrogmation of New Orleans, CC BY-SA 3.0
  2. 2 Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de
  3. 3 timfrost, CC BY-SA 2.0
  4. 4 Don O’Brien, CC BY 2.0
  5. 5 brewbooks, CC BY-SA 2.0
  6. 6 dave_7, CC BY 2.0
  7. 7 dave_7, CC BY 2.0
  8. 8 Proscriptus, CC BY-SA 4.0
  9. 9 Infrogmation of New Orleans, CC BY-SA 3.0
  10. 10 TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0
  11. 11 JJonahJackalope, CC BY-SA 4.0
  12. 12 Rhbrakman, CC BY-SA 4.0
  13. 13 Michael Barera, CC BY-SA 4.0
  14. 14 timfrost, CC BY-SA 2.0
  15. 15 Daderot, CC0
  16. 16 Buch-t, CC BY-SA 3.0 de
  17. 17 dave_7, CC BY 2.0
  18. 18 Edhac-Edham, Public domain
  19. 19 Marvin D. Boland, Public domain
  20. 20 Harris & Ewing, Public domain
  21. 21 Dayton Cyclecar Co. advertisement, 1914, Public domain
  22. 22 Cyclopedia of Automobile Engineering (1915), Public domain
  23. 23 Marvin D. Boland, Public domain
  24. 24 Marvin D. Boland, Public domain
  25. 25 Marvin D. Boland, Public domain
  26. 26 Marvin D. Boland, Public domain
  27. 27 Marvin D. Boland, Public domain
  28. 28 Marvin D. Boland, Public domain
  29. 29 International Cyclecar & Accessories Company, Public domain

Variants

Ten makers, in date order

American cyclecars and small-car experiments
VariantYearsWhat differsHow many
Orient Buckboard1903–⁠07Waltham, Massachusetts: a wooden platform with a 4 hp air-cooled single at the backNot found
Imp1913–⁠14Auburn, Indiana: tandem seats, friction drive and belts, no axlesAbout 50 delivered to agents by January 1914
Woods MobiletteBy 1914Chicago: its own air-cooled four, friction drive and shaft; a 762 mm (30 in) trackNot found
Dudly1913–⁠15Menominee, Michigan: De Luxe V-twin, planetary gears and a beltNot found
Mercury1913–⁠14Detroit: single, tandem and delivery bodies, friction drive and beltsNot found; a first lot of 100 planned
Car-Nation1913–⁠14Detroit: a water-cooled four, three speeds and shaft drive; a light car more than a cyclecarNot found; the first 100 in build
Little Detroit1913–⁠14Detroit: a water-cooled four of about 12 hp, wooden wheelsNot found
O-We-Go1914Owego, New York: a tandem two-seater at $385Not found
HawkNot foundNot identified in the sources readNot found
Martin Martinette1932A rear-engined streamlined three-wheeler with an American Austin four1

Specification

What is known, maker by maker

Imp, January 1914

EngineAir-cooled two-cylinder of motorcycle type, across the frame215 hp by English Wikipedia’s account of McIntyre
DriveFriction transmission and “extremely long” V-belts2
SuspensionNo axles: paired transverse springs front and rear, the stub axles fixed to their ends2
Wheelbase and track2,540 mm (100 in) and 914 mm (36 in)2
Price$3752

Mercury, 1914 brochure

EngineSpecial De Luxe twin, 3.5 × 3.67 in, 1,157 cc (70.62 cu in), 13 bhp (10 kW) at 2,500 rpm3Motor Age’s directory gives a Spacke engine
DriveFriction transmission under the front seat, then V-belts3
FrameAsh, armoured with sheet metal and built as one with the body3
BodiesSingle, Tandem and Delivery, all $3753

Woods Mobilette, January 1914

EngineIts own air-cooled four, 2 11/16 × 2 15/16 in2
DriveFriction drive, then a shaft and bevel to a live axle2
Wheelbase and track2,413 mm (95 in) and 762 mm (30 in)2
Price$385, tandem2

Martin Martinette, 1932

EngineAmerican Austin four, 747 cc (45 cu in), 30 hp (22 kW), at the rear; four speeds13
BodyWooden frame, aluminium body, one door at the front13
SuspensionIndependent, by rubber cord13
Top speed97 km/h (60 mph)13

How many were built?

The only figures found

No reliable total for any makeNo make in this group has a reliable production total. What the period press gives are plans of thousands, 10,000 Imps for 1914 and 1,000 Mercurys, against lots of tens or hundreds actually delivered or in build early in 1914. The firmest numbers are about 50 Imps with agents by January 1914 and the single Martinette.

  1. about 50Imps delivered to agents by January 1914One source

    Motor Age, 15 January 19142

  2. 1Martin Martinette, 1932One source

    Lane Motor Museum13

  • Two sources agreetwo good sources give the figure
  • One sourcea good source, alone
  • Unconfirmeda lead only, not yet checked

Famous for

Three points

  1. Fifty firms

    More than 50 makes were listed in January 1914; by 1915 nearly all had gone.

  2. Belts and no axles

    Friction discs, long leather belts with no differential, and on the Imp no axles at all.

  3. The cheapest in the world

    The Orient Buckboard’s slogan of 1903, $375 for a wooden platform with a 4 hp engine.

Racing and records

Runs and trials

Cyclecars were sold on what they could do on bad roads; these are the runs the trade press reported (more in racing and rallying).

Waukegan road
Chicago to Milwaukee in an Imp, with Perry Mack aboard, on a road notorious for its state, before January 1914.2
1 h 35 min
Chicago to Joliet in the Dayton tandem from Joliet, Illinois, against 1 h 15 min by train; its speedometer had pointed to over 97 km/h (60 mph), and on wet roads it reached 72 km/h (45 mph) in a few hundred feet.2
483 km
(300 miles), Newark–Philadelphia–Atlantic City and back, the Cyclecar Association of America’s reliability run, set for 5–7 September 1914; its result has not been found.5

Survivors and collecting

Today

The sources read establish no survivor for any make in this group, and none has been traced at auction. A 1913 Imp is pictured in Georgano’s Classic Cars of 1979, so at least one survived to be photographed.14 The one Martinette belongs to the Lane Motor Museum.13 The pictures on this page also show Orient Buckboards, a Car-Nation, Woods Mobilettes and a 1914 O-We-Go in museums and at shows; their histories have not been researched.

Sources

Numbered as in the text

Almost everything here comes from the period trade press: Motor Age’s Detroit reports and cyclecar directory of 15 January 1914, read in full, its items of December 1913 and July 1914, and the brochures and articles reprinted in Horseless Carriage Gazette in 1957. These are the makers’ and reporters’ claims of the moment; later histories were read only in snippets. The Martinette rests on one museum page. Sources are given as plain text; the links are on the Credits page.

  1. Richardson, The British Motor Industry 1896–⁠1939 (1977), on The Cyclecar weekly, snippet only.
  2. Motor Age, vol. 25 no. 3, 15 January 1914: Detroit and Midwest cyclecar reports and the cyclecar directory, cyclecar sections read in full.
  3. Horseless Carriage Gazette, vol. 19 no. 2, March–April 1957: reprints of John S. Harwhite’s cyclecar article of about 1914, the Mercury specification of 1914 and the Woods Mobilette prospectus, read in full.
  4. Motor Age, vol. 24 no. 23, 4 December 1913: “Dudly on the Road” and “Detroit Forms a Club”, items read.
  5. Motor Age, vol. 26 no. 3, 16 July 1914: the cyclecar reliability run notice and the Princess Cyclecar Co.’s dissolution, items read.
  6. David Burgess Wise, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles (1979/2007), O-We-Go and others, snippets only.
  7. English Wikipedia, McIntyre Automobile, the Imp section, read. Used as a lead; it cites Kimes and Clark (1996) and Georgano’s Beaulieu Encyclopedia (2001).
  8. The Automobile Magazine, vol. 5 no. 12, December 1903, Orient Buckboard advertisements, snippets only.
  9. Motor Age, 30 July and 20 August 1903, an Orient Buckboard advertisement and track results, snippets only.
  10. Weird Cars (1993), on William B. Stout and the Imp, snippet only.
  11. “New Imp Cyclecar To Be Larger”, The Automobile, 14 May 1914, snippet only.
  12. The American Car since 1775 (1971), list of makes, snippet only.
  13. Lane Motor Museum, “Martin Martinette – 1932”, collection page, read in full.
  14. G. N. Georgano, Classic Cars (1979), a picture caption of a 1913 Imp, snippet only.